Cyclosis-mediated long distance communications of chloroplasts in giant cells of Characeae

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Komarova ◽  
Vladimir S. Sukhov ◽  
Alexander A. Bulychev
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Transient Increase ◽  
Axial Distance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Local Illumination ◽  
Fluorescence Transients

Long-distance communications in giant characean internodal cells involve cytoplasmic streaming as an effective means for transportation of regulatory substances. The local illumination of Chara corallina Klein ex C.L.Willdenow internodal cells with an intense 30 s pulse of white light caused a transient increase of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence in cell regions positioned downstream the cytoplasmic flow after a delay whose duration increased with the axial distance from the light source. No changes in fluorescence were observed in cell regions residing upstream of the light spot. The transient increase in actual fluorescence Fʹ in cell areas exposed to constant dim illumination at large distances from the brightly lit area indicates the transmission of photosynthetically active metabolite between chloroplasts separated by 1–5 mm distances. The shapes of fluorescence transients were sensitive to retardation of cytoplasmic streaming by cytochalasin D and to variations in cyclosis velocity during gradual recovery of streaming after an instant arrest of cyclosis by elicitation of the action potential. Furthermore, the analysed fluorescence transients were skewed on the ascending or descending fronts depending on the position of light-modulated cytoplasmic package at the moment of streaming cessation with respect to the point of measurements. The observations are simulated in qualitative terms with a simplified streaming–diffusion model.

Effects of Lanthanum on Calcium and Magnesium Contents and Cytoplasmic Streaming of Internodal Cells of Chara corallina

2010 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijie Li ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang ◽  
Ming Yu ◽  
Yunlong Zhou ◽  
Yuliang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Effects of Divalent Cations on the Excitability and on the Cytoplasmic Streaming of Chara corallina

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izuo Tsutsui ◽  
Reiko Nagai ◽  
Taka-aki Ohkawa ◽  
Uichiro Kishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Chara Corallina

Telemetri Flowmeter Menggunakan RF Modul 433MHz

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Frima Setyawan Nur Rohman ◽  
Ahmadan Ainul Fikri ◽  
Ahmad nur Fuad ◽  
Rahmat Rohim ◽  
Rifki Firmansyah
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Effective Distance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
The Moment

Abstract - In the 20th century this distance is still a constraint in efforts to measure and retrieve data. In an efficiency effort, a long distance measuring device is required. One method to measure from a distance is to use the Telemetry method. Telemetry is a method for measuring a variable in which monitoring is done remotely. The use of telemetry can be used to transmit data from the flowmeter sensor to be received by the receiver. This study discusses the effect of obstacles on transmitter work to send data to the receiver and test the accuracy of the flowmeter sensor. From this study it can be concluded that the effective distance of data transmission depends on the obstacle, the farthest distance is the moment without obstacles, then decreases when there is a hitch, and will decrease again when one receiver or transmitter is placed in a closed room. And for the accuracy of the sensor, the percentage of accuracy is low at the time of the slow water current, and vice versa high accuracy is obtained when the water current is fast. Based on the research we poured in this journal, water flow measurements using RF Arduino-based 433MHz Modules can measure the flow of water at a distance of up to 35meter with an average error of only 4.1%.

Landscapes of Drugs and War : Intersections of Political Ecology and Global Conflict

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Steinberg ◽  
Kent Mathewson
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Moment ◽  
North And South ◽  
Past Half

The maxim of the moment and for the new millennium (at least for now) is that “after 9/11 the world changed.” Focused, amplified, and projected by the media, the September 2001 events have echoed with an apparent immensity and a rending of the global geopolitical fabric that merit comparison with Waterloo in June 1815 and Sarajevo in June 1914. In each case, an epoch is said to have ended, the first by conventional battle in concert with peace conventions that ended several decades of global conflict, the latter two with acts of terrorism that precipitated global wars of vastly differing intensities and probable durations. Each of these turning points in global history has, of course, its own character, dynamics, and contexts, which largely transcend the narrower episodes and scenes that constitute the intersections of drugs, war, and peace. Nevertheless, one of the persistent and little-noticed elements in the history and geography of warfare during the past half millennium has been the role played by psychoactive substances. With the exception of the Sino-British Opium Wars (1830s–1840s), drugs as aids or obstacles, let alone causal factors, of war have been largely overlooked. Yet even a cursory overview, as presented here, should establish the contours of a topic that merits in-depth attention. Here we have only the space to point to some key instances and promising case studies. Future researchers may find these useful points of departure. The three pivotal events noted earlier, plus October 1492 as the antecedent and fourth key moment, mark a fivefold periodization that provides a convenient way of framing the differing historical relations between drugs and warfare. Prior to Europe’s transatlantic expansion and the coeval eruption of capitalism across the globe, the varying articulations between drugs and war were largely local, individual, and particular. With the rise of long-distance trade networks structured by mercantile capitalism, prime commodities such as sugar and tropical spices launched European-based empires and provoked wars from the East Indies to the West Indies, as well as points north and south.

scholarly journals Analyzing Visual Attention of People with Intellectual Disabilities during Virtual Reality-Based Job Training

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 1652
Author(s):  
Sungjin Hong ◽  
Heesook Shin ◽  
Younhee Gil ◽  
Junghee Jo
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Experience Difficulty

Virtual reality (VR) has proven an effective means of job training for people with intellectual disabilities who may experience difficulties in learning. However, it is unlikely for them to successfully complete a certain task using only VR-based job training contents without receiving supplemental help from others. Accordingly, to increase the effectiveness of virtual job training for people with intellectual disabilities in training situations in which they may experience difficulty and become unable to proceed further, the contents of the training program need to automatically identify such moments and provide support so that they may correctly perform the task. To identity the moment of intervention, we conducted an experiment (n = 21) to collect eye tracking data of people with intellectual disabilities while performing VR-based barista training. We measured eye scanning patterns to identify any difference between people with intellectual disabilities who complete a given step independently and those who request intervention. We found that the information about the types of fixated objects did not help to identify any difference, but the information about eye transition, eye movements between two different areas of interest, was useful in identifying the difference. Our findings provide implications for identifying the moment of intervention for people with intellectual disabilities.

scholarly journals PROJECT ACTIVITY AS A RESULT OF THE FORMATION OF FUNCTIONAL LITERACY OF STUDENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
G.M. Bobizoda ◽  
◽  
T. Zh. Shakenova ◽  
N. Zh. Shakenova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Functional Literacy ◽  
Project Activity ◽  
Key Competencies ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge

The article deals with the formation of functional literacy of students through the technology of project activities in biology lessons.Project activity is one of the most effective educational technologies of a modern school.It is a purposeful, independent activity of students under the guidance of a teacher.The teacher creates a positive emotional mood of all students during the work on the project and organizes equal partner confidential communication.The essence of this technology is to stimulate children's interest in certain problems involving the possession of a certain amount of knowledge and through project activities to show the practical application of the knowledge obtained. This project is designed for individual work, pair work, group work, which students perform for a certain period of time.At the same time,the role of the teacher changes - from a simple translator ofknowledge, it becomes a real organizer of joint work with students, contributing to the transition to real cooperation in the course of knowledge acquisition. The project activity is based on the development of students ' cognitive skills, the ability to independently construct their knowledge, navigate the information space, and develop critical and creative thinking.This technology allows students to acquire knowledge in the process of their own educational and cognitive activities.Project activity is one of the most effective means of forming key competencies of students at the moment.

scholarly journals The Concept of Investment in Iraqi Law (Comparative Study): مفهوم الاستثمار في القانون العراقي (دراسة مقارنة)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Shakir Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
Specific Concept ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Impact

Investment is of paramount importance at the moment as it is the most effective means of advancing economic and social development and thus contributes to the development of countries and the well-being of peoples, whether directly or indirectly. This provided an incentive for countries to compete and compete with each other to attract investment by providing the appropriate legal framework to achieve an optimal investment environment. The success of this approach depends on the extent to which the legislator understands the concept of investment and clarifies its concept clearly and flexibly to accommodate all future investment activities., And to clarify the impact on the investment process to ultimately reach a specific concept of investment.

scholarly journals Passenger insurance on the Russians railway transport. Automated subsystem of voluntary insurance against passengers accidents on the railway transport bases on the automated control system “Express”

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
A. T. Sungatullina ◽  
I. B. Gumina ◽  
G. A. Antonova
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Automated Control System ◽  
Compulsory Insurance ◽  
The Moment

The article reviews the ways of insurance in railway transport, namely compulsory insurance of the civil liability of the carrier for causing damage to life, health, property of passengers and voluntary insurance of passengers on the basis of the management system for passenger transportations in the automated control system “Express”. In the case of compulsory insurance, a railway ticket for a longdistance train is a confirmation that the passenger is insured. No additional documents are needed. In the case of voluntary insurance, a passenger can purchase a voluntary insurance policy at the railway ticket office or through the website www: //rzd.ru. The ACS “Express” gives the opportunity for a passenger to issue a travel document for a long distance train and a policy of voluntary insurance against accidents in one of four insurance companies: PJSC “Rosgosstrakh”, LLC “Renaissance Insurance Group”, JSC “Insurance Company BLAGOSOSTOYANIE”, JSC “Insurance Company of the Gas Industry” (SOGAZ). At the moment each insurance company offers insurance premium of 3 par values with the relevant insurance amounts. The cost of voluntary insurance policies depends only on the sum insured and does not depend on such factors as the duration of the trip, the train category or the age of the insured. Insurance coverage is valid during the trip from the moment of announcement of boarding, but not earlier than 30 minutes before departure, and ends no later than one hour after the arrival of the insured passenger to the destination station, provided that it is located on the territory of the railway station or terminal. The insurance contract is concluded for one trip in longdistance railway transport. The information technology of voluntary insurance creates for passengers more attractive conditions, the comfort and safety of passenger transportation increases. The article provides the functional description and report examples of developed and implemented in the industrial operation software and analysis complex on the basis of the ACS “Express”, which includes automated work stations (AWS) “Insurance companies and complexes”, “Voluntary insurance” and “Inquiry on insured passengers by train”. This software and analytical complex implements tasks that ensure the formation of reference and analytical information, operational financial reporting on the sold voluntary insurance policies and monitoring of the demand indicators of insurance policies and insurance companies.

scholarly journals The force-velocity relationship of the ATP-dependent actin-myosin sliding causing cytoplasmic streaming in algal cells, studied using a centrifuge microscope.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1027
Author(s):  
S Chaen ◽  
J Inoue ◽  
H Sugi
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Head Surface ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Myosin Interaction ◽  
Actin Cables ◽  
State Force ◽  
Relationship Of

When uncoated polystyrene beads suspended in Mg-ATP solution were introduced into the internodal cell of an alga Chara corallina, the beads moved along the actin cables with directions and velocities (30-62 microns s-1) similar to those of native cytoplasmic streaming. Bead movement was inhibited both in the absence of ATP and in the presence of CA2+, as with native cytoplasmic streaming. These results indicate that bead movement is caused by cytoplasmic myosin molecules attached to the head surface interacting with actin cables. The steady-state force-velocity relationship of the actin-myosin sliding that produces cytoplasmic streaming was determined by applying constant centrifugal forces to the beads moving on the actin cables. The force-velocity curve in the positive load region was nearly straight, and the implications of this shape are discussed in connection with the kinetic properties of the actin-myosin interaction in cytoplasmic streaming. It is suggested that the time for which a cytoplasmic myosin head is detached from actin in one cycle of actin-myosin interaction is very short. The Ca(2+)-induced actin-myosin linkages, responsible for the Ca(2+)-induced stoppage of cytoplasmic streaming, were shown to be much stronger than the rigor actin-myosin linkages.

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