Oxidative degradation of ranitidine by UV and ultrasound: identification of transformation products using LC-Q-ToF-MS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha T. Elias ◽  
Jisha Chandran ◽  
Usha K. Aravind ◽  
Charuvila T. Aravindakumar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Uv Photolysis ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Tof Ms

Environmental contextRanitidine, a widely prescribed antiulcer drug commonly found in surface waters, has been identified as an emerging contaminant due to its toxicity and the enhanced toxicity displayed by its transformation products. Mechanisms for the formation of ranitidine transformation products and their degradation pathways induced by UV oxidation processes are presented. This work provides insight into treatment processes to remove these toxic chemicals from environmental water bodies. AbstractThe transformation products (TPs) of pharmaceuticals formed during advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are of great significance, but there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the persistence of such compounds in the water matrices, their impact on human health and the applicability of such techniques during water treatment processes. Ranitidine (RAN), a highly prescribed gastrointestinal drug, has been widely detected in various surface waters and experiments, along with its TPs, which show enhanced toxicity. The present study analyses the TPs formed from the degradation of RAN in aqueous solution induced by three AOPs; namely UV-photolysis, UV/peroxodisulfate (PDS) and sonolysis. The degradations followed pseudo first-order kinetics, with removal efficiencies of 99.8, 100 and 98.8% after 60min under UV photolysis, UV/PDS, and sonolysis, respectively, with a corresponding decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 25, 100 and 75%. Structures of the main TPs were elucidated by using LC-Q-ToF-MS in positive mode, and possible degradation pathways are proposed which mainly involved C-N and C-H bond cleavage, hydroxylation and reduction of nitro groups. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the identified TPs (elucidated by using electrospray ionisation–collisionally induced dissociation) support their structural assignments. Seven out of the 11 TPs presented here (namely TP-1, TP-4, TP-5, TP-6, TP-7, TP-9 and TP-10) were not reported in previous studies of RAN using any other AOPs, while four (m/z 331, 270, 288 and 286) were found to retain the NO2 group, which might contribute to the formation of halonitromethanes (HNMs) during chlorination of drinking water. Interestingly, we identified an additional sonolysis product, TP-3, whose formation can only be rationalised by invoking ozone.

scholarly journals Comparison of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Degradation of Maprotiline in Water—Kinetics, Degradation Products and Potential Ecotoxicity

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Nuno P. F Gonçalves ◽  
Zsuzsanna Varga ◽  
Edith Nicol ◽  
Paola Calza ◽  
Stéphane Bouchonnet
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
The Impact

The impact of different oxidation processes on the maprotiline degradation pathways was investigated by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) experiments. The in-house SPIX software was used to process HRMS data allowing to ensure the potential singular species formed. Semiconductors photocatalysts, namely Fe-ZnO, Ce-ZnO and TiO2, proved to be more efficient than heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and persulfate. No significant differences were observed in the degradation pathways in the presence of photocatalysis, while the SO4− mediated process promote the formation of different transformation products (TPs). Species resulting from ring-openings were observed with higher persistence in the presence of SO4−. In-silico tests on mutagenicity, developmental/reproductive toxicity, Fathead minnow LC50, D. magna LC50, fish acute LC50 were carried out to estimate the toxicity of the identified transformation products. Low toxicant properties were estimated for TPs resulting from hydroxylation onto bridge rather than onto aromatic rings, as well as those resulting from the ring-opening.

scholarly journals Treatment of Winery Wastewater with a Combination of Adsorption and Thermocatalytic Processes

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Nuno Jorge ◽  
Ana R. Teixeira ◽  
Vanessa Guimarães ◽  
Marco S. Lucas ◽  
José A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Sodium Bentonite ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Winery Wastewater ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Treatment Processes

The release of winery wastewater (WW) into the environment, without proper treatment, can cause severe problems to freshwater quality and natural fauna and flora. Therefore, in this work a treatment process was studied, combining adsorption and thermocatalytic oxidation processes. In a more specific way, it optimized the combination of activated sodium bentonite (Na-Mt) and potassium persulfate (KPS)/sodium percarbonate (SPC) as oxidant agents. With the combination of best operational conditions of adsorption ([Na-Mt] = 5.0 g/L, pH = 3.0, V = 500 mL, agitation 350 rpm, T = 298 K, t = 24 h) and thermocatalytic oxidation processes (/H2O2 ratio = 1:0.25, /H2O2 dosage = 0.1:0.025 (g/g), pH = 7.0, T = 343 K, agitation 350 rpm, t = 2 h), a total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand and total polyphenols removal of 76.7, 81.4 and >99% was achieved, respectively. Finally, it was evaluated the effect of the treatment processes in the germination index (GI) of different plant seeds. A GI > 80% was achieved, showing a low phytotoxicity effect of the processes applied in the winery wastewater treatment.

Oxidative degradation of AOX and COD by different advanced oxidation processes: a comparative study with two samples of a pharmaceutical wastewater

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Höfl ◽  
Gerhard Sigl ◽  
Oliver Specht ◽  
Ilse Wurdack ◽  
Dietrich Wabner
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Organic Halogen ◽  
Two Samples

Using two samples of a pharmaceutical wastewater, the efficiency of three advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (H2O2/UV, O3/UV and H2O2/Fe(II)) for the removal of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were compared on a laboratory scale. The AOX contents of these samples ranged from 3 to 5 mg/L. Generally the results showed that all three methods are suitable for the degradation of AOX and COD. UV irradiation involved a high selectivity for the degradation of AOX compared to COD. On the other hand, processes based on hydroxyl radicals were less selective but considerably more effective in COD degradation. This explains why the combined methods H2O2/UV and O3/UV lead both to a complete destruction of AOX and a large removal of COD. During ozone treatment – without UV radiation – a decrease of AOX was also observed, although to a lower degree. Using Fenton's reagent both AOX and COD could be removed almost completely. The reaction time needed for this kind of treatment was very low compared to the other two AOPs. O3/UV treatment showed the largest consumption of “activated” oxygen (AO) during COD degradation. H2O2/Fe(II) treatment required almost the same amount of AO as H2O2/UV.

DECOLOURIZATION AND COD REMOVAL OF WASEWATER FROM ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM MOLASSES BY COAGULANTION USING INORGANIC ALUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Trung Duc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
Main Material

The industrial production of ethanol by fermentation using molasses as main material that generates large quantity of wastewater. This wastewater contains high levels of colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD), that may causes serious environmental pollution. Most available treatment processes in Vietnam rely on biological methods, which often fail to treat waste water up to discharge standard. As always, it was reported that quality of treated wastewater could not meet Vietnameses discharge standard. So, it is necessary to improve the treatment efficiency of whole technological process and therefore, supplemental physico-chemical treatment step before biodegradation stage should be the appropriate choice. This study was carried out to assess the effect of coagulation process on decolourization and COD removal in molasses-based ethanol production wastewater using inorganic coaglutant under laboratory conditions. The experimental results showed that the reductions of COD and colour with the utilization of Al2(SO4)3 at pH 9.5 were 83% and 70%, respectively. Mixture FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 at pH 8.5 reduced 82% of colour and 70% of COD. With the addition of Polyacrylamide (PAM), the reduction efficiencies of colour, COD and turbidity by FeSO4 – Al2(SO4)3 were 87%, 73.1% and 94.1% correspondingly. It was indicated that PAM significantly reduced the turbidity of wastewater, however it virtually did not increase the efficiencies of colour and COD reduction. Furthermore, the coagulation processes using PAM usually produces a mount of sludge which is hard to be deposited.

The Characteristics of Community Wastewater Biological Treatment Processes in Taiwan

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
C. F. Ouyang ◽  
T. J. Wan
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Oxidation Ditch ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactor ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Characteristics ◽  
Sludge Thickening

This study investigated and compared the treatment characteristics of three different kinds of biological wastewater treatment plants (including rotating biological contactor, trickling filter and oxidation ditch) which are currently operated in Taiwan. The field investigation of this study concentrated on the following items: the performance of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) removal; the sludge yield rate of BOD removal; the settleability of sludge solids; the properties of sludge thickening; the power consumption and land area requirement per unit volume of wastewater. Finally, based on the results of the field investigation, a comparison of the treatment characteristics of the three different biological treatment processes was evaluated.

Water Treatment Considerations–Aquatic Humus

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E T Gjessing
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Aquatic Humus ◽  
Treatment Considerations

For several reasons the surface waters in cold climate areas are coloured due to humic substances. There are two major objections against humus in drinking water, the first is concerned with aesthetical and practical problems and the second is due to indirect negative health effects. There are essentially three different methods in use today for the removal or reduction of humus colour in water: (1) Addition of chemicals with the intention of reducing the “solubility”, (2) Addition of chemicals in order to bleach or mineralize the humus, and (3) Filtration with the intention of removal of coloured particles and some of the “soluble” colour. The treatment processes are discussed.

scholarly journals Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1017-1025
Author(s):  
Mohamed Réda Arhoutane ◽  
Muna Shueai Yahya ◽  
Miloud El Karbane ◽  
Kacem El Kacemi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Applied Current ◽  
Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽  
First Order ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
By Products

AbstractIn the context of environmental protection, where there is a need to develop effective operations for carrying out appropriate treatment of polluted water by pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the degradation for gentamicin through electro-Fenton (EF) operation, through taking into consideration the effect of several parameters of experimental in the process, namely, the concentration of initial gentamicin, the applied current and the Fe+2 (II) quantities. The (EF) operation employed involves a carbon-felt as cathode and platinum as anode at pH 3. Studies for the gentamicin kinetics is monitored by HPLC giving a pseudo-first order reaction following by a chemical oxygen demand, with a reached degree of mineralization 96% after of four hours of treatment through current 100 mA/cm2 with 0.1 mM of Fe+2. We find that the degradation for molecule of gentamicin is accompanied by an augmentation of the biodegradability, assesse through the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, that augmentation from 0 to 0.41 before treatment after 30 min for EF treatment, showing that there is potential for conjugation of the EF process and the biological process. Furthermore, the by-products have been identified on the basis of HPLC-MS/MS results.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Their Transformation Products in Luxembourgish Surface Waters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph R. Singh ◽  
Adelene Lai ◽  
Jessy Krier ◽  
Todor Kondić ◽  
Philippe Diderich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Transformation Products
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