Seed reserve dependency of Leucaena leucocephala seedling growth for nitrogen and phosphorus

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martijn Slot ◽  
Danielle T. Palow ◽  
Kaoru Kitajima
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Nutrient Pool ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Seed Reserves

Mineral elements stored in seed reserves meet the nutrient demands of seedlings during their initial development and growth. We experimentally examined when seed reserves become insufficient to meet demands for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) of seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, a tropical woody legume. Seedlings were grown from seeds with four nutrient treatments: receiving all nutrients; all nutrients except N, all nutrients except P or deionised water. Growth curves were compared to quantify the time course of the onset of N and P deficiency during 8 weeks. N deficiency became significant for leaf area and biomass growth after 11 and 16 days, respectively, whereas P deficiency became significant after 31 days for both leaf area and biomass growth. Thus, seed reserves alone could support the P demands of seedlings for more than twice as long as N demands. As nutrient deficiency developed, seedlings adjusted increased relative biomass allocation to roots, diluted organ N and P concentrations but conserved 100% of the initial nutrient pool derived from the seed.

Response of Leucaena leucocephala pastures to phosphorus and sulfur application in Queensland

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Radrizzani ◽  
H. Max Shelton ◽  
Scott A. Dalzell
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Grass Growth

A series of fertiliser trials were conducted on leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) pastures growing on a range of soil types in south-east and central Queensland. The primary objective was to determine the extent of phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) deficiencies in leucaena-grass pastures established on either virgin soils or previously cropped soils. Two experiments were conducted across nine sites and confirmed that, for many soils in Queensland, leucaena growth was restricted by P and S nutrient deficiencies, which limited plant growth directly and suppressed symbiotic N2 fixation. The major factors contributing to the P and S deficiencies and thus affecting leucaena response were: (i) inherent low soil fertility, (ii) nutrient removal by cropping and grazing, (iii) shallow soils, (iv) soil acidity, and (v) grass competition for available water and nutrients. A secondary treatment, inter-row cultivation, had little effect on leucaena growth but significantly increased grass growth in some soils. In all these experiments, leaf S concentrations and N : S ratios in index tissue were inconsistent indicators of adequacy of S. Similarly, leaf P concentrations were not useful indicators of P deficiency due to inappropriate (drought) leaf sampling conditions experienced in these experiments. The experiments demonstrate that the productivity of leucaena-grass pastures, especially in older leucaena plantations, will be limited by nutrient deficiencies on many soils in Queensland. While leucaena yield was suppressed, no foliar symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed. Growers need to monitor the nutrient status of their leucaena-grass pastures by leaf tissue analysis using a new sampling protocol. Strategic fertiliser application has the potential to increase rainfall use efficiency by 50% with an expected parallel increase in cattle liveweight gain.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

Characteristics of the canopy, root system and grain yield of a crop of Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
P Farrington ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Parts

The time course of development of a lupin crop was studied at Bakers Hill, Western Australia. The aim was to gain insight into the crop factors influencing yield. Weekly measurements were made of numbers and weights of plant parts, and profiles of roots, leaf area and light interception. A profile of carbon dioxide in the crop atmosphere was taken at the time of maximum leaf area, and the net carbon dioxide exchange (NCE) of pods was estimated for three successive weeks. The crop took 10 weeks to attain a leaf area index (LAI) of 1 and a further 9 weeks to reach a maximum LAI of 3.75, at which time only 33% of daylight reached the pods on the main axis. Once the maximum LAI was attained at week 19, leaf fall accelerated and rapid grain filling commenced almost simultaneously on all of the three orders of axes which had formed pods. Measurements of NCE between pods on the main axis and the air suggest that the assimilation of external carbon dioxide by the pods contributed little to grain filling. Grain dry weight was 2100 kg ha-1 of which 30%, 60% and 10% came from the main axis, first and second order apical axes respectively. Only 23% of the flowers set pods and this constitutes an important physiological limitation to grain yield.

scholarly journals Flower litters of alpine plants affect soil nitrogen and phosphorus rapidly in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinniu Wang ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Fusun Shi
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Eastern Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nutrient Pool ◽  
Litter Addition ◽  
Litter Bag ◽  
Soil Nutrition

Abstract. Litters of reproductive organs have been rarely studied, despite their role in allocating nutrients for offspring reproduction. This study determines the mechanism through which flower litters efficiently increase the available soil nutrient pool. Field experiments were conducted to collect plant litters and calculate biomass production in an alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, lignin, cellulose, and their relevant ratios of litters were analyzed to identify their decomposition features. A pot experiment was performed to determine the effects of litter addition on soil nutrition pool by comparison between the treated and control samples. Litter-bag method was used to verify decomposition rates. The flower litters of phanerophyte plants were comparable with non-flower litters. Biomass partitioning of other herbaceous species accounted for 10%–40% of the aboveground biomass. Flower litter possessed significantly higher N and P levels but less C/N, N/P, lignin/N, and lignin and cellulose concentrations than leaf litter. Flower litter fed soil nutrition pool more efficiently because of their faster decomposition rate and higher nutrient contents. Litter-bag experiment confirmed that the flower litters of Rhododendron przewalskii and Meconopsis integrifolia decomposes approximately three times faster than mixed litters within 50 days. Moreover, the findings of the pot experiment indicated that flower litter addition significantly increased the available nutrient pool. Flower litter influenced nutrition cycling in alpine ecosystems, as evident by its non-ignorable production and significantly faster decomposition. The underlying mechanism can enrich nutrients, which return to the soil, and non-structural carbohydrates, which feed and enhance the transitions of soil microorganisms.

Response of aboveground biomass increment, growth efficiency, and foliar nutrients to thinning, fertilization, and pruning in young Douglas-fir plantations in the central Oregon Cascades

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1278-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Velazquez-Martinez ◽  
David A. Perry ◽  
Tom E. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Biomass Increment ◽  
Oregon Cascades

The effect of thinning and cultural practices (multinutrient fertilization, pruning) on total aboveground biomass increment and growth efficiency was studied over three consecutive 2-year periods (1981–1987) in young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations. Net aboveground biomass increment over the 6-year period averaged 14.5, 7.8, and 5.5 Mg•ha−1•year−1 for the high-, medium-, and low-density plots, respectively. Growth efficiency, after dropping sharply between leaf area indexes of 1 and 6 m2/m2, remained relatively constant up to a leaf area index of 17, the highest measured. Consequently, aboveground biomass increment continued to increase at leaf area indexes well above that at which the Beer–Lambert law predicts maximum light should be absorbed. Foliage analyses indicate that thinning improved nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium nutrition and increased the translocation of potassium from 1-year-old foliage to support new growth. However, fertilization increased foliar nitrogen and phosphorus contents only when coupled with pruning, suggesting that trees favor total leaf area over individual needle nutrition. Indications of potassium and magnesium limitations in this study are supported by other recent studies in Douglas-fir. Further work on the role of multinutrient deficiencies in this species is warranted.

scholarly journals Do polyembryonic seeds of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae) have advantages for seedling development?

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Najara de SOUZA FERREIRA ◽  
José Luís Campana CAMARGO ◽  
Isolde Dorothea Kossmann FERRAZ
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
Seed Reserves

ABSTRACT Polyembryony is the differentiation and development of multiple embryos in a single seed. This characteristic can provide advantages, as more than one embryo is produced with the same amount of resources, and the probability of establishment of at least one seedling increases. However, sibling seedlings may also increase competition, affecting development and survival. In the present study, the possible advantages and disadvantages of polyembryony were analyzed in the initial establishment of seedlings of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), a tree species that produces monoembryonic or polyembryonic seeds. In this regard, the development of single seedlings was compared with a pair of seedlings emerging from polyembryonic seeds. We compared the development of seedlings attached to or detached from each other and to the seed resources. We observed two levels of competition: (a) for the seed reserves during germination and initial development, as multiple embryos of C. surinamensis share the same reserves, and (b) for external factors, mostly space for root and shoot development, and also for light. Reducing the competition for external factors by separating the siblings was not enough to reduce the effects of competition for seed reserves in the first six months of development. Nevertheless, viable seedlings were produced in all treatments. Thus, depending on sprout management in the nursery, the number of seedlings per seed can be significantly increased by detaching the seedlings, or more vigorous seedlings can be obtained when only one seedling is maintained.

A glasshouse evaluation of sulfur fertilizer sources for crops and pastures. II. A comparison of sulfur coated triple superphosphates and gypsum

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Blair ◽  
M Dana ◽  
R Lefroy
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
The World ◽  
Bonding Method ◽  
Clover Pasture

In many parts of the world it has become more economical to use triple superphosphate (TSP) rather than single superphosphate (SSP) as a pasture fertilizer where only P deficiency exists. Coating TSP with elemental S is an attractive alternative to SSP for situations where P and S deficiency exists. A pot experiment was conducted on an S deficient Aquic Haplustalf soil to compare the ability of gypsum (G) and S coated TSP to supply S to a ryegrass/white clover pasture over 14 repeated harvests over a 96 week period. The adhesives used to coat S to TSP were UNE1, UNE3, UNE2 and a commercial product (HF). The reverse dilution 35S technique was used to calculate fertilizer S uptake. Total yields were highest with G and UNE1. Total fertilizer S recovery by the pasture was 64.4% for G and 52.3% and 52.9% for UNEl and UNE3 respectively. These amounts were significantly higher than from UNE2 or HF. The time course of fertilizer S release varied between products and shows that bonding method can affect S availability from S coated TSP products.

scholarly journals Functional morphology of subtropical tree seedlings in southern Brazil

Rodriguésia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Mara Gogosz ◽  
Maria Regina Torres Boeger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Secondary Species ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Successional Process ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Faster Development

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the morphofunctional attributes of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest species of different successional categories. Fruits were collected from forest remnants in Curitiba, Paraná. It was analyzed the biometrics of seeds and seedlings of all species and the following ratios were estimated: shoot/seedling length, shoot/seedling mass, cotyledons/seedling mass, eophyll/seedling mass and seedling/ seed mass. Statistical differences among sucessional groups were observed in many of the evaluated traits. The variability among species is mainly explained by seedling size, tissue investment for light interception and shoot resource allocation. Late secondary species have larger seedlings with characteristics that indicate slower initial development, dependent on seed reserves. The pioneers species have smaller seedlings but faster development and earlier dependence on photosynthesis. These morphological and functional differences can result in different strategies for the establishment of seedlings in the successional process. The cluster analysis results on formation of two major groups. The first group is comprised of the late secondary species. The second group includes two distinct subgroups that separate the pioneers, and most of the early secondary species. These results indicate that the number and quality of available data should be considered in the definition of successional categories adopted in ecological studies.

Dual-purpose cereals: can the relative influences of management and environment on crop recovery and grain yield be dissected?

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
John R. Evans ◽  
Hugh Dove ◽  
Andrew D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Stem Reserves

Growing cereal crops for the dual-purposes (DP) of livestock forage during the early vegetative stages and harvesting grain at maturity has been practised for decades. It follows that scientific experiments using DP crops are nearly as old. A survey of more than 270 DP crop experiments revealed that the average effect of crop defoliation on grain yield (GY) was −7 ± 25% (range –35 to 75%). In light of these results, the first purpose of this review was to assess how alternative crop and grazing management regimes affected forage production and GY. Management techniques in order of decreasing importance likely to maximise grain production include (i) terminating grazing at or before GS 30, (ii) matching crop phenology to environment type, (iii) sowing DP crops 2–4 weeks earlier than corresponding sowing dates of grain-only crops, and (iv) ensuring good crop establishment before commencement of grazing. The second aim was to identify the environmental and biotic mechanisms underpinning crop responses to grazing, and to identify crop traits that would be most conducive to minimising yield penalty. A variety of mechanisms increased GY after grazing. Under favourable conditions, increased GY of grazed crops occurred via reduced lodging, mitigation of foliar disease and rapid leaf area recovery after grazing. Under stressful conditions, increased yields of grazed crops were caused by reduced transpiration and conservation of soil water, delayed phenology (frost avoidance at anthesis), and high ability to retranslocate stem reserves to grain. Yield reductions caused by grazing were associated with (i) frost damage soon after grazing, (ii) poor leaf area development or (iii) delayed maturation, which led to water or temperature stress around anthesis, culminating in increased rates of green area senescence and decreased duration of grain-filling. The third aim was to examine the role of simulation models in dissecting the effects of environment from management on crop physiology. Simulation studies of DP crops have extended the results from experimental studies, confirming that forage production increases with earlier sowing, but have also revealed that chances of liveweight gain increase with earlier sowing. Recent modelling demonstrates that potential for inclusion of DP crops into traditional grain-only systems is high, except where growing-season rainfall is <300 mm. Prospective research involving crop defoliation should focus on crop recovery, specifically (i) the effects of defoliation on phenology, (ii) the time-course of leaf area recovery and dry matter partitioning, and/or (iii) development of crop-grazing models, for these three areas will be most conducive to increasing the understanding of crop responses to grazing, thereby leading to better management guidelines.

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION OF BIOMASS GROWTH IN A TROPICAL SECONDARY FOREST

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (sp4) ◽  
pp. 150-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Davidson ◽  
Cláudio J. Reis de Carvalho ◽  
Ima C. G. Vieira ◽  
Ricardo de O. Figueiredo ◽  
Paulo Moutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tropical Secondary Forest
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document