This review examines the use of changes in soluble carbohydrate reserves, and
the onset of senescence in ryegrass (Lolium spp.), as
key criteria for successfully managing an intermittent grazing system for
dairy cattle. Ryegrass is a ‘3-leaf ’ plant; that is, only about 3
green leaves/tiller exist at any one time with the initiation of a new
leaf coinciding with senescence of the oldest fourth leaf. Thus, grazing
pasture older than 3 leaves/tiller will not only lead to wastage of
pasture but also the senescent material will reduce overall quality of
herbage. Based on this, the time taken for 3 new leaves/tiller to regrow
sets the maximum grazing interval.
On the other hand, in a well-utilised dairy pasture, most ryegrass leaf has
been removed and the plant relies on stored water-soluble carbohydrate
reserves to grow new shoots and hence regain photosynthetic capacity. If the
concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates is inadequate, because there has
been insufficient time to replenish in the previous inter-grazing period,
regrowth will be suppressed and this may also affect persistence in the longer
term.
Immediately after grazing, water-soluble carbohydrate reserves decline as they
are used to regrow new shoots, and root growth stops. It is not until about
3/4 of a new leaf/tiller has regrown that the plant has adequate
photosynthetic capacity for growth and maintenance and only then does
water-soluble carbohydrate replenishment and root growth commence. Studies
have shown that subsequent regrowth is suppressed if plants are redefoliated
before the 2 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. Also, the levels of
potassium and nitrogen (as nitrates and other non-protein nitrogen products)
may be very high and cause metabolic problems in stock grazing such pasture.
Thus, replenishment of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves sets the minimum
grazing interval at 2 leaves/tiller.
The rate of accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates in the plant is a
function of input through photosynthesis (source) and output to growth and
respiration (sinks). Thus, apart from grazing interval (which sets the time to
replenish water-soluble carbohydrate plant reserves), water-soluble
carbohydrate storage will be influenced by incoming solar radiation (cloud
cover, day length, pasture canopy density) and energy needs of the plant
through respiration (temperature, canopy mass) and growth.
Relating grazing interval to leaf number places the emphasis on the readiness
of plants to be grazed rather than on the animals’ requirements, with
leaf appearance interval depending primarily on ambient temperature. This
allows grazing interval to be expressed in a similar morphological stage of
growth, irrespective of season or location. Setting grazing interval on these
2 criteria has been shown to maximise growth and persistence of ryegrass and
optimise the levels of most nutrients in pasture required by dairy cattle
including protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, calcium, potassium and
magnesium. Metabolisable energy and fibre do not change appreciably up to the
3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. On the other hand, grazing pasture
before 2 leaves/tiller not only retards regrowth and reduces persistence,
it provides forage too high in potassium and protein (nitrates) and too low in
water-soluble carbohydrates for dairy cattle.
Favorable Alleles for Stem Water-Soluble Carbohydrates Identified by Association Analysis Contribute to Grain Weight under Drought Stress Conditions in Wheat