Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
KS Nandra ◽  
GB Scott ◽  
AW Jones ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Wool Growth

A study was made over 2 years of the nutritive value of the subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars, Trikkala, Larisa and Goulburn, in grazing experiments with Border Leicester x Merino lambs. Liveweight gain was similar for all cultivars in the first year and in the second year was higher on Larisa (153 g/day) compared with Goulburn and Trikkala (131 and 103 g/day, respectively). Wool growth was not significantly different between cultivars. Both the digestibility and water-soluble carbohydrate content of the petiole and stem plant fraction were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the leaf fraction, even though the leaf had a lower level of cell wall organic matter. The ratio of lignin to cell wall organic matter was also higher in the leaf fraction. Samples obtained via oesophageal fistula showed that petioles comprised most of the dry matter in the diet and, thus, were the major contributor to energy supply. Differences were found in the degradability characteristics of the 3 cultivars which led to significant (P<0.05) differences in the concentration of rumen degradable dry matter and effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP). During the vegetative and early flowering stages, the concentration of ERDP exceeded the supply of fermentable metabolisable energy required for microbial protein synthesis. In mature clover, the concentration of ERDP was low and limiting microbial protein synthesis. The degradation characteristics of protein were highly correlated with liveweight gain (r2 = 0.90) and wool growth (r2 = 0.70). It is suggested that increasing the petiole : leaf ratio could increase the efficiency of utilisation of subterranean clover diets.

scholarly journals Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Tonhá Alves Júnior ◽  
Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽  
Dulciene Karla De Andrade Silva ◽  
Thaysa Rodrigues Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ciliated Protozoa ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the amount of feed provided and the total surplus. Rumen content samples were collected to evaluate the profile of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, pH, ciliated protozoa, turnover rate and disappearance rate. To estimate the microbial protein synthesis, the technique of purine derivatives was used. The mesquite extract quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as increased propionate production, acetate:propionate ratio and microbial protein synthesis. The numbers of ciliate protozoa in the rumen decreased as a result of mesquite extract inclusion in the diet. The use of mesquite pod extract at a concentration of 488 mg/mL is recommended to improve digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and to optimize microbial protein synthesis and increase propionic acid production.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Kualitas Jerami Padi dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kecernaan Nutrien dan Produk Fermentasi Rumen Kerbau dengan Feces Sebagai Sumber Inokulum

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syapura Syapura ◽  
Muhamad Bata ◽  
Wardhana Surya Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

Improving of rice straw quality and its effect on ability nutrient digestibility and rumen metabolism products of buffalo in-vitro with feces as inoculum source ABSTRACT.  This study was aimed to determine the effect of feeding  ammoniated rice straw plus concentrate on buffalo nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation products by in vitro. The Research was carried out by using  experimental method, designed according to completely  randomized design (CRD). The source of inoculum was obtain from different feces of three  buffalos kept in  Datar Village of Purwokerto region fed  rice straw, rice straw plus concentrate and rice straw ammoniated plus concentrate with dry matter ratio of 80 : 20. The treatments tested consisted of three treatments, namely R0 =  control feed using rice straw; R1 = the use of rice straw plus concentrate with a ratio of  (DM basis) 80:20; R2 = the use of ammoniated rice straw plus concentrate with a ratio of (DM basis) 80:20. The treatments were repeated 7 times, so there were 21 experimental units. The Variables measured included total VFA, Ratio A/P, N-NH3, Microbial Protein Synthesis (MPS),   Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility. The result of this study showed that the treatment had an effect significant (P0.05) on the concentration of VFA, Ratio A/P,  N-NH3,  Microbial Protein Synthesis (MPS), and Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility. The HSD test showed that the highest production of  VFA,Ratio A/P, N-NH3, Microbial Protein Synthesis (MPS), Dry Matter and Organic Matter Digestibility were achieved at R2 followed by R1 and R0 respectively. The conclusion is that the ammoniated rice straw supplemented with concentrate can be recommended to be fed to buffalo

scholarly journals Effect of urea coating by chitosan on the dynamics of ammonia concentration and rumen fermentation in vitro

2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
S Nayohan ◽  
K G Wiryawan ◽  
A Jayanegara
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of coating urea by chitosan at graded levels on ammonia concentration and rumen fermentation in vitro. This study used Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to test ammonia parameter and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for pH, microbial protein synthesis, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, and Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). The treatments tested were: P0 = addition non coating urea 1%; P1 = coating urea by chitosan 1%; P2 = coating urea by chitosan 2%; P3 = coating urea by chitosan 3%. The data obtained were analysed by using ANOVA and continued with Tukey HSD test with SPSS version 25. The results of this study showed that the coating of urea chitosan had no significant effect on pH, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and amonia concentration in the rumen. However, it significantly reduced (P <0.05) total VFA concentration. It can be concluded that the application of urea coating by chitosan does not affect on the degradation of urea in the rumen.

scholarly journals Coffee hull in the diet of dairy heifers: nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1141-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Lima de Souza ◽  
Rasmo Garcia ◽  
Luciano da Silva Cabral ◽  
Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira ◽  
Rilene Ferreira Diniz Valadares
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivative ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Random Block Design

It was evaluated nitrogen compounds and microbial protein synthesis in heifers fed diets containing coffee hulls (0.0; 8.75; 17.25; and 26.25% of dry matter) replacing ground corn concentrate at the following levels of coffee hulls in the total diet dry matter: 0.0, 3.5, 7.0 or 10.5%. It was used 24 crossbreed heifers (7/8, 15/16 and 31/32 Holstein-Zebu), which were distributed in a random block design made up accordingly to the weight of the animals. Spot samples of urine were colleted aproximatelly four hours after morning feeding and were used to estimate microbial protein synthesis by using urine purine derivatives. It was not observed effect of coffee hull levels in the diet on total nitrogen intake (160 g/day) and nitrogen excretion in the urine (87.4 g/day). The inclusion of coffee hull in the diet linearly increased nitrogen excretion in feces, as well as nitrogen balance. There was linear reduction in urinary excretion of allantoin, in total purine derivative and absorbed purine, which reduced 0.715, 0.873, and 0.954 mmol/day to each coffee hull unity added to the concentrate, respectively. Coffee hull altered microbial protein synthesis, which reduced in 0.687 g/day to each coffee hull unity added to the concentrate. Reduction in microbial protein synthesis can reduce weight gain in heifers fed coffee hulls.

Duodenal Nitrogenous Constituent Flow in Growing Steers Fed Silages Prepared with Formic Acid and Enzyme Additives

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 146-146
Author(s):  
J L Jacobs ◽  
A B McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

The addition to grass during ensiling of enzymes capable of hydrolysing forage polysaccharides has been shown to result in increased fermentation of dry matter within the silo (Jacobs & McAllan, 1987). Thus it appears that the enzymes promoted cellular breakdown within the silo. It is also possible that the enzymes may also have made available greater amounts of structural carbohydrate for utilisation within the rumen. Such an increase in available energy may be reflected in improved microbial activity in the rumen resulting in increased microbial protein synthesis. The present experiment examines the effects of enzyme treated silages on the flow of nitrogenous constituents at the duodenum of growing steers.

scholarly journals Effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea in a finishing beef diet on fermentation in an artificial rumen system

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-847
Author(s):  
Daryoush Alipour ◽  
Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽  
Haley Sanderson ◽  
Tassilo Brand ◽  
Laize V Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Slow Release Urea

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea (SRU) on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis within two artificial rumens (Rusitec) fed a finishing concentrate diet. The experiment was a completely randomized, dose–response design with SRU substituted at levels of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 1.75% of dry matter (DM) in place of feed-grade urea, with four replicate fermenters per dosage. The diet consisted of 90% concentrate and 10% forage (DM basis). The experiment was conducted over 15 d, with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Dry matter and organic matter disappearances were determined after 48 h of incubation from day 9 to 12, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured from day 9 to 12. Microbial protein synthesis was determined on days 13–15. Increasing the level of SRU quadratically affected total VFA (Q, P = 0.031) and ammonia (Q, P = 0.034), with a linear increment in acetate (L, P = 0.01) and isovalerate (L, P = 0.05) and reduction in butyrate (L, P = 0.05). Disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was quadratically affected by levels of SRU, plateauing at 1% SRU. Inclusion of 1% SRU resulted in the highest amount of microbial nitrogen associated with feed particles (Q, P = 0.037). Responses in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis fluctuated (L, P = 0.002; Q, P = 0.001) and were the highest for 1% SRU. In general, the result of this study showed that 1% SRU in combination with 0.6% urea increased NDF and ADF digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production.

scholarly journals Ruminal Ecology, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Milk Production in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Glycerin-Based Diet: A Comparison Study on Chitosan Sources Supplementation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Different Sources

The study compared the influence of chitosan sources on rumen fermentation, methane emission and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a glycerin-based diet. Six, lactating Holstein-Frisian crossbreeds (410 &plusmn; 5.0 kg BW, 120 &plusmn; 21 day-in-milk), were arranged in a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square design. In addition to control, a 2% chitosan extract supplement and a 2% commercial chitosan supplement of dry matter intake were the treatments. The results denoted that no significant differences on daily dry matter, nutrients or estimated energy intake were noted when cows received different sources of chitosan. Nutrient digestibility was not influenced differently by extraction based or commercial chitosan supplements. The pH, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, blood urea and microbial count were similar among treatments. The different sources of chitosan supplements did not change the totals of volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate; in contrast, different chitosan sources influenced (P&lt;0.05) propionate content. The ruminal acetate to propionate ratio was markedly (P&lt;0.05) reduced with chitosan supplement, but no change appeared between sources of chitosan. At 4 hours after feeding, the methane estimation significantly decreased with the addition of chitosan supplementation (P&lt;0.05) compared to the control group. The purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were not altered by the treatments. No significant differences existed on milk yield, milk composition or milk urea nitrogen when cows received different sources of chitosan (P&gt;0.05). In sum, supplementing extracted chitosan showed more potential than did commercial chitosan for enhancing economic efficiency and recycling shrimp residues, therefore, reducing environmental waste.

Rumen microbial protein synthesis and proportions of microbial and non-microbial nitrogen flowing to the intestines of sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Walker ◽  
AR Egan ◽  
CJ Nader ◽  
MJ Ulyatt ◽  
GB Storer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids

Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of mature sheep was measured by a technique dependent upon the incorporation of 35S from radioactive sulphate into microbial sulphur amino acids. In two separate experiments, sheep were fed on four dried forages and three fresh forages. Mean values and standard deviations for microbial protein synthesis per mole of volatile fatty acid produced in the rumen were 16.1 ? 3.4 g and 20.4? 2.3 g for dried and fresh forages respectively. Corresponding values for microbial protein synthesized per 100 g of organic matter digested in the rumen were 15.1 ? 3.6 g and 24.6 ? 4.9 g. Turnover constants for microbial protein were 1.06 ? 0.12 day-1 and 1.42 ? 0.10 day-1 when dried and fresh forages respectively were eaten, and it is suggested that efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was dependent on the rate of digesta flow through the rumen. Of the non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) reaching the duodenum up to 41, 53 and 68% was non-microbial in origin when perennial ryegrass, Tama ryegrass and white clover respectively were eaten fresh-cut. When either subterranean clover hay, lucerne hay, wheaten hay or a mixture of wheaten hay plus wheat straw was eaten, up to 67, 57, 52 and 57% respectively of NAN at the duodenum was non-microbial in origin. In the latter two cases, the total flow of NAN was relatively low but the apparent digestibility of the non-microbial fraction in the intestines was still appreciable.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF FORAGE AMOUNT AND PARTICLE SIZE IN DIETS OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS ON SITE OF DIGESTION AND MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. RODE ◽  
D. C. WEAKLEY ◽  
L. D. SATTER
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Concentrate Level

Lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal T-type cannulae were used in two studies to determine the effect of forage: concentrate ratio and forage particle size on site of nutrient digestion and microbial protein synthesis. In exp. 1, cows were fed alfalfa hay at 24, 38, 58 and 80% of total dry matter intake. Organic matter (OM) digestion in the total tract (OMD) increased with increasing concentrate level but apparent ruminal OM digestion (AROMD) was unaffected by diet. Digestion of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was similar among the higher forage diets, but was depressed at the 24% forage level. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (MPS) was depressed by high concentrate diets and was positively correlated (P < 0.05) to turnover rate within the rumen. In exp. 2, cows were fed 20% concentrate and 80% alfalfa hay in long, chopped or ground and pelleted form. AROMD was lower with ground hay but OMD was unaffected by diet. Digestibility of ADF in the rumen was lower with ground hay, but was partially compensated for by increased hindgut digestion of ADF. Flow of feed plus endogenous nitrogen (N) at the duodenum was 37% and 47% on N intake with long and ground hay, respectively. Efficiency of MPS increased 15% and postruminal N digestion increased 36% when ground hay replaced long hay. Efficiency of MPS was directly related to ruminal solids turnover rate and inversely related to liquid dilution rate. These results demonstrate improvements in efficiency of MPS with either increasing amounts of forage in the diet or increased ruminal passage of solids. Key words: Digestion, microbial protein, rate of passage, cattle, rumen forage

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