Rumen microbial protein synthesis and proportions of microbial and non-microbial nitrogen flowing to the intestines of sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Walker ◽  
AR Egan ◽  
CJ Nader ◽  
MJ Ulyatt ◽  
GB Storer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids

Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of mature sheep was measured by a technique dependent upon the incorporation of 35S from radioactive sulphate into microbial sulphur amino acids. In two separate experiments, sheep were fed on four dried forages and three fresh forages. Mean values and standard deviations for microbial protein synthesis per mole of volatile fatty acid produced in the rumen were 16.1 ? 3.4 g and 20.4? 2.3 g for dried and fresh forages respectively. Corresponding values for microbial protein synthesized per 100 g of organic matter digested in the rumen were 15.1 ? 3.6 g and 24.6 ? 4.9 g. Turnover constants for microbial protein were 1.06 ? 0.12 day-1 and 1.42 ? 0.10 day-1 when dried and fresh forages respectively were eaten, and it is suggested that efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was dependent on the rate of digesta flow through the rumen. Of the non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) reaching the duodenum up to 41, 53 and 68% was non-microbial in origin when perennial ryegrass, Tama ryegrass and white clover respectively were eaten fresh-cut. When either subterranean clover hay, lucerne hay, wheaten hay or a mixture of wheaten hay plus wheat straw was eaten, up to 67, 57, 52 and 57% respectively of NAN at the duodenum was non-microbial in origin. In the latter two cases, the total flow of NAN was relatively low but the apparent digestibility of the non-microbial fraction in the intestines was still appreciable.

scholarly journals Mesquite Extract as Phytogenic Additive to Improve the Nutrition of Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Tonhá Alves Júnior ◽  
Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽  
Dulciene Karla De Andrade Silva ◽  
Thaysa Rodrigues Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ciliated Protozoa ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis

Four concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg extract per ml of water) of mesquite extract were used as phytogenic additive to verify the potential to increase the nutritional value of the feed, ruminal parameters (primarily propionate production) and nitrogen use efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and quantify the reduction of ciliated protozoa and characterize the ingestive behavior of sheep. Ten adult male sheep were subjected to a 5 × 5 double Latin square design. Prior to feeding, the animals received the mesquite extract. Nutrient intake was estimated from the difference of the amount of feed provided and the total surplus. Rumen content samples were collected to evaluate the profile of short-chain fatty acids, ammonia nitrogen, pH, ciliated protozoa, turnover rate and disappearance rate. To estimate the microbial protein synthesis, the technique of purine derivatives was used. The mesquite extract quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, as well as increased propionate production, acetate:propionate ratio and microbial protein synthesis. The numbers of ciliate protozoa in the rumen decreased as a result of mesquite extract inclusion in the diet. The use of mesquite pod extract at a concentration of 488 mg/mL is recommended to improve digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients, and to optimize microbial protein synthesis and increase propionic acid production.

scholarly journals Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp.) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
Fabiola Espindola Ortega de Lima ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
Diego dos Santos Penha ◽  
Raquel Tenório de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Copaiba Oil

SUMMARY This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

scholarly journals Effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea in a finishing beef diet on fermentation in an artificial rumen system

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-847
Author(s):  
Daryoush Alipour ◽  
Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽  
Haley Sanderson ◽  
Tassilo Brand ◽  
Laize V Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Slow Release Urea

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of combinations of feed-grade urea and slow-release urea (SRU) on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis within two artificial rumens (Rusitec) fed a finishing concentrate diet. The experiment was a completely randomized, dose–response design with SRU substituted at levels of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 1.75% of dry matter (DM) in place of feed-grade urea, with four replicate fermenters per dosage. The diet consisted of 90% concentrate and 10% forage (DM basis). The experiment was conducted over 15 d, with 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Dry matter and organic matter disappearances were determined after 48 h of incubation from day 9 to 12, and daily ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were measured from day 9 to 12. Microbial protein synthesis was determined on days 13–15. Increasing the level of SRU quadratically affected total VFA (Q, P = 0.031) and ammonia (Q, P = 0.034), with a linear increment in acetate (L, P = 0.01) and isovalerate (L, P = 0.05) and reduction in butyrate (L, P = 0.05). Disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was quadratically affected by levels of SRU, plateauing at 1% SRU. Inclusion of 1% SRU resulted in the highest amount of microbial nitrogen associated with feed particles (Q, P = 0.037). Responses in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis fluctuated (L, P = 0.002; Q, P = 0.001) and were the highest for 1% SRU. In general, the result of this study showed that 1% SRU in combination with 0.6% urea increased NDF and ADF digestibility and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SYNCHRONIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN SUPPLY  IN THE SUGARCANE BAGASSE BASED DIET ON MICROBIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN SHEEP

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Achmadi ◽  
A. T. Suhada ◽  
L. K. Nuswantara ◽  
F. Wahyono
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Synchronization Index ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding

The experimental research was conducted to clarify the effect of synchronization of ruminal carbohydrate and protein releases from sugarcane bagasse based diet (SBBD) on microbial protein synthesis in sheep. The first experiment was the formulation of three SBBD with similar nutrient content but differed in synchronization indexes (namely 0.36; 0.50 and 0.63). The in sacco nutrient degradability coefficient was used to calculate the synchronization index of each feedstuff. The second experiment was determination of post feeding ruminal pH, ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level in sheep fed on experimental SBBD. The third experiment was determination of feed digestibility and estimation of microbial nitrogen synthesis (MNP) on the basis of excreted urinary allantoin. The alteration of dietary synchronization index did not change nutrient intake, but the digestibilities of DM, OM and CP were increased (P<0.05). The post feeding ruminal pH was decreased (P<0.05) but concentrations of post feeding ruminal TVFA and NH3-N, and level of BUN were increased (P<0.05) by the treatment of dietary synchronization index. The treatment of dietary synchronization index improved MNP (P<0.05), although dietary synchronization index at 0.63 lowered the MNP (P<0.05). 

scholarly journals Quantitative studies of food protein degradation and the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep given chopped lucerne and rolled barley

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mathers ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Outflow Rate

1. In a randomized block design, four sheep were given 800 g daily of diets containing: chopped lucerne (L), chopped lucerne–rolled barley (2:1; LB), rolled barley–chopped lucerne (2:1; BL), rolled barley (B); each diet was supplemented with minerals, vitamins and urea as considered necessary. Chromic oxide was included in the diets as a flow marker.2. Flows of organic matter (OM) and non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) to the small intestine (SI) were measured and microbial protein was identified by a35S-incorporation procedure.3. OM disappearance in the rumen increased linearly with increasing inclusion of barley in the diet but there was no significant change in microbial NAN flow to the SI so that the yield of microbial NAN (g)/kg fermented OM (FOM) decreased from 29.6 (diet L) to 22.7 (diet B). Changes in the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis appeared to be unrelated to alterations in rumen fluid volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions or in rumen fluid dilution rate (D).4. The degradability of dietary protein (non-urea-N), estimated using the35S procedure, was 0.72, 0.76, 0.86 and 0.86 for diets L, LB, BL and B respectively. Similar values were obtained from concurrent polyester-bag experiments when the fractional outflow rate of undergraded protein from the rumen (k) was assumed to be 0.046.

Measurement in vivo of rumen microbial protein synthesis

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Walker ◽  
CJ Nader
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate

A method is described for the measurement in vivo of ruminal microbial protein synthesis. The method depends upon the incorporation into microbial protein of sulphur derived from 35S -labelled inorganic sulphate infused continuously into the rumen. Steady-state labelling of rumen digesta protein and specific activity of microbial sulphur are used, along with estimates of total digesta mass, to calculate total microbial sulphur in the rumen. The rate of disappearance of isotope from the rumen after cessation of [35S]sulphate infusion is used to calculate the flow rate of microbial s~dphur from that organ. Microbial sulphur may be used to estimate microbial nitrogen or crude protein by means of conversion factors.

scholarly journals Intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed diets containing mulberry hay

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4413
Author(s):  
Luis Gabriel Alves Cirne ◽  
Américo Garcia da Silva Sobrinho ◽  
Fernanda Carvalho Basso ◽  
Roque Takahashi ◽  
Thiago Henrique Borghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lambs fed diets containing 0.00, 12.50, and 25.00% mulberry hay substituting the concentrate. Twentyfour Ile de France lambs at approximately 60 days of age, with a body weight of 15.48 ± 0.07 kg, were confined in individual stalls and slaughtered upon reaching 32 kg body weight. Only the intakes of ether extract and metabolizable energy decreased linearly (P&lt;0.05) as the participation of mulberry hay in the concentrate was increased. Nitrogen in the feces, expressed in g day–1 and g kg0.75 day–1, increased linearly (P&lt;0.05), whereas excretions (mmol day–1) of allantoin, total purines, and absorbed microbial purines, microbial production (g day–1) expressed in microbial nitrogen and microbial crude protein, and microbial efficiency expressed in g MN kg–1 RDOM–1 and g MP kg–1 of TDN decreased linearly as the level of hay in the diet was increased. Mulberry hay substituting the concentrate in diets for feedlot lambs reduces the microbial protein synthesis.</p>

Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
KS Nandra ◽  
GB Scott ◽  
AW Jones ◽  
NE Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Wool Growth

A study was made over 2 years of the nutritive value of the subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars, Trikkala, Larisa and Goulburn, in grazing experiments with Border Leicester x Merino lambs. Liveweight gain was similar for all cultivars in the first year and in the second year was higher on Larisa (153 g/day) compared with Goulburn and Trikkala (131 and 103 g/day, respectively). Wool growth was not significantly different between cultivars. Both the digestibility and water-soluble carbohydrate content of the petiole and stem plant fraction were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of the leaf fraction, even though the leaf had a lower level of cell wall organic matter. The ratio of lignin to cell wall organic matter was also higher in the leaf fraction. Samples obtained via oesophageal fistula showed that petioles comprised most of the dry matter in the diet and, thus, were the major contributor to energy supply. Differences were found in the degradability characteristics of the 3 cultivars which led to significant (P<0.05) differences in the concentration of rumen degradable dry matter and effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP). During the vegetative and early flowering stages, the concentration of ERDP exceeded the supply of fermentable metabolisable energy required for microbial protein synthesis. In mature clover, the concentration of ERDP was low and limiting microbial protein synthesis. The degradation characteristics of protein were highly correlated with liveweight gain (r2 = 0.90) and wool growth (r2 = 0.70). It is suggested that increasing the petiole : leaf ratio could increase the efficiency of utilisation of subterranean clover diets.

PSX-B-6 Effect of slow-release urea on gas production, fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in an artificial rumen system

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Yongmei Guo ◽  
Ling Xiao ◽  
Sumei Yan ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Trevor Alexander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Slow Release Urea

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of slow-release urea (SRU) on gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis using artificial rumen system. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment. The treatments were control diet (no SRU), control diet supplemented with 0.28% (U28), 0.56% SRU (U56) or control diet that was added by 1.5% more corn grain and substituted with 0.35% SRU for 1.85% soybean meal (U35-SBM). The diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (1.71 NEL Mcal/kg), but protein concentration was lower (15.48 vs. 16.24%) and starch concentration was higher (28.2 vs. 27.1%) with U35-SBM than other three treatments. Experimental period consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling. Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated. Gas production (L/d) was lower (P = 0.02) with U35-SBM (1.51) than control (1.79) or U28 (1.92); however, methane production was not affected by treatments (average, 47 mg/d). Dry matter digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) with U35-SBM (78.5%) than other treatments (74.6%), which had no differences in DM digestibility. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production did not differ among treatments (average, 53.1 mmol/d), but increasing SRU supplementation linearly (P &lt; 0.01) decreased molar proportion of propionate from 27.0 to 25.7% and linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased acetate to propionate ratio from 1.69 to 1.78. The ammonia nitrogen (N) linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased from 7.70 to 10.25 mmol/L with increasing SRU addition. Microbial protein synthesis was greater (P = 0.03) with SRU treatments (average, 83.9 mg N/d) than control (78.9 mg N/d). The present results demonstrated the benefits to add the SRU in dairy cow diet for improving ruminal digestibility and microbial protein synthesis.

Effect of the substitution of urea for soybean meal on digestion in steers

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Kozloski ◽  
H. M. N. Ribeiro Filho ◽  
J. B. T. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

Four growing Holstein steers (305 ± 33 kg body weight) with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to assess the effect of level of dietary urea (0, 7.3, 14.7 and 22.0 g kg−1 of dry matter) on the site and extent of digestion of some feed components. The diets were isonitrogenous and consisted of 60% ryegrass hay and 40% concentrate and were offered to the animals three times daily in amounts limited to 24 g of dry matter kg−1 liveweight in order to avoid feed refusals. The addition of urea caused a linear increase in ruminal pH and in ruminal ammonia concentration during the first hours after feed ingestion (P < 0.01), and linearly increased ruminal digestibility of cellulose (P < 0.01) and apparent nitrogen (P < 0.05). However, it had no significant effect on apparent total digestibility of feed components, nor did it affect ruminal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter or starch. Flow of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine decreased linearly (P < 0.05), but the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis or the proportion of undegraded feed nitrogen in the rumen that flowed to the small intestine was not significantly affected (P > 0.05). The increase in ruminal ammonia concentration above that necessary for optimal microbial growth increased ruminal nitrogen losses into the blood. However, excess ruminal ammonia concentration also increased ruminal fibre digestion. Key words: Non-protein nitrogen, microbial protein synthesis, ruminants, digestion

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