Sampling and geophysical logging of water bores in unconsolidated sediments

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
D.W. Emerson ◽  
B.M. Haines
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Well Logging ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Geophysical Logging ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
The Cost

A significant proportion of Australia's groundwater is derived from aquifers in unconsolidated sediments. Because of the cost and inherent difficulties of direct sampling and testing procedures, geophysical well-logging has an important role to play in the location, definition and evaluation of these unconsolidated aquifers. Interpretation at present is semi-quantitative at best and generally qualitative. Nevertheless, with modern drilling methods, a well-logging programme and interpretation are necessary prerequisites for correct bore completion and aquifer evaluation.

scholarly journals A study on antibiotic prescription among the hospitalized pediatric patients at a referral center in Puducherry, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
M. Bala Gopal ◽  
P. Thiyagarajan ◽  
Vinayagamoorthy Venugopal ◽  
Venkata Naveen Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbial Resistance ◽  
The Cost

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has reached to a significant proportion globally. This antimicrobial resistance increases the cost of health care in addition to the existing burden of the prevalence of infectious disease in developing countries. We need to have institutional protocols based on the standard guidelines. It is important for the clinician to use antibiotics only when it is necessary. The aim of the study was to analyze the rationality of the antibiotics used among the hospitalized children in the referral centre located in the rural area, to evaluate the pattern of antibiotics prescribed among the hospitalized children and to find out the factors associated with the usage of antibiotics among them.  Methods: Analytical, cross sectional study was performed on all patients admitted to the inpatient pediatric medical service at a referral centre situated in the rural part of the Puducherry, India during the period from July 2015 to June 2016. Results: 959 children were included in our study.607 children belong to less than 5 years of age group. Overall 60% of the children have received either oral or parenteral antibiotics. Based on the categorization of children as per the final clinical diagnosis children requiring antibiotic, can be used and not required are 13% (125), 38.6% (370) and 48.4% (464) respectively. Respiratory, gastrointestinal and systemic infectious diseases were the major group of cases admitted in our centre. Antibiotic use in respiratory and systemic infectious disease were maximum with 248 (70.1%) and 179 (71.6%) respectively. Among the antibiotics cephalosporin, penicillin group and azithromycin constitute more than 90% of the antibiotics prescribed cases.Conclusions: Overuse of antibiotic is universal and seen in both developed and developing countries. This increases the cost of treatment and increases the chances of microbial resistance. As per the W.H.O. recommendations surveillance system is required in all the hospitals to assess the antibiotic use and to monitor the prevalence of microbial resistance. 

scholarly journals Economic Burden of Diabetes in Urban Indians

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Chandra ◽  
Bageshri Gogate ◽  
Parikshit Gogate ◽  
Nilesh Thite ◽  
Abhay Mutha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Class Iv

Purpose : To find out the average economic burden of medical care on a patient with diabetes in Pune, India Methods : A semi-open ended questionnaire followed by interview was conducted with patients attending diabetes and ophthalmic out-patient departments. They were asked regarding the duration of diabetes, methods undertaken for blood sugar control and the amount they spend on consultations, laboratory tests, medicines and procedures if any within past year. Expenditure was classified as direct cost (cost of medicines, doctor’s fees, investigations, lasers and surgery) and indirect cost (travel, diet control, health classes and loss of wages). Data was collected regarding the socioeconomic status according to Kuppaswamy classification. Results : 219 patients participated of whom 129 were males (58.9%). Average annual direct cost of diabetes treatment was Rs 8,822 of which 52.1% was spend on medicines, 3.2% was spend on lasers, 12.6% was spend on surgical procedures, 11.6% spent on investigations and 10.4% was spend on clinician fees. Average annual indirect cost was Rs. 3949 of which 3.4% was spend on travelling purpose, 0.4% was spent on health classes, 4.9% was spent on diet control and 91.3% was loss of wages. Average expenditure done by lower middle class was 23.7% of their income. Average percentage of income for direct and indirect cost was 3.6% and 1.4% respectively. The cost of the treatment formed1.3% of the annual income for those in Socio-economic class I, 1.7% in class II, 3.7% in class III and 23.7% in class IV. Conclusion : The cost of managing diabetes was a significant proportion of the patients’ income, especially for those on lower socio-economic scale (class IV).

scholarly journals Are the Triptans for Migraine Therapy Worth the Cost?

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Migraine Therapy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Severe Migraine

ABSTRACT:The triptans represent a major advance in migraine therapy but their cost per dose greatly exceeds that of many older treatments. There is evidence that for a significant proportion of migraine patients these new drugs can show a positive cost benefit and also improve quality of life. Cost benefit would be expected to be greatest in patients with more severe migraine attacks.

Aspects of mud properties in geophysical logging of shallow water bores

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
B.M. Haines ◽  
D.W. Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Geophysical Logging ◽  
Mud Cake ◽  
Log Interpretation ◽  
Solids Content

In order that the whole suite of geophysical logging methods may be employed, it is necessary that the borehole contain drilling mud. Usually in shallow water bores this mud consists simply of a clay component and make-up water, although during drilling it also contains particles and fluids derived from the formations penetrated. The major purposes of the mud, from the driller's point of view, are to lubricate and cool the bit, to prevent caving especially in unconsolidated sediments and to carry bit cuttings to the surface. While the mud composition may be relatively simple, the physical, electrical and chemical system comprising the mud column and formation is rather complex. Mud filtrate, a fluid extract of the mud, is expressed and enters the formations under the influence of differential hydrostatic pressure; consequently, a mud cake is formed on the borehole walls; and the filtrate itself provides electrochemical contrasts with the formation waters. The system is further complicated by the frequently unsystematic approach to the specification and control of drilling mud, and the general lack of understanding of the system as a dynamic entity. The volume of influence of all well logging methods therefore includes drilling mud, mud cake, invaded and uninvaded formation, these latter being wholly or partially saturated by filtrate and formation water respectively. For purposes of quantitative log interpretation, especially in regard to electrical logs, it is a necessary prerequisite that the electrical properties of the mud and its derivatives be either measured directly, or derived through established relationships with readily measured properties. A limited laboratory experimental study has indicated the relationships between the electrical and physical properties of the mud system and the influence of solids content. Field testing of these relationships showed that they are extensively modified in both form and magnitude by formation particles and waters acquired during drilling. It is apparent that relationships are strongly dependent on several factors, and should be evaluated separately for individual borehole/mud/formation systems.

Energetic cost of synthesizing proteins in Antarctic limpet, Nacella concinna (Strebel, 1908), is not temperature dependent

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. R2266-R2274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Bowgen ◽  
Keiron P. P. Fraser ◽  
Lloyd S. Peck ◽  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
The Cost

The energetic cost of protein synthesis is thought to account for a significant proportion of total metabolism. However, attempts to estimate the energetic cost of synthesizing proteins have resulted in surprisingly variable results, particularly for the small number of polar organisms studied, where cost estimates vary by two orders of magnitude. Much of this variability is probably the result of differing methodologies and experimental designs. Here we have used two different, carefully validated methods to measure the costs of protein synthesis in Antarctic limpets. One method, which utilized a specific protein synthesis inhibitor, was used to measure the cost of protein synthesis at two temperatures to test the hypothesis that the cost of protein synthesis varies with temperature. The cost of protein synthesis measured using the inhibitor cycloheximide was 13.95 ± 0.77 μmol O2/mg protein, while correlation of absolute protein synthesis with oxygen consumption suggested the cost of protein synthesis was 19.58 μmol O2/mg protein. Water temperature did not alter the cost of protein synthesis in Nacella concinna (Student's t-test, P = 0.849, t = 0.19, df = 12). In a meta-analysis of literature values for the cost of protein synthesis there was no significant effect of temperature, but there was a significant relationship between the concentration of cycloheximide used to inhibit protein synthesis and the measured cost.

Influence of body weight, swimming characteristics, and water temperature on the cost of swimming in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1482-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Tang ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
Chantal Ménard ◽  
John A Downing
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
The Cost

We performed respirometry experiments to estimate the spontaneous swimming costs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) for 24 combinations of fish weight (3.5, 17, and 32 g), water temperature (4, 12, and 18°C), and respirometer size (27, 54, and 108 L). Fish swimming characteristics were estimated for each experiment using videocamera recordings and image analysis. Under our experimental conditions, average swimming characteristics of fish, such as swimming speed and turning and acceleration rates, varied from 2.5- to 29-fold. Our data, alone or combined with similar published results on brook trout weighing 1 g, indicated that fish weight was the only variable that could explain a statistically significant proportion of the variations of spontaneous swimming costs for that species (r2 = 0.91). Our work confirms, with a wider range of experimental data, that spontaneous swimming costs of fish are 3- to 22-fold (8-fold average difference) more energy demanding than predicted by forced swimming models developed using fish swimming at constant speeds and directions in flumes.

scholarly journals Blood Conservation in Neurosurgery: Erythropoietin and Autologous Donation

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander McGirr ◽  
Katerina Pavenski ◽  
Bhanu Sharma ◽  
Michael D. Cusimano
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
Blood Conservation ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Transfusion Requirements ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Matching Criteria ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rbc Transfusion

AbstractBackgroundNeurosurgery may involve significant blood loss and frequently requires allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Preoperative recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) may be used to improve erythroid status and recovery, and used either alone or in combination with preoperative autologous donation (PAD) it may reduce exposure to allogeneic RBC. We wished to study the use of EPO with and without PAD and the risk of RBC transfusion in neurosurgery.MethodsUsing a retrospective case-control design, 57 patients who received EPO preoperatively were matched 2:1 for age, sex, year of surgery, and International Classification of Diseases code most responsible for surgery (three were excluded because of stringent matching criteria, leaving 54 cases and 108 comparison subjects). Thirty-two cases participated in PAD. Medical and anesthetic records as well as laboratory investigations were reviewed and extracted.ResultsAllogeneic RBC exposure was identical for EPO cases and comparison subjects (18.5%). Concomitant PAD and EPO did not reduce allogeneic RBC exposure (21.9%), and resulted in a greater number of RBC units transfused. Last recorded hemoglobin levels suggested that autologous RBCs were not more liberally used. Patients who engaged in PAD and EPO suffered from iatrogenic anemia. A significant proportion (58.6%) of the autologous RBCs was ultimately not used and discarded.ConclusionFurther research is needed to determine the efficacy of EPO in neurological surgery. PAD does not appear to reduce the risk of allogeneic RBC transfusion, despite concomitant EPO. Indeed, PAD resulted in iatrogenic anemia and increased transfusion requirements. The cost-effectiveness of blood conservation efforts in neurosurgery deserves additional research.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effect of maritime traffic regulations on the accident rate in the strait of Istanbul

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-207
Author(s):  
Gizem Kodak ◽  
Tayfun Acarer
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Environmental Disasters ◽  
Maritime Traffic ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Marine Accidents ◽  
The Relationship

In the Strait of Istanbul, which is one of the most perilous natural waterways of the World, many marine accidents have occurred throughout the history. Some of these accidents resulted in deaths, financial losses, and environmental disasters. The fact that a significant proportion of the ships passing the Strait are tanker carrying hazardous cargo further increases this danger. Especially the increasing size of the ships, the increase in the cost of the for transported and the transportation of dangerous cargoes, especially oil and derivatives, to a great extent by sea, made the possible consequences of the accidents even more catastrophic. For this reason, many regulatory measures have been taken regarding the Sea Traffic in Istanbul, Çanakkale Straits and Marmara Sea, which have been named as the “Turkish Straits System” in recent years, and these measures have been collected under the Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Service, which is briefly defined as TBGTH. Within the scope of this study, maritime accidents in the Strait of Istanbul have been examined chronologically in terms of the number of ships passing and maritime traffic regulations. The effects of the applications implemented after 2003, when Istanbul VTS started its operations, on the safety of navigation have been investigated. In this way, it is aimed to demonstrate the effect of the Vessel Traffic Services and related regulations on the improvement in the rate of marine accidents. The numerical determination of the relationship between the number of passing ships and the number of accidents in the Strait can be used as a statistically significant criterion for the realization of new regulations depending on the maritime traffic volume in the coming years.

Nile River Transport under the Romans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Adams
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Ancient Economy ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
River Transport ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Complex Organization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City

This chapter considers the organization of river transport in Roman Egypt (30 BC—AD 284). Egypt provided a significant proportion of grain to the city of Rome; thus the collection of tax grain and its transport to Alexandria was the first stage in the complex organization of the annona. The chapter considers the integration of land and river transport of tax grain, the nature, status, and organization of naukleroi, and the role of the state. It also discusses the transport of private goods by river and offers some quantification of the cost of river transport. It places these economic activities into the broader context of debate about the ancient economy.

Predicting length of hospital stay and cost by aneurysm grade on admission

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Paul Elliott ◽  
Peter D. Le Roux ◽  
Galen Ransom ◽  
David W. Newell ◽  
M. Sean Grady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Aneurysm Rupture ◽  
Clinical Grade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hospitalization Costs ◽  
The Cost

✓ To determine the relationship between clinical grade on admission and treatment cost after aneurysm rupture, the authors retrospectively examined the length of hospital stay (LOS) and total hospitalization costs (excluding professional fees) for 543 patients admitted for aneurysm surgery between 1983 and 1993. The overall median LOS was 18 days, with a range of 1 to 165 days. Increased median LOS correlated with Hunt and Hess Grades 0 to IV on admission (p< 0.001). Median LOS for Grade V patients was reduced, in part, because of early mortality. Increased treatment cost also correlated with worse admission clinical grade (p < 0.001). A significant proportion of total expenditures occurred early in the hospitalization for patients in all clinical grades. Identification of additional factors affecting the cost of aneurysm treatment is indicated to complement treatment outcome studies.

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