Lamb carcass. 3. Describing changes in carcasses of growing lambs using real-time ultrasound and the use of these measurements for estimating the yield of saleable meat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
DG Hall ◽  
AF Luff
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

In experiment 1,76 cryptorchid (n = 37) and ewe (n = 39) lambs were scanned for GR (depth of muscle and fat tissue from the surface of the carcass to the lateral surface of the 12th rib, 110 mm from the midline) and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) depth (USB) on 4 occasions over 3 months at intervals of 28 days with a real-time ultrasound scanner. Carcass GR measurements were obtained after the final live measure at 5.5 months of age. Significant (P<0.001) changes in GR and USB were detected as liveweight increased. All changes could be best explained by linear models (P<0.001) and there was a significant (P<0.001) sex effect evident for GR indicating that this is a useful measurement for monitoring changes in carcass fatness in live lambs. The correlation (r = 0.31) between ultrasonic and carcass GR was significant (P<0.05), however, mean ultrasonic and carcass measurements of GR were significantly different (P<0.05) for ewe, but not cryptorchid lambs. A sex effect was found with the relationship between in vivo GR, liveweight and carcass GR indicating that there was no significant relationship between GR measured ultrasonically and on the carcass when liveweight and sex were accounted for. In experiment 2, 86 ewe and 84 cryptorchid lambs were slaughtered in sex groups, the ewes at 6 months of age and the cryptorchids at 8 months of age. Before slaughter subcutaneous fat depth (USFat C) over the LD and LD depth (USB) were measured using a real-time scanner. Of the carcasses, 84 (42 ewes, 42 cryptorchids) were prepared into 'trim' lamb (TL) cuts. There was a significant (P<0.001) correlation between USFat C and the carcass equivalent (Fat C) for ewes and cryptorchids respectively (r = 0.63; r = 0.47). This was also the case for USB and carcass LD depth (B) with significant (P<0.001) correlations of r = 0.53 and r = 0.56 for ewes and cryptorchids respectively. Liveweight per se was a poor predictor of Fat C and B irrespective of measurement group and was of minimal value when used in combination with USFat C or USB measurements. The amount of variation in Fat C and B that was explained by the corresponding ultrasonic measurement and liveweight ranged from R2 = 0.29-0.39. Irrespective of the measurement group considered or the yield type, measurement of USFat C significantly (P<0.001) improved the accuracy with which percentage yield could be estimated over and above liveweight and increased the amount of variation (R2) in percentage yield that was explained. However, it is recommended that if ultrasonic measurements are to be used for predictive purposes, GR and LD depth be adopted.

Relationship between real-time ultrasound and carcass measures and composition in heavy sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
D. F. Stanley ◽  
E. N. Ponnampalam
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
No Value ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
The Relationship

Fat depth over the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL) at the 12th rib (USFat C) and the depth of the LL (USEMD) were measured before slaughter using a real-time ultrasound machine in 147 mixed sex, 22-month-old sheep of five genotypes. Equivalent measures were obtained on the carcasses (Fat C and EMD) and each carcass side was scanned by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to provide an estimate of composition (percentage lean and fat). There was a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between USFat C and Fat C (fat depth over the LL at the 12th rib measured on the carcass) at r = 0.67. This was also the case for USEMD and EMD (muscle depth of the LL at the 12th rib measured on the carcass) with a significant (P < 0.001) correlation of r = 0.55. Liveweight per se was a poor predictor of Fat C and was of minimal value when used in combination with ultrasonic fat depth measurements. The prediction of Fat C was significantly underestimated by USFat C and this increased as the animals became fatter. The relationship between carcass and ultrasonic measurements of EMD was poor, but better when liveweight was used in combination with USEMD. The prediction of EMD was significantly overestimated by USEMD and this increased as the animals became heavier. Combining USFat C measurement with liveweight significantly (P < 0.001) improved the accuracy (R2) and precision (r.s.d.) with which either the percentage of fat or lean could be estimated. Measurement of USEMD was of no value for the estimation of the percentage of fat or lean. There was no significant (P > 0.05) sex effect on any of the relationships. Ultrasonic measurement of subcutaneous fat depth and muscle depth in heavy fat animals is subject to undefined error, but still provides a means to predict in vivo fat levels and muscle depth. However, the bias associated with the predictions suggest caution should be exercised when measuring heavy fat sheep and the need for further work to confirm the findings of the present study.

Changes in fat depths and muscle dimensions in growing lambs as measured by real-time ultrasound

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
KL Pirlot ◽  
AHK Roberts ◽  
AS Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Significant Error ◽  
Adjustment Factor ◽  
Inconsistent Result ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

Carcass characteristics of 3-4-month-old lambs from 2 experiments were measured with a real-time ultrasound scanner 4 times over 4 months. In experiment 1, all lambs grazed 3 pasture regimes consecutively over 4 months, and in experiment 2, 3 nutritional treatments were compared. Lambs contemporary to these, from a third experiment, were scanned before slaughter, and the equivalent carcass measurements obtained. Significant (P<0.001) changes in GR tissue depth, subcutaneous fat depth at the C site, and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) dimensions were detected as liveweight increased with time in experiments 1 and 2. Depth of LD was found to increase more than width during the growth phase studied. High repeatabilities were obtained for GR, with partial correlations of 0.72 and 0.86, using liveweight as the adjustment factor. For fat depth, repeatabilities were moderate at 0.57 and 0.73, respectively. An inconsistent result was found for LD depth and width, with correlations of 0.68 and 0.29 for depth and 0.36 and 0.5 1 for width. In experiment 3, there were small differences between GR, fat depth, and the area of the LD muscle as measured in vivo and on the carcass, but the accuracy with which fat depth could be estimated from ultrasonic measurements for individual lambs was low compared with the GR measurement. Depth of LD measured in vivo was significantly (P<0.001) greater than on the carcass, but the converse was true for LD width, indicating a change in shape. Partial correlations between in vivo and carcass measures were 0.60 for GR, 0.17 for fat depth, 0.36 for LD depth, and -0.15 for LD width. For LD area, there was a range of 0.31-0.42 depending on the method used to determine area on the carcass. It was considered that real-time ultrasound offered potential when used to monitor changes in GR. Measurement of fat depth in lean lambs was subject to significant error and is not recommended. Of the muscle dimensions, LD depth offers potential, but repeatability may be unsatisfactory in lightweight lambs.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Abdominal Subcutan Fat Tissue Thickness and HbA1c in Pregnant Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aslihan Dilara Demir ◽  
Pervin Karli ◽  
Durmus Ayan
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Tissue

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> Obesity is a very common and important health problem and it has become widespread all over the world. Fat tissue is one of the major endocrine organs. Subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with many diseases such as coronary artery disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, impaired lipid profile. Pregnancy is a special condition with metabolic changes involving all systems. We aimed to investigate the relationship and correlation between abdominal fat and HbA1c because of the specific metabolic conditions in pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Study Design:</strong> This is a retrospective study. Ninety-nine (n=99) pregnant women between the ages of 20 and 40 were included in the present study. They have not any other chronic diseases. Ultrasonography was performed between 16.-28. weeks. Abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue was measured during 16-28 weeks of pregnancy. Routine biochemical parameters and HbA1c were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Subcutaneous fat tissue had a positive correlation with metabolic parameters such as weight and BMI, and a negative correlation with vitamin D level. There is a positive strong correlation with HbA1c level. There was not any correlation between HbA1c and metabolic parameters like triglyceride, LDL, HDL, and cholesterol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> There was a strong positive correlation between abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue thickness and HbA1c. However, we didn’t find any correlation between infant weight and metabolic parameters.</p>

Using real-time ultrasound for in vivo assessment of carcass and internal adipose depots of dairy sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 650-658
Author(s):  
J. Afonso ◽  
C. M. Guedes ◽  
A. Teixeira ◽  
V. Santos ◽  
J. M. T. Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

AbstractFifty-one Churra da Terra Quente ewes (4–7 years old) were used to analyse the potential of real-time ultrasound (RTU) to predict the amount of internal adipose depots, in addition to carcass fat (CF). The prediction models were developed from live weight (LW) and RTU measurements taken at eight different locations. After correlation and multiple linear regression analysis, the prediction models were evaluated by k-fold cross-validation and through the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). All prediction models included at least one RTU measurement as an independent variable. Prediction models for the absolute weight of the different adipose depots showed higher accuracy than prediction models for fat content per kg of LW. The former showed to be very good or excellent (2.4 ⩽ RPD ⩽ 3.8) for all adipose depots except mesenteric fat (MesF) and thoracic fat, with the model for MesF still providing useful information (RPD = 1.8). Prediction models for fat content per kg of LW were also very good or excellent for subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, CF and body fat (2.6 ⩽ RPD ⩽ 3.2), while the best prediction models for omental fat, kidney knob, channel fat and internal fat still provided useful information. Despite some loss in the accuracy of the estimates obtained, there was a similar pattern in terms of RPD for models developed from LW and RTU measurements taken just at the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra. In vivo RTU measurements showed the potential to monitor changes in ewe internal fat reserves as well as in CF.

scholarly journals Real-time cancer diagnosis of breast cancer using fluorescence lifetime endoscopy based on the pH

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jooran Lee ◽  
Byungyeon Kim ◽  
Byungjun Park ◽  
Youngjae Won ◽  
Sang-Yeob Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Fluorescence Lifetime ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Cancer Tissues ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA biopsy is often performed for the diagnosis of cancer during a surgical operation. In addition, pathological biopsy is required to discriminate the margin between cancer tissues and normal tissues in surgical specimens. In this study, we presented a novel method for discriminating between tumor and normal tissues using fluorescence lifetime endoscopy (FLE). We demonstrated the relationship between the fluorescence lifetime and pH in fluorescein using the proposed fluorescence lifetime measurement system. We also showed that cancer could be diagnosed based on this relationship by assessing differences in pH based fluorescence lifetime between cancer and normal tissues using two different types of tumor such as breast tumors (MDA-MB-361) and skin tumors (A375), where cancer tissues have ranged in pH from 4.5 to 7.0 and normal tissues have ranged in pH from 7.0 to 7.4. To support this approach, we performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining test of normal and cancer tissues within a certain area. From these results, we showed the ability to diagnose a cancer using FLE technique, which were consistent with the diagnosis of a cancer with H&E staining test. In summary, the proposed pH-based FLE technique could provide a real time, in vivo, and in-situ clinical diagnostic method for the cancer surgical and could be presented as an alternative to biopsy procedures.

scholarly journals Vascularization of Microvascular Fragment Isolates from Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Später ◽  
Julia E. Marschall ◽  
Lea K. Brücker ◽  
Ruth M. Nickels ◽  
Wolfgang Metzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Epididymal Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Tissue

Abstract Background: Adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments (MVF) represent effective vascularization units for tissue engineering. Most experimental studies in rodents exclusively use epididymal adipose tissue as a visceral fat source for MVF isolation. However, in future clinical practice, MVF may be rather isolated from liposuctioned subcutaneous fat tissue of patients. Therefore, we herein compared the vascularization characteristics of MVF isolates from visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue of murine origin. Methods: MVF isolates were generated from visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue of donor mice using two different enzymatic procedures. For in vivo analyses, the MVF isolates were seeded onto collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds and implanted into full-thickness skin defects within dorsal skinfold chambers of recipient mice. Results: By means of the two isolation procedures, we isolated a higher number of MVF from visceral fat tissue when compared to subcutaneous fat tissue, while their length distribution, viability and cellular composition were comparable in both groups. Intravital fluorescence microscopy as well as histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed a significantly reduced vascularization of implanted scaffolds seeded with subcutaneous MVF isolates when compared to implants seeded with visceral MVF isolates. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that this was due to high amounts of undigested connective tissue within the subcutaneous MVF isolates, which clogged the scaffold pores and prevented the interconnection of individual MVF into new microvascular networks. Conclusion: These findings indicate the need for improved protocols to generate connective tissue-free MVF isolates from subcutaneous fat tissue for future translational studies.

scholarly journals In vivo assessment of subcutaneous fat in dogs by real-time ultrasonography and image analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Payan-Carreira ◽  
Luis Martins ◽  
Sónia Miranda ◽  
Pedro Olivério ◽  
Severiano R. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography ◽  
In Vivo Assessment

scholarly journals Increased extracellular local levels of estradiol in normal breast in vivo during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotta Dabrosin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Normal Breast ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Estrogen Exposure ◽  
Estrone Sulphate

Estrogen exposure is a major risk factor for breast cancer. Tissue estrogen originates from the ovaries but a significant portion is also produced by enzyme activity locally in the breast itself. How these enzymes are regulated is not fully understood. The extracellular space, where the metabolic exchange and cell interactions take place, reflects the environment that surrounds the epithelium but there has been no previous study of hormone concentrations in this compartment. In the present study microdialysis was used to measure extracellular estrogen concentrations in breast tissue and abdominal subcutaneous fat in 12 healthy women in vivo. It was found that women with high plasma progesterone levels had significant increased levels of estradiol in breast tissue compared with fat tissue (breast tissue 168 ± 6 pM; subcutaneous fat, 154 ± 5 pM; P<0.05), whereas women with low plasma progesterone exhibited no difference. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between local breast tissue estradiol and plasma progesterone levels (r=0.709, P<0.01). There was no difference in estrone sulphate in breast and fat tissue regardless of progesterone levels. Estrone was not detectable. The results in this study suggest that progesterone may be one regulator in the local conversion of estrogen precursors into potent estradiol in normal breast tissue.

Factors affecting subcutaneous fat depth at two sites on beef carcasses

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
AA Brooks ◽  
AR Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Class A ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
The Relationship

Over a 12-month period, fat depths at the P8 rump and 12-13th rib sites were measured on 10968 beef carcasses at 4 Tasmanian abattoirs. All cattle were assigned to 1 of 5 breed types: British beef, dairy, dairy-beef cross, beef cross, and European and European cross. Dairy-beef cross and European breeds were excluded from the analysis because of small numbers. Sex and age (dentition) were recorded. As the data set was unbalanced and no single relationship between P8 rump and 12-13th rib sites applied, models describing the relationship between fat depths at the 2 sites were developed for subsets of the data. These showed that breed type, sex, age, season, and carcass weight all affected the relationship between fat depths at the 2 sites. In general, British beef and beef cross cattle could be considered as 1 group, but dairy cattle were different. In the former group, for the no-teeth age class a seasonal and sex effect was evident, giving rise to 4 models, 1 for each of the steer and heifer groups in winter-spring and summer-autumn. For the no-teeth dairy cattle there was no sex effect and all seasons were pooled to form an overall model. For older cattle (2, 4, and 8 teeth) there was significant monthly variation, and few overall models could be developed. In addition, the relationship between fat depths at the 2 sites was generally independent of carcass weight in older cattle. The analysis revealed that within the subcutaneous fat depot the relationship between sites for fat depth can be influenced by a range of variables.

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