Multiple traits associated with salt tolerance in lucerne: revealing the underlying cellular mechanisms

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane F. Smethurst ◽  
Kieren Rix ◽  
Trevor Garnett ◽  
Geoff Auricht ◽  
Antoine Bayart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Psii Photochemistry ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Leaf Tissues

Salinity tolerance is a complex trait inferring the orchestrated regulation of a large number of physiological and biochemical processes at various levels of plant structural organisation. It remains to be answered which mechanisms and processes are crucial for salt tolerance in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). In this study, salinity effects on plant growth characteristics, pigment and nutrient composition, PSII photochemistry, leaf sap osmolality, changes in anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics of leaf mesophyll, and net ion fluxes in roots of several lucerne genotypes were analysed. Salinity levels ranged from 40 to ~200 mm NaCl, and were applied to either 2-month-old plants or to germinating seedlings for a period of between 4 and 12 weeks in a series of hydroponic, pot and field experiments. Overall, the results suggest that different lucerne genotypes employ at least two different mechanisms for salt tolerance. Sodium exclusion appeared to be the mechanism employed by at least one of the tolerant genotypes (Ameristand 801S). This cultivar had the lowest leaf thickness, as well as the lowest concentration of Na+ in the leaf tissue. The other tolerant genotype, L33, had much thicker leaves and almost twice the leaf Na+ concentration of Ameristand. Both cultivars showed much less depolarisation of leaf membrane potential than the sensitive cultivars and, thus, had better K+ retention ability in both root and leaf tissues. The implications of the above measurements for screening lucerne germplasm for salt tolerance are discussed.

Stem Cold Hardiness, Leaf Heat Tolerance, Growth, and Performance of Six Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 512e-512
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
And Performance

Six different Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) cultivars `Water Fall', `Burgundy Lace', `Crimson Queen', `Oshio-Beni', `SangoKaKu', and `Bloodgood' from Monrovia Nursery were planted in a randomized block design on 4 June 1997 at the The Morton Arboretum. Leaf heat tolerance was evaluated by measuring ion leakage of the leaf tissue at 25–60 °C in July, Aug., and Sept. 1997. The LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues were injured) of all the cultivars were higher in July (≈53 °C) and were lower in September (≈47 °C). Water content of the leaf tissues were higher in July compare to August and September and were not related to heat tolerance of most cultivars. Stem cold hardiness was performed by artificial freezing tests in Oct., Dec., and Feb. 1997/98. The Lowest Survival Temperature (LST) for the most hardy to least hardy cultivars in October and December were: `Burgundy Lace' (–15, –27 °C), `Bloodgood' (–18, –24 °C), `Oshio-Beni' (–15, –24 °C), `Crimson Queen' (–15, –18 °C), `Water Fall' (–9, –18 °C) and `SangoKaKu' (–9, –12 °C), respectively. Growth, dormancy development, spring budbreak and performance of these cultivars will be compared.

Inter-row Cultivation Timing Effects on Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Control and Sugarbeet Yield and Quality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-39
Author(s):  
Nathan H. Haugrud ◽  
Thomas J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Control Practice ◽  
Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽  
Residual Herbicide ◽  
Weed Emergence

Abstract The invasion of waterhemp into northern sugarbeet growing regions has prompted producers to re-integrate inter-row cultivation into weed management programs as no currently registered herbicides can control glyphosate-resistant waterhemp POST in crop. Inter-row cultivation was a common weed control practice in sugarbeet until the release of glyphosate-resistant sugarbeet cultivars in 2008 made the use of inter-row cultivation unnecessary. In the late 2010s, producers began again to use inter-row cultivation to remove weeds that glyphosate did not control, but producers need information on the effectiveness and safety of inter-row cultivation when used with soil residual herbicide programs. Efficacy and tolerance field experiments were conducted in Minnesota and North Dakota from 2017 to 2019. Results from the efficacy experiment demonstrated cultivation improved waterhemp control 11% and 12%, 14 and 28 DAT, respectively. Waterhemp response to cultivation was dependent on crop canopy and precipitation after cultivation. Cultivation had minimal effect on waterhemp density in three environments, but at one environment, near Galchutt, ND in 2019, waterhemp density increased 600% and 196%, 14 and 28 DAT, respectively. Climate data indicated Galchutt, ND in 2019 received 105 mm of precipitation in the 14 days following cultivation and had an open crop canopy which likely contributed to further weed emergence. Results from the tolerance experiment demonstrated root yield and recoverable sucrose were not affected by cultivation timing or number of cultivations. In one environment, cultivating reduced sucrose content by 0.8% regardless of date or cultivation number, but no differences were found in three environments. In-season cultivation can damage/destroy leaf tissue which is likely responsible for the reduction in sucrose content. Results indicate cultivation can be a valuable tool to control weeds that herbicide cannot, but excessive rainfall and open crop canopy following cultivation can create an environment conducive to further weed emergence.

scholarly journals Evidence that a New Antibiotic Flavone Glycoside Chemically Defends the Sea Grass Thalassia testudinumagainst Zoosporic Fungi

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1490-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Jensen ◽  
K. M. Jenkins ◽  
D. Porter ◽  
W. Fenical
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Flavone Glycoside ◽  
Sea Grass ◽  
Zoosporic Fungi ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Marine Angiosperm

ABSTRACT Significantly fewer thraustochytrid protists (zoosporic fungi) were observed in association with healthy leaf tissue of the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum than in association with sterilized samples that were returned to the collection site for 48 h. In support of the hypothesis that sea grass secondary metabolites were responsible for these differences, extracts of healthyT. testudinum leaf tissues inhibited the growth of the co-occurring thraustochytrid Schizochytrium aggregatum and deterred the attachment of S. aggregatum motile zoospores to an extract-impregnated substrate. By using S. aggregatumfor bioassay-guided chemical fractionation, a new flavone glycoside was isolated and structurally characterized as luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2"-sulfate. Whole-leaf tissue concentrations of this metabolite (4 mg/ml of wet leaf tissue) inhibited S. aggregatum attachment, and a significantly lower concentration (270 μg/ml) reduced thraustochytrid growth by 50%, suggesting that natural concentrations are at least 15 times greater than that needed for significant microbiological effects. These results offer the first complete chemical characterization of a sea grass sulfated flavone glycoside and provide evidence that a secondary metabolite chemically defends T. testudinum against fouling microorganisms.

scholarly journals Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Flowers ◽  
Hanaa K. Galal ◽  
Lindell Bromham
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tolerant Plants

The evolution of salt tolerance is interesting for several reasons. First, since salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) employ several different mechanisms to deal with salt, the evolution of salt tolerance represents a fascinating case study in the evolution of a complex trait. Second, the diversity of mechanisms employed by halophytes, based on processes common to all plants, sheds light on the way that a plant’s physiology can become adapted to deal with extreme conditions. Third, as the amount of salt-affected land increases around the globe, understanding the origins of the diversity of halophytes should provide a basis for the use of novel species in bioremediation and conservation. In this review we pose the question, how many times has salt tolerance evolved since the emergence of the land plants some 450–470 million years ago? We summarise the physiological mechanisms underlying salt-tolerance and provide an overview of the number and diversity of salt-tolerant terrestrial angiosperms (defined as plants that survive to complete their life cycle in at least 200 mM salt). We consider the evolution of halophytes using information from fossils and phylogenies. Finally, we discuss the potential for halophytes to contribute to agriculture and land management and ask why, when there are naturally occurring halophytes, it is proving to be difficult to breed salt-tolerant crops.

scholarly journals Chlorophyll Content in Leaves of Wheat as Influenced by Inorganic, Organic and Integrated Sources of Nutrient Application

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Megha Vishwakarma ◽  
P. S. Kulhare ◽  
G. S. Tagore
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Spad Value

Field experiments were conducted during winter season of 2018-19 and 2019-20 with three sources of nutrient  viz., inorganic, organics (FYM, VC and biofertilizers) and their integration as main treatments and five levels [S1-0 (0-0-0 kg NPK ha-1), S2-100% (120-60-40 kg NPK ha-1), S3-150% (180-90-60 kg NPK ha-1), S4-200% (240-120-80 kg NPK ha-1) and S5-Soil Test based (STV) NPK i.e. 149-176-33 kg ha-1 in split plot design with three replications. The chlorophyll content (‘a’, ‘b’ and total) in leaves and Soil Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) value were recorded at crown root initiation (CRI), tillering, jointing and milking stage of wheat. The pooled data of findings revealed that the treatment with inorganic sources showed significant increase in the SPAD readings (9.62, 15.54, 23.77 and 29.83), chlorophyll ‘a’ (0.76, 0.83, 1.47 and 0.63 mg g-1 leaf tissue), ‘b’ (0.44, 0.78, 0.87 and 0.57 mg g-1 leaf tissue) and total (1.19, 1.64, 2.25 and 1.14 mg g-1 leaf tissue) chlorophyll content in leaves over organic source at all the growth stages. All the levels of nutrient were significantly increased the chlorophyll content and SPAD value over control at all the stages except chlorophyll ‘a’ at jointing and milking stage. However, amongst the levels 150% and 200% NPK were found significantly superior to 100% NPK for SPAD value (8.32 and 8.71 at CRI and 12.56 and 12.19 at tillering), chlorophyll ‘a’ (0.73 and 0.70 mg g-1 leaf tissue at CRI), chlorophyll ‘b’ (0.46 and 0.45 mg g-1 leaf tissue at CRI, 0.68 and 0.71 mg g-1 leaf tissue at tillering and 0.53 and 0.59 mg g-1 leaf tissue at milking), respectively. The interaction results suggested that the 200% NPK with inorganic and integrated sources significantly superior to 100% NPK for chlorophyll ‘a’ content at jointing and milking stage. The application of 150% and 200% NPK with inorganic source were found significantly higher over the same level of NPK with integrated source of nutrient for total chlorophyll content and SPAD value at all the growth stages except 150% NPK for total chlorophyll at jointing and milking stage and SPAD value at milking stage. The correlation between SPAD value and chlorophyll ’a’, ‘b’, total were found significantly and positively at all growth stages. Coefficient of determination values between SPAD and chlorophyll content showed linear relationship at all the growth stages.

scholarly journals Responses to Developmental Temperature Fluctuation in Life History Traits of Five Drosophila Species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Different Thermal Niches

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Tommaso Manenti ◽  
Anders Kjærsgaard ◽  
Toke Munk Schou ◽  
Cino Pertoldi ◽  
Neda N. Moghadam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Developmental Temperature ◽  
The Impact

Temperature has profound effects on biochemical processes as suggested by the extensive variation in performance of organisms across temperatures. Nonetheless, the use of fluctuating temperature (FT) regimes in laboratory experiments compared to constant temperature (CT) regimes is still mainly applied in studies of model organisms. We investigated how two amplitudes of developmental temperature fluctuation (22.5/27.5 °C and 20/30 °C, 12/12 h) affected several fitness-related traits in five Drosophila species with markedly different thermal resistance. Egg-to-adult viability did not change much with temperature except in the cold-adapted D. immigrans. Developmental time increased with FT among all species compared to the same mean CT. The impact of FT on wing size was quite diverse among species. Whereas wing size decreased quasi-linearly with CT in all species, there were large qualitative differences with FT. Changes in wing aspect ratio due to FT were large compared to the other traits and presumably a consequence of thermal stress. These results demonstrate that species of the same genus but with different thermal resistance can show substantial differences in responses to fluctuating developmental temperatures not predictable by constant developmental temperatures. Testing multiple traits facilitated the interpretation of responses to FT in a broader context.

scholarly journals Relative Salinity Tolerance of Turf-type Saltgrass Selections

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.L. Qian ◽  
J.M. Fu ◽  
S.J. Wilhelm ◽  
D. Christensen ◽  
A.J. Koski
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Distichlis Spicata ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Irrigation Waters

Salt-tolerant turfgrass is highly desirable in areas associated with saline soils or saline irrigation waters. To determine the salt tolerance of 14 saltgrass [Distichlis spicata var. stricta (Greene)] selections, two greenhouse studies were conducted by means of a hydroponic culture system. Five salinity levels (from 2 to 48 dS·m−1) were created with ocean salts. In general, turf quality decreased and leaf firing increased as salinity increased. However, varying levels of salt tolerance were observed among selections based on leaf firing, turf quality, root growth, and clipping yield. Selections COAZ-01, COAZ-18, CO-01, and COAZ-19 exhibited the best turf quality and the least leaf firing at 36 and 48 dS·m−1 salinity levels in both Experiments 1 and 2. At the highest salinity level (48 dS·m−1), COAZ-18 and COAZ-19 exhibited the highest root activity among all accessions. Salinity levels that caused 25% clipping reduction ranged from 21.2 to 29.9 dS·m−1 and were not significantly different among entries. The data on 25% clipping reduction salinity of saltgrass generated in this study rank saltgrass as one of the most salt-tolerant species that can be used as turf.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Highways to Persistent Bacterial Infection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A Bartell ◽  
Lea M Sommer ◽  
Janus A J Haagensen ◽  
Anne Loch ◽  
Rocio Espinosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Trait ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Pathoadaptive Mutations ◽  
Trait Correlations

ABSTRACTPersistent infections require bacteria to evolve from their naïve colonization state by optimizing fitness in the host. This optimization involves coordinated adaptation of multiple traits, obscuring evolutionary trends and complicating infection management. Accordingly, we screen 8 infection-relevant phenotypes of 443 longitudinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from 39 young cystic fibrosis patients over 10 years. Using statistical modeling, we map evolutionary trajectories and identify trait correlations accounting for patient-specific influences. By integrating previous genetic analyses of 474 isolates, we provide a window into early adaptation to the host, finding: 1) a 2-3 year timeline of rapid adaptation after colonization, 2) variant “naïve” and “adapted” states reflecting discordance between phenotypic and genetic adaptation, 3) adaptive trajectories leading to persistent infection via 3 distinct evolutionary modes, and 4) new associations between phenotypes and pathoadaptive mutations. Ultimately, we effectively deconvolute complex trait adaptation, offering a framework for evolutionary studies and precision medicine in clinical microbiology.

Time spent together and time spent apart affect song, feather colour and range overlap in tinkerbirds

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N G Kirschel ◽  
Emmanuel C Nwankwo ◽  
Nadya Seal ◽  
Gregory F Grether
Keyword(s):  
Complex Trait ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Range Overlap ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Abstract Most studies on the processes driving evolutionary diversification highlight the importance of genetic drift in geographical isolation and natural selection across ecological gradients. Direct interactions among related species have received much less attention, but they can lead to character displacement, with recent research identifying patterns of displacement attributed to either ecological or reproductive processes. Together, these processes could explain complex, trait-specific patterns of diversification. Few studies, however, have examined the possible effects of these processes together or compared the divergence in multiple traits between interacting species among contact zones. Here, we show how traits of two Pogoniulus tinkerbird species vary among regions across sub-Saharan Africa. However, in addition to variation between regions consistent with divergence in refugial isolation, both song and morphology diverge between the species where they coexist. In West Africa, where the species are more similar in plumage, there is possible competitive or reproductive exclusion. In Central and East Africa, patterns of variation are consistent with agonistic character displacement. Molecular analyses support the hypothesis that differences in the age of interaction among regions can explain why species have evolved phenotypic differences and coexist in some regions but not others. Our findings suggest that competitive interactions between species and the time spent interacting, in addition to the time spent in refugial isolation, play important roles in explaining patterns of species diversification.

The Phytotoxicity of Propanil

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hofstra ◽  
C. M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lycopersicum Esculentum ◽  
Chloroplast Membranes ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Methods Of Application

Preliminary field experiments with 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) indicated that methods of application had little effect on the activity of this herbicide. Growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) plants was reduced for about 7 days. Susceptible plants were killed in 3 to 7 days. Propanil inhibited the growth of tomato radicles and the auxin-induced growth of Avena coleoptiles. Propanil destroyed the permeability of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) membranes and also destroyed chloroplast membranes in vitro. Oxygen uptake by isolated mitochondria and treated leaf tissues, and phosphate esterification in mitochondria were severely inhibited by propanil. Photosynthesis was completely inhibited within 20 min after treatment but began to return to normal in resistant plants (tomato) after 6 hr.

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