Tolerance of seven perennial grasses to high nickel in sand culture

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kopittke ◽  
F. P. C. Blamey ◽  
R. A. Kopittke ◽  
C. J. Asher ◽  
N. W. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Culture Experiment ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
High Nickel ◽  
High Concentrations

Environmental context.High concentrations of Ni in soil may occur either naturally or as a result of human activities. We used a sand culture system to investigate the suitability of seven perennial grasses for the revegetation of Ni-contaminated sites. This study provides information on the toxic effects of Ni on plant growth and gives consideration to the health of animals consuming these plants, thereby increasing the accuracy of risk assessments. Abstract.Although grasses are commonly used to revegetate disturbed areas, comparatively little is known regarding the tolerance of perennial grasses to toxic levels of trace metals. A sand culture experiment was conducted to investigate the tolerance of seven perennial grasses to high concentrations of Ni. The activity of Ni2+ in solution that resulted in a 50% reduction in shoot growth ranged from 50 µM for Sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy cv. Saraji) to 13 µM for curly Mitchell grass (Astrebla lappacea (Lindl.) Domin). In most grasses, growth in the high-Ni2+ treatments resulted in shoot Ni concentrations at or above the toxicity threshold for consumption by cattle (100 µg Ni g–1). Based upon their tolerance to Ni, and the extent to which they translocate Ni to the shoots, Sabi grass, signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk) and buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris (L.) cv. Biloela) appear well suited for the phytostabilisation of Ni-contaminated sites in subtropical and tropical regions.

Tolerance of perennial grasses to high copper in sand culture

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Kopittke ◽  
F. Pax C. Blamey ◽  
Anna R. Sheldon ◽  
Neal W. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
The World ◽  
Animal Toxicity ◽  
Selection Of

Environmental context. Copper (Cu) is an essential element for the growth of plants, but various anthropogenic activities such as mining, smelting, disposal of wastes, and the use of Cu-containing fungicides have resulted in substantial Cu contamination at sites throughout the world. We used a sand-culture system to investigate the tolerance of seven perennial grasses to toxic levels of Cu. This study provides information to assist in the selection of grasses for the revegetation and stabilisation of Cu-contaminated sites. Abstract. Although perennial grasses are commonly used to revegetate and stabilise disturbed sites, comparatively little is known of their tolerance to Cu. High Cu in solution reduced growth in all grasses, with the critical solution Cu concentration (corresponding to a 50% reduction in shoot fresh mass) ranging >5-fold, from 1.7 μM in Queensland blue grass (Dichanthium sericeum (R.Br.) A. Camus) to 10 μM in Sabi grass (Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy cv. Saraji). An increase in Cu in solution resulted in elevated Cu concentration in shoots of all but one species, increasing from 6 to 11 μg g–1 at 0 μM Cu to 13 to 25 μg g–1 at 11 μM Cu. The comparatively small magnitude of this increase to a concentration below the animal toxicity threshold suggests that phytotoxicity is likely to be of more environmental concern than is the uptake of Cu into the shoots (and its subsequent consumption by fauna).

Beyond the usual suspects: methanogenic communities in eastern North American peatlands are also influenced by nickel and copper concentrations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney E Bear ◽  
James D Seward ◽  
Louis Jamie Lamit ◽  
Nathan Basiliko ◽  
Tim Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Methanogenic Community ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase ◽  
Eastern Half

Abstract Peatlands both accumulate carbon and release methane, but their broad range in environmental conditions means that the diversity of microorganisms responsible for carbon cycling is still uncertain. Here we describe a community analysis of methanogenic archaea responsible for methane production in 17 peatlands from 36 to 53 N latitude across the eastern half of North America, including three metal-contaminated sites. Methanogenic community structure was analyzed through Illumina amplicon sequencing of the mcrA gene. Whether metal-contaminated sites were included or not, metal concentrations in peat were a primary driver of methanogenic community composition, particularly nickel, a trace element required in the F430 cofactor in methyl-coenzyme M reductase that is also toxic at high concentrations. Copper was also a strong predictor, likely due to inhibition at toxic levels and/or to cooccurrence with nickel, since copper enzymes are not known to be present in anaerobic archaea. The methanogenic groups Methanocellales and Methanosarcinales were prevalent in peatlands with low nickel concentrations, while Methanomicrobiales and Methanomassiliicoccales were abundant in peatlands with higher nickel concentrations. Results suggest that peat-associated trace metals are predictors of methanogenic communities in peatlands.

Differential Response of Ajuga (Ajuga reptans), Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei), and Dwarf Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus‘Compacta’) to Root- and Shoot-Applied Isoxaben

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydha Salihu ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Ajuga Reptans ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Treatment

Hydroponics and sand culture studies evaluated the effects of isoxaben rate (0.84, 1.69, and 3.39 kg/ha) and application type (root only, shoot only, and root plus shoot) on the growth of ajuga, wintercreeper, and dwarf burning bush. Similar responses were exhibited by the three species tested in both hydroponics and sand culture studies. Based on shoot weight reductions, dwarf burning bush was one to three times more sensitive than wintercreeper, which was the most tolerant of the three species, and ajuga was five to 20 times more sensitive than wintercreeper. Isoxaben applied to the root system at all three rates injured ajuga root tips and foliage and reduced root weight by approximately 40% and shoot weight by 20 to 30%. Isoxaben applications to ajuga foliage damaged the roots and leaves and caused over 30% reductions in shoot and root weights at the highest rate tested. Isoxaben applied to dwarf burning bush roots caused less than 20% shoot injury, reduced root weight by 8 to 18%, and reduced shoot weight by less than 10%. Application to dwarf burning bush foliage caused 20 to 30% injury, but only slight reductions in root and shoot weights were observed. No visible injury was observed in wintercreeper from any isoxaben application. However, root treatment reduced wintercreeper root weight by approximately 15%, and shoot treatment reduced shoot weight by 6 to 10% at the highest isoxaben rate tested. Application of isoxaben to both roots and foliage of wintercreeper resulted in similar reductions in shoot and root weights compared to root or shoot exposure alone. Shoot application to wintercreeper affected root growth, and root treatment reduced shoot growth.

scholarly journals Effects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, and Cd) on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Pinus halepensis Seedlings in North Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2033
Author(s):  
Chadlia Hachani ◽  
Mohammed S. Lamhamedi ◽  
Claudio Cameselle ◽  
Susana Gouveia ◽  
Abdenbi Zine El Abidine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
High Concentrations

The pollution of soils by heavy metals resulting from mining activities is one of the major environmental problems in North Africa. Mycorrhizoremediation using mycorrhizal fungi and adapted plant species is emerging as one of the most innovative methods to remediate heavy metal pollution. This study aims to assess the growth and the nutritional status of ectomycorrhizal Pinus halepensis seedlings subjected to high concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd for possible integration in the restoration of heavy metals contaminated sites. Ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal P. halepensis seedlings were grown in uncontaminated (control) and contaminated soils for 12 months. Growth, mineral nutrition, and heavy metal content were assessed. Results showed that ectomycorrhizae significantly improved shoot and roots dry masses of P. halepensis seedlings, as well as nitrogen shoot content. The absorption of Pb, Zn, and Cd was much higher in the roots than in the shoots, and significantly more pronounced in ectomycorrhizal seedlings—especially for Zn and Cd. The presence of ectomycorrhizae significantly reduced the translocation factor of Zn and Cd and bioaccumulation factor of Pb and Cd, which enhanced the phytostabilizing potential of P. halepensis seedlings. These results support the use of ectomycorrhizal P. halepensis in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites.

Yield responses to lime of phalaris, cocksfoot, and annual pastures in north-eastern Victoria

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
DR Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Pasture Yield

Yield responses of 3 mixed grass-clover pastures [Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa (phalaris), Dactylis glomerata cv. Porto (cocksfoot), and annual grass based Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Trikkala (subterranean clover) pastures] were measured over 5 soil pH treatments at 2 sites in Victoria. One site (Beechworth) was strongly acidic [pH(CaCl2) < 4.21 to a depth of 40 cm and contained high concentrations of soil aluminium (Al). At the other site (Lake Rowan), yield responses to lime application had been measured previously, but only in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars. At Beechworth, pasture yield responses to lime were not consistent but. when observed. occurred in autumn and winter in all 3 pasture types. Phalaris pastures showed yield increases more often than cocksfoot and annual pastures. Low magnesium and calcium concentrations may have limited dry matter production, although yields were reasonable on all treatments. Where lime was applied, growth responses may have been due to alleviation of Al toxicity. At Beechworth, pasture yield was increased where lime increased pH from 4.2 to 4.6 and decreased soil Al (measured in 10 mmol CaCl2/L) from 11 to <3 �g/g soil. Herbage manganese concentrations were not high in phalaris and subterranean clover, and cocksfoot manganese standards were not available. At Lake Rowan (pH 4.7, Al <1 �g/g), no growth responses to lime were seen in any pasture treatment, and annual grass based pastures sometimes had higher yields than phalaris and cocksfoot pastures. On strongly acidic soils such as at Beechworth, incorporation of lime prior to pasture establishment should be considered. Perennial grasses may reduce further soil degradation through acidification. Soil A1 concentrations are commonly lower in ley-cropping areas, and the inclusion of perennial grasses in ley pastures requires further evaluation.

The growth of Lupinus species on alkaline soils

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Tang ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
NE Longnecker ◽  
BJ Buirchell
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Iron Chlorosis ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
High Concentrations

Lupinus angustifolius L. grows poorly on alkaline soils, particularly those that are fine-textured. This poor growth has been attributed to high concentrations of bicarbonate, high clay content and/or iron deficiency. In field studies, we examined the growth of 13 lupin genotypes reliant on N2 fixation, or receiving NH4N03, at four sites with various combinations of soil pH and texture. Plants grown on an alkaline clay and an alkaline sand showed iron chlorosis at early stages, and had a slower shoot growth than those grown on an acid loam or an acid sand. Species varied greatly in the severity of iron chlorosis and also in growth and seed yield, with L. angustifolius, L. luteus and L. albus more affected than L. pilosus, L. atlanticus and L. cosentinii. Rankings of growth and seed yield of the lupin genotypes on the alkaline clay correlated well with the rankings on the alkaline sand soil. Plants which had severe iron chlorosis in alkaline clay also had severe chlorosis in alkaline sands. However, correlation between the severity of iron chlorosis and early shoot growth was poor. The results suggest that high pH and/or high bicarbonate are more likely than soil texture to be the primary factors restricting the growth of commercial lupins.

scholarly journals Impact of Phytomediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth and Oxidative Stress Response of In Vitro Raised Shoots of Ochradenus arabicus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Fahad Al-Qurainy ◽  
Salim Khan ◽  
Saleh Alansi ◽  
Mohammad Nadeem ◽  
Aref Alshameri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
System Response ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
High Concentrations

Biogenic nanoparticles have potential roles in the growth and development of plants and animals as they are ecofriendly and free of chemical contaminants. In this study, we assessed the effects of phytomediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on shoot growth, biochemical markers, and antioxidant system response in Ochradenus arabicus, which is a medicinal plant. The shoot length and fresh and dry weights were found to be higher in groups with 5 and 10 mg/L ZnONPs than in the control. At high concentrations of ZnONPs (50, 100, and 300 mg/L), biomass was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The shoot number was observed to be highest at 50 mg/L among all applied concentrations of ZnONPs. The levels of the stress markers proline and TBARS were found to be higher in shoots treated with 100 and 300 mg/L ZnONPs than in the control as well as NP-treated shoots. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased at high concentrations of nanoparticles compared with the control. Thus, synthesized phytomediated ZnONPs from shoots of O. arabicus and their application to the same organ of O. arabicus in vitro were found to be effective as a low concentration of nanoparticles promoted shoot growth, resulting in high biomass accumulation. Thus, using green nanotechnology, such endemic plants could be conserved in vitro and multiple shoots could be produced by reducing the phytohormone concentration for multiple uses, such as the production of potential secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Shoot initiation for Macadamia integrifolia explant with tissue culture technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012133
Author(s):  
N A’ida ◽  
Wilda ◽  
S H Larekeng ◽  
I Iswanto ◽  
M A Arsyad
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Seed Stock ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Shoot Initiation ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

Abstract Macadamia nuts are grown in subtropical and tropical regions and endemic species in Greenland that can be commercially developed in Indonesia. Macadamia’s generative propagation tends to have problems in its seed stock. It often experiences obstacles in field seed stock, and the production requires a long time because it has a thick shell (pericarp). Macadamia initiation needs technology to prevent extinction. One of the propagation is through the technique culture in vitro. This research was conducted to determine the initial response of basic media and to know the response of Macadamia growth in vitro. This research used five media which are Media 1 (DKW with BAP 0.1 ppm, kinetin 0.1ppm), Media 2 (WPM with BAP 1 ppm), media 3 (DKW), media 4 (MS), media 5 (MS with BAP 0.5 ppm). The results showed that media 1 and 3 (DKW media) had a good response for leaf and shoot growth in macadamia explants.

scholarly journals Effects of Banding and IBA on Rooting and Budbreak in Cuttings of Apple Rootstock ‘MM.106’ and Franklinia

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Wen-Quan Sun ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Banding with Velcro™ of new shoot growth in moderately difficult-to-root apple rootstock MM.106 (Malus domestica Borkh.) for 7 days prior to taking cuttings, and treatment of cuttings with 500 to 2000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) increased both percent rooting and root number. Banding, however, did not influence the rooting of easy-to-root Franklinia alatamaha Marsh. IBA at 0 to 1000 ppm induced a logarithmic increase in percent rooting of cuttings of MM.106 and root number of cuttings of Franklinia; but, higher levels of IBA reduced both. Banding prevented the rooting inhibition found at high concentrations of IBA in cuttings of MM.106, while simultaneously stimulating lateral budbreak and greater root number. Stem banding improved the establishment of cuttings treated with 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA. Without banding, establishment of these cuttings was markedly decreased.

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