Amino acids are a nitrogen source for sugarcane

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Vinall ◽  
Susanne Schmidt ◽  
Richard Brackin ◽  
Prakash Lakshmanan ◽  
Nicole Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Sterile Culture ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
N Source

Organic forms of nitrogen (ON) represent potential N sources for crops and an alternative to inorganic N (IN, ammonium nitrate). Sugarcane soils receive organic harvest residues (~40–100 kg ON ha–1), but it is unknown whether ON is a direct N source for crops. We investigated whether sugarcane can use organic monomers in the form of amino acids and whether the use of amino acids as a N source results in distinct metabolic or morphological change when compared with use of inorganic N (IN). Plantlets cultivated in sterile culture and young plants grown in non-sterile soil culture were supplied with IN, ON (five amino acids present in sugarcane soils), or combined IN and ON. All treatments resulted in similar biomass and N content indicating that sugarcane has a well developed capacity to use ON and confirms findings in other species. ON-supplied plants in axenic culture had increased total branch root length per unit primary root axis which has not been reported previously. In both experimental systems, ON supplied plants had increased asparagine concentrations suggesting altered N metabolism. Root of ON-supplied soil-grown plants had significantly reduced nitrate concentrations. We interpret the shift from nitrate to asparagine as indicative of N form use other than or in addition to nitrate by sugarcane. N metabolite profiling could advance knowledge of crop N sources and this will aid in development of N efficient cropping systems with a reduced N pollution footprint.

scholarly journals Interactions between uptake of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen in wheat plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 11311-11335 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gioseffi ◽  
A. de Neergaard ◽  
J. K. Schjoerring
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source

Abstract. Soil-borne amino acids may constitute a nitrogen (N) source for plants in various terrestrial ecosystems but their importance for total N nutrition is unclear, particularly in nutrient-rich arable soils. One reason for this uncertainty is lack of information on how the absorption of amino acids by plant roots is affected by the simultaneous presence of inorganic N forms. The objective of the present study was to study absorption of glycine (Gly) and glutamine (Gln) by wheat roots and their interactions with nitrate (NO3–) and (NH4+) during uptake. The underlying hypothesis was that amino acids, when present in nutrient solution together with inorganic N, may lead to down-regulation of the inorganic N uptake. Amino acids were enriched with double-labelled 15N and 13C, while NO3– and NH4+ acquisition was determined by their rate of removal from the nutrient solution surrounding the roots. The uptake rates of NO3– and NH4+ did not differ from each other and were about twice as high as the uptake rate of organic N when the different N forms were supplied separately in concentrations of 2 mM. Nevertheless, replacement of 50 % of the inorganic N with organic N was able to restore the N uptake to the same level as that in the presence of only inorganic N. Co-provision of NO3– did not affect glycine uptake, while the presence of glycine down-regulated NO3– uptake. The ratio between 13C and 15N were lower in shoots than in roots and also lower than the theoretical values, reflecting higher C losses via respiratory processes compared to N losses. It is concluded that organic N can constitute a significant N-source for wheat plants and that there is an interaction between the uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen.

Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lech Szajdak ◽  
Irena Życzyńska-Bałoniak ◽  
Teresa Meysner ◽  
Andrzej Blecharczyk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Cropping Systems

scholarly journals Ammonia volatilization in no-till system in the south-central region of the State of Paraná, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1677-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Mara Vieira Fontoura ◽  
Cimélio Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Nh3 Volatilization ◽  
The South ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Sources ◽  
South Central ◽  
N Source ◽  
No Till

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization can reduce the efficiency of urea applied to the surface of no-till (NT) soils. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the magnitude of NH3 losses from surface-applied urea and to determine if this loss justifies the urea incorporation in soil or its substitution for other N sources under the subtropical climatic conditions of South-Central region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experiment, performed over four harvesting seasons in a clayey Hapludox followed a randomized block design with four replicates. A single dose of N (150 kg ha-1) to V5 growth stage of corn cultivated under NT system was applied and seven treatments were evaluated, including surface-applied urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea with urease inhibitor, controlled-release N source, a liquid N source, incorporated urea, and a control treatment with no N application. Ammonia volatilization was evaluated for 20 days after N application using a semi-open static system. The average cumulative NH3 loss due to the superficial application of urea was low (12.5 % of the applied N) compared to the losses observed in warmer regions of Southeastern Brazil (greater than 50 %). The greatest NH3 losses were observed in dry years (up to 25.4 % of the applied N), and losses decreased exponentially as the amount of rainfall after N application increased. Incorporated urea and alternative N sources, with the exception of controlled-release N source, decreased NH3 volatilization in comparison with surface-applied urea. Urea incorporation is advantageous for the reduction of NH3 volatilization; however, other aspects as its low operating efficiency should be considered before this practice is adopted. In the South-Central region of Paraná, the low NH3 losses from the surface-applied urea in NT system due to wet springs and mild temperatures do not justify its replacement for other N sources.

scholarly journals Effects of different nitrogen sources on growth, chlorophyll concentration, nitrate reductase activity and carbon and nitrogen distribution in Araucaria angustifolia

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário L. Garbin ◽  
Lúcia R. Dillenburg
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Young Leaves

The southern Brazilian highland plateau is a mosaic of two contrasting plant communities, Araucaria forests and grasslands, which differ in the relative abundances and spatial patterns of soil nitrate and ammonium. However, we still do not know the inorganic N preferences of one key species in this mosaic, Araucaria angustifolia, the dominant tree species in the Araucaria forests and an important tree species invading the adjacent grasslands. Growth responses measured in a greenhouse study demonstrated that the species prefers NH4+ over NO3- as an inorganic N source. When provided alone, NO3- induced N deficiency symptoms: increases in root: shoot ratio, root branching and leaf mass per area, thickening of the shoot apexes and decreased mass-based chlorophyll and N concentrations of the young leaves. Nitrate-based nutrition also affected the whole plant N and carbon (C) distribution: young leaves accumulated less N and showed a larger C:N ratio than mature leaves. The nitrate reductase activity (NRA) followed the pattern of root: shoot partitioning expected for temperate climate conifers (activity concentrated in roots). However, the presence of NRA even under sole NH4+ nutrition indicates that plants may show constitutive levels of the enzyme, or that low levels of NO3- (possibly formed by contamination of the growth media) can induce leaf NRA. We suggest that A. angustifolia has ammonium as a preferential inorganic N source, and that this preference may favor a more successful establishment in grassland than in forest areas.

Long-term organic and conventional farming effects on nutrient density of oats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chiwo Omondi ◽  
Marisa Wagner ◽  
Atanu Mukherjee ◽  
Kristine Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Amino Acid Synthesis ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Nutrient Density

Abstract Declining nutrient densities of crops in the past 50–70 years have been attributed to unsound agricultural practices and plant breeding focus on yield rather than quality. Few studies have quantified the soil and nutritional quality of grains in organic and conventional farms and reported results are scarce and inconsistent. The Rodale Institute's Farming Systems Trial (FST) was established in 1981 to quantify the effects of long-term organic and conventional grain cropping systems and tillage practices. A 2014 study to quantify effects on the nutrient density of oat grains was integrated into three systems within the long-term trial: organic manure-based (MNR), organic legume-based (LEG), and conventional synthetic input-based (CNV), split between tilled (T) and no-till (NT) practices. Oat grains with hulls removed were analyzed for minerals (n = 24), vitamins (n = 24), amino acids (n = 24) and proteins (n = 24), while soil samples to a depth of 10 cm were analyzed for elemental minerals, and total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S). Organic systems increased six out ten soil minerals whose concentrations were influenced by cropping systems: aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), barium (B) and strontium (Sr). All essential amino acids were greater in oat grains under LEG systems compared with other systems except lysine, histidine and methionine. Both LEG systems also increased 12 out of 13 non-essential amino acids in oat grains. Total oat N, C and S required for amino acid synthesis tended to be greater in organic systems. Soil N, C and S were highly correlated with total oat amino acids under organic systems compared to CNV. Organic LEG had significantly greater vitamin B1 than MNR and CNV. These results suggest that nutrient concentrations of oat grains were greater in organic systems compared to CNV systems, and the increase could be partially explained by the long-term soil management differences between the systems.

Arabidopsis and Lobelia anceps access small peptides as a nitrogen source for growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona M. Soper ◽  
Chanyarat Paungfoo-Lonhienne ◽  
Richard Brackin ◽  
Doris Rentsch ◽  
Susanne Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Species Specific

While importance of amino acids as a nitrogen source for plants is increasingly recognised, other organic N sources including small peptides have received less attention. We assessed the capacity of functionally different species, annual and nonmycorrhizal Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) and perennial Lobelia anceps L.f. (Campanulaceae), to acquire, metabolise and use small peptides as a N source independent of symbionts. Plants were grown axenically on media supplemented with small peptides (2–4 amino acids), amino acids or inorganic N. In A. thaliana, peptides of up to four amino acid residues sustained growth and supported up to 74% of the maximum biomass accumulation achieved with inorganic N. Peptides also supported growth of L. anceps, but to a lesser extent. Using metabolite analysis, a proportion of the peptides supplied in the medium were detected intact in root and shoot tissue together with their metabolic products. Nitrogen source preferences, growth responses and shoot–root biomass allocation were species-specific and suggest caution in the use of Arabidopsis as the sole plant model. In particular, glycine peptides of increasing length induced effects ranging from complete inhibition to marked stimulation of root growth. This study contributes to emerging evidence that plants can acquire and metabolise organic N beyond amino acids.

CORN RESPONSE AND SOIL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS FOLLOWING VARIED APPLICATION OF POULTRY MANURE TREATED TO MINIMIZE ODOR

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. MACMILLAN ◽  
T. W. SCOTT ◽  
T. W. BATEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Transformations

The response of corn (Zea mays L.) to manure that had been treated to minimize odor was investigated in a greenhouse trial with two silt loam soils of pH 4.2 and 7.1. Pretreatment of manure resulted in sources initially high in organic N and NH4+, but low in NO3−. One pretreatment gave high initial NO2− concentrations. In soil at pH 4.2, NH4+ was the major N source utilized by corn grown to 36 days, and dry matter yields were superior to those from soil at pH 7.1 where soluble NO3− was the major source of N. At pH 7.1, NO2− remained in significant quantities and decreased dry matter yields at 6 wk. Soil inorganic N concentrations varied between soils and was attributed to soil pH differences. Rate of NO2− disappearance decreased with increase in soil pH, and NH4+ accumulation increased with decrease in soil pH, whereas NO3+ production was favored by neutral pH conditions. Some NO3− production was observed in pH 4.2 soil after 36 days' incubation

Growth responses of race 222 of Puccinia graminis tritici in defined media

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-492
Author(s):  
Hardev Singh ◽  
Inderjeet Sethi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Puccinia Graminis Tritici ◽  
Defined Media

Aseptically produced uredospores of race 222 of Puccinia graminis tritici were seeded on defined liquid media containing Czapek's minerals, sucrose or glucose, and various combinations and concentrations of 19 amino acids and a tripeptide, glutathione. The cultures were incubated in the dark at 16–17 °C. A medium containing a high concentration of aspartic acid (5988 ppm), cysteine (557 ppm), and glutathione (1014 ppm) supported a profuse growth of the fungus in the form of floating white, fluffy, and vegetative colonies. A sulphur-containing amino acid appears to be essential for the axenic culture of the fungus.

Preemergence Control of Silvery Threadmoss (Bryum argenteum) Grown from Spores and Bulbils in Axenic Culture

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. Post ◽  
David S. McCall ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Optimal Growth Temperature ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Sterile Culture ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Moss Protonemata

Silvery threadmoss naturally reproduces through spore and bulbil production, both of which have potential to be controlled prior to establishment. Studies have not evaluated effects of turf protection products on moss protonema or gametophyte growth from spores or bulbils; consequently, most moss is controlled POST on putting greens. Initial studies were performed to determine the optimal growth temperature for spores and bulbils in sterile culture. Protonemata from spores grew optimally at 29.5 C and gametophytes from bulbils grew optimally at 22.5 C. Three subsequent in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate effects of turf protection products on moss development from spores or bulbils in axenic culture at a constant 24 C. Carfentrazone, which effectively controls mature silvery threadmoss gametophytes POST, also reduced green cover of moss protonemata and gametophyte production from spores and bulbils. All combinations with carfentrazone reduced area under the progress curve (AUPC) for green cover of moss for both spores and bulbils by 80% or more by 3 wk after treatment. Sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, saflufenacil, flumioxazin, and pyraflufen-ethyl reduced AUPC of moss equivalent to carfentrazone for both propagule types. The two fosetyl-Al products, phosphite, and mineral oil caused an increase in silvery threadmoss cover between 22 and 113% of the nontreated for spores; however, only methiozolin positively influenced AUPC (90.2%) compared to the nontreated for bulbils. Though silvery threadmoss is typically targeted POST on putting greens, there are products that can provide PRE control, including the industry standard of carfentrazone. These data suggest that differences may occur between turf protection products in their ability to suppress silvery threadmoss establishment from spores or bulbils.

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