The magnitude of diurnal variation in carbon isotopic composition of leaf dark respired CO2 correlates with the difference between δ13C of leaf and root material

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Wegener ◽  
Wolfram Beyschlag ◽  
Christiane Werner
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration ◽  
The Difference

Spatial and temporal variations in δ13C of dark respired CO2 (δ13Cres) and total and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) were analysed in four plant species. There was an increase in δ13Cres over the light period (measured 5 min after darkening) in leaves, whereas no distinct diurnal pattern was detected in roots. Furthermore, large differences in δ13Cres were found along the plant axis during day time. The amount of daily δ13Cres enrichment in leaves relative to the putative substrate (WSOM) varied largely between species (3.2–15.9‰), probably due to different carbon allocation strategies. Positional pyruvate labelling was used to detect whether variations in δ13Cres were related to changes in the relative activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and Krebs cycle (KC). The results indicate that one reason for the increase in δ13Cres in leaves during daylight is an increasing carbon flux through the PDH relative to the KC. Labelling experiments revealed no clear diurnal variations in PDH and KC activity in roots. Further, we found new evidence that the fractionation process that leads to the diurnal δ13C increase in leaf dark respiration is related to the well known 13C depletion of leaf material compared with heterotrophic tissues.

ANALISA KANDUNGAN BETA-GLUKAN LARUT AIR DAN LARUT ALKALI DARI TUBUH BUAH JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) DAN SHIITAKE (Lentinus edodes)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Netty Widyastuti ◽  
Teguh Baruji ◽  
Henky Isnawan ◽  
Priyo Wahyudi ◽  
Donowati Donowati
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms ◽  
The Difference

Beta glucan is a polysaccharide compound, generally not soluble inwater and resistant to acid. Beta glucan is used as an immunomodulator (enhancing the immune system) in mammals is usually a beta-glucan soluble in water, easily absorbed and has a low molecular weight. Several example of beta-glucan such as cellulose (β-1 ,4-glucan), lentinan (β-1 0.6-glucan) and (β-1 ,3-glucan), pleuran (β-1, 6 and β-1 ,3-glucan) are isolated from species of fungi Basidiomycota include mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes).The purpose of thisresearch activity is to obtain beta-glucan compound that can be dissolved in water and in alkali derived from fungi Basidiomycota, i.e, Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The result of beta-glucan compared to characterize the resulting beta glucan that is molecular structure . The difference of beta glucan extraction is based on the differences in solubility of beta-glucan. Beta glucan could be water soluble and insoluble water.

Cholesterol Metabolism and Vitamin B6. III. The Stimulation of Hepatic Cholesterogenesis in the Vitamin B6-Deficient Rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 933-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Hinse ◽  
P. J. Lupien
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Liver Homogenates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hepatic Cholesterogenesis ◽  
Stimulation Of

The rate of incorporation of labeled acetate into cholesterol by liver slices of pyridoxine-deficient rats was found to be three times that of control rats; with liver homogenates the difference between the two groups was even greater. Using the CO2 trapping technique, a 30% decrease in the hepatic acetate pool size was observed in pyridoxine-deficient rats and a 20% increase in pair-fed rats. Activity of the Krebs cycle was decreased by a third in the pair-fed rats.

Selective Transport of Water-Soluble Proteins from Aqueous to Ionic Liquid Phase via a Temperature-Sensitive Phase Change of These Mixtures

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Kohno ◽  
Nobuhumi Nakamura ◽  
Hiroyuki Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Selective Dissolution ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference

Mixtures of some ionic liquids (ILs) and water show reversible phase change between a homogeneous mixture and phase-separated state by a small change in temperature. Some water-soluble proteins have been migrated from the aqueous to the IL phase. When tetrabutylphosphonium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate was used as an IL, cytochrome c (Cyt.c) was found to be extracted from the water phase to the IL phase. Conversely, both horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and azurin remained in the aqueous phase. This selective extraction was comprehended to be due to the difference in solubility of these proteins in both phases. The separated aqueous phase contained a small amount of IL, which induced the salting-out of Cyt.c. On the other hand, condensed IL phase promoted the salting-in of Cyt.c. As a result, Cyt.c was preferably dissolved in the hydrated IL phase rather than aqueous phase. In the case of HRP, there was only a salting-out profile upon increasing the concentration of IL, which induced selective dissolution of HRP in the aqueous phase. These results clearly suggest that the profile of salting-out and salting-in for proteins is the key factor to facilitate the selective extraction of proteins from aqueous to the IL phase.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variations of K Ca II line profile shapes in different structures of the solar chromosphere. I. Features of individual profiles

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Ирина Турова ◽  
Irina Turova ◽  
София Григорьева ◽  
Sofiya Grigoryeva ◽  
Ольга Ожогина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Disk Center ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variations ◽  
Solar Chromosphere ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Individual Profiles

We have studied Ca II K line profiles, using two time series of spectrograms taken in two regions near the solar disk center. In each of the regions, the spectrograph slit cut out several areas of the quiet region and a plage. For the selected chromospheric structures, we have derived K line profiles and have defined a number of parameters that characterize the spatial and temporal variations of the profiles. The analysis of profile shapes in different structures belonging to the same moment of time has shown that there are structures whose profiles differ only slightly from each other in the photosphere, but differ dramatically in the chromosphere. The structures begin to differ from the level of formation of K1 and continue to differ further in the chromosphere. There are, however, structures which begin to differ at the level of the photosphere and continue to differ in the chromosphere. The difference between profile shapes in different structures is likely to be associated both with different thermodynamic conditions and with different magnetic field topology at a given point at a given time. We have examined temporal variations of the K Ca II line profiles in structural chromospheric elements, which are caused by the process of K2v-grains. In most of the studied areas of the chromospheric structures, the brightening of the K2v peak develops according to the “common” scenario: at the time of maximum bright-ness, the line shifts toward the red side. There are, however, cases when the brightening of the K2v peak occurs with a shift of the line to the violet side or with no shift at all. We have constructed scatter plots for some pairs of profile parameters related to intensities at characteristic points of the profile and their shifts. A correlation has been found between intensities in the center and wings of the K line. The correlation between shifts of the K2v and K2r peaks is very weak or completely absent.

Recognition- and defense-related gene expression at 3 resynthesis stages in lichen symbionts

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarangi N.P. Athukorala ◽  
Michele D. Piercey-Normore
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Related Gene ◽  
Defense Related Gene ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Cladonia Rangiferina ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

Recognition and defense responses are early events in plant–pathogen interactions and between lichen symbionts. The effect of elicitors on responses between lichen symbionts is not well understood. The objective of this study was to compare the difference in recognition- and defense-related gene expression as a result of culture extracts (containing secreted water-soluble elicitors) from compatible and incompatible interactions at each of 3 resynthesis stages in the symbionts of Cladonia rangiferina. This study investigated gene expression by quantitative PCR in cultures of C. rangiferina and its algal partner, Asterochloris glomerata/irregularis, after incubation with liquid extracts from cultures of compatible and incompatible interactions at 3 early resynthesis stages. Recognition-related genes were significantly upregulated only after physical contact, demonstrating symbiont recognition in later resynthesis stages than expected. One of 3 defense-related genes, chit, showed significant downregulation in early resynthesis stages and upregulation in the third resynthesis stage, demonstrating a need for the absence of chitinase early in thallus formation and a need for its presence in later stages as an algal defense reaction. This study revealed that recognition- and defense-related genes are triggered by components in culture extracts at 3 stages of resynthesis, and some defense-related genes may be induced throughout thallus growth. The parasitic nature of the interaction shows parallels between lichen symbionts and plant pathogenic systems.

Applying Exogenous Humic Acids and Natural Zeolite for Remediating the Lead-Polluted Garden Soil

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 919-922
Author(s):  
Wei Yu Shi ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Li Ye Chu ◽  
Hong Bo Shao
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acids ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Mixed Treatment ◽  
The Difference

The study reported the co-remediation effect on the lead-polluted garden soil by zeolite and humic acids (HA), which was from comparing with the remediation of single zeolite in term of the lead fraction of sequential extraction in the soil and the distribution of lead in different parts of rape. Mixed treatment (zeolite and HA) and single treatment (zeolite) were, respectively, applied to the artificially polluted garden soil to examine the difference of their remediation effects in pot experiment. Results indicated that the co-remediation led to significantly greater (p < 0.01) reduction in the lead concentration in plants than by singly adding to zeolite. The co-application of zeolite and HA reduced the available fraction of lead compounds, but slightly increased (p < 0.01) the water-soluble fraction of lead compounds in the garden soil, compared with the application of single zeolite, especially in the severe lead-polluted soil (≥1000mg kg−1).This method might be an efficient way to remediate the lead-polluted soils on a large scale.

Measurements of leaf sucrose to explain variability in hydrogen isotope composition of leaf cellulose

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meisha Holloway-Philips ◽  
Jochem Baan ◽  
Daniel Nelson ◽  
Guillaume Tcherkez ◽  
Ansgar Kahmen
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Isotope ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrogen Isotope Composition

&lt;p&gt;The hydrogen isotope composition (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H) of cellulose has been used to assess ecohydrological processes and carries metabolic information, adding new understanding to how plants respond to environmental change. However, experimental approaches to isolate drivers of &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H variation is limited to the Yakir &amp; DeNiro model (1990), which is difficult to implement and largely unvalidated. Notably, the two biosynthetic fractionation factors in the model, associated with photosynthetic (&amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;) and post-photosynthetic (&amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;) processes are currently accepted as constants, and the third parameter &amp;#8211; the extent to which organic molecules exchange hydrogen (f&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;) with local water &amp;#8211; is usually tuned in order to resolve the difference between modelled and observed cellulose &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H values. Thus, by virtue, the metabolically interpretable parameter is only f&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;, whilst from theory, metabolic flux rates will also impact on the apparent fractionations. To overcome part of this limitation, we measured the &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H of extracted leaf sucrose from fully-expanded leaves of seven species and a phosphoglucomutase &amp;#8216;starchless&amp;#8217; mutant of tobacco to estimate the isotopic offset between sucrose and leaf water (&amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;sucrose&lt;/sub&gt;). Sucrose &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H explained ~60% of the &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H variation observed in cellulose. In general, &amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;sucrose&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#160;was higher (range: -203&amp;#8240; to -114&amp;#8240;; mean: -151 &amp;#177; 21&amp;#8240;) than the currently accepted value of -171&amp;#8240; (&amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt;) reflecting &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H-enrichment downstream of triose-phosphate export from the chloroplast, with statistical differences in &amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;sucrose&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#160;observed between species estimates. The remaining &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H variation in cellulose was explained by species differences in f&lt;sub&gt;H&amp;#160;&lt;/sub&gt;(estimated by assuming &amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;H &lt;/sub&gt;= +158&amp;#8240;). We also tested possible links between model parameters and plant metabolism. &amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;sucrose&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;#160;was positively related to dark respiration (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.27) suggesting an important branch point influencing sugar &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H. In addition, f&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt; was positively related to the turnover time (&amp;#964;) of water-soluble carbohydrates (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.38), but only when estimated using fixed &amp;#949;&lt;sub&gt;A &lt;/sub&gt;= -171&amp;#8240;. To decipher and isolate the &amp;#8220;metabolic&amp;#8221; information contained within &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H values of cellulose it will be important to assess &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H values of non-structural carbohydrates so that hydrogen isotope fractionation during sugar metabolism can be better understood. This study provides the first attempt at such measurements showing species differences in both source and sink processes are important in understanding &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H variation of cellulose.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Influence of the SolubleInsoluble Ratios of Cyclodextrins Polymers on the Viscoelastic Properties of Injectable ChitosanBased Hydrogels for Biomedical Application

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Palomino-Durand ◽  
Marco Lopez ◽  
Frédéric Cazaux ◽  
Bernard Martel ◽  
Nicolas Blanchemain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Complexes ◽  
Anionic Polymers ◽  
The Difference

Injectable pre-formed physical hydrogels provide many advantages for biomedical applications. Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) formed between cationic chitosan (CHT) and anionic polymers of cyclodextrin (PCD) render a hydrogel of great interest. Given the difference between water-soluble (PCDs) and water-insoluble PCD (PCDi) in the extension of polymerization, the present study aims to explore their impact on the formation and properties of CHT/PCD hydrogel obtained from the variable ratios of PCDi and PCDs in the formulation. Hydrogels CHT/PCDi/PCDs at weight ratios of 3:0:3, 3:1.5:1.5, and 3:3:0 were elaborated in a double–syringe system. The chemical composition, microstructure, viscoelastic properties, injectability, and structural integrity of the hydrogels were investigated. The cytotoxicity of the hydrogel was also evaluated by indirect contact with pre-osteoblast cells. Despite having similar shear–thinning and self-healing behaviors, the three hydrogels showed a marked difference in their rheological characteristics, injectability, structural stability, etc., depending on their PCDi and PCDs contents. Among the three, all the best above-mentioned properties, in addition to a high cytocompatibility, were found in the hydrogel 3:1.5:1.5. For the first time, we gained a deeper understanding of the role of the PCDi/PCDs in the injectable pre-formed hydrogels (CHT/PCDi/PCDs), which could be further fine-tuned to enhance their performance in biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Estimation of Surface Concentrations of Black Carbon from Long-Term Measurements at Aeronet Sites over Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3904
Author(s):  
Yongjoo Choi ◽  
Young Sung Ghim ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Seung-Myung Park ◽  
In-ho Song
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mixing Rule ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Fine Mode ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mlr Model

We estimated fine-mode black carbon (BC) concentrations at the surface using AERONET data from five AERONET sites in Korea, representing urban, rural, and background. We first obtained the columnar BC concentrations by separating the refractive index (RI) for fine-mode aerosols from AERONET data and minimizing the difference between separated RIs and calculated RIs using a mixing rule that can represent a real aerosol mixture (Maxwell Garnett for water-insoluble components and volume average for water-soluble components). Next, we acquired the surface BC concentrations by establishing a multiple linear regression (MLR) between in-situ BC concentrations from co-located or adjacent measurement sites, and columnar BC concentrations, by linearly adding meteorological parameters, month, and land-use type as the independent variables. The columnar BC concentrations estimated from AERONET data using a mixing rule well reproduced site-specific monthly variations of the in-situ measurement data, such as increases due to heating and/or biomass burning and long-range transport associated with prevailing westerlies in the spring and winter, and decreases due to wet scavenging in the summer. The MLR model exhibited a better correlation between measured and predicted BC concentrations than those based on columnar concentrations only, with a correlation coefficient of 0.64. The performance of our MLR model for BC was comparable to that reported in previous studies on the relationship between aerosol optical depth and particulate matter concentration in Korea. This study suggests that the MLR model with properly selected parameters is useful for estimating the surface BC concentration from AERONET data during the daytime, at sites where BC monitoring is not available.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Water-Soluble Copper in Water-Insoluble Copper Fungicides: CIPAC Collaborative Study. Comparison with Bathocuproine Method

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
F Sánchez Rasero ◽  
◽  
P G Balayannis ◽  
H P Beyers ◽  
E Celma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference

Abstract An atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method was collaboratively studied by 8 laboratories from Africa, the United States, Australia, and Europe. The samples were dispersed in deionized water. After centrifuging and filtering, the water-soluble copper in the filtrate was acidified and measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in an airacetylene flame, at 324.7 nm. The results from 7 laboratories were satisfactory and no unfavorable comments were received. Repeatability standard deviations ranged from 0.005 to 0.023, and reproducibility standard deviations ranged from 0.012 to 0.062. When compared with the bathocuproine method, the difference in bias between both methods is not significant. They were both adopted as full CIPAC methods, with the bathocuproine method as the referee method. Both methods have been adopted official first action.

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