Changes in fat depths and muscle dimensions in growing lambs as measured by real-time ultrasound

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
KL Pirlot ◽  
AHK Roberts ◽  
AS Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Significant Error ◽  
Adjustment Factor ◽  
Inconsistent Result ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Partial Correlations ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

Carcass characteristics of 3-4-month-old lambs from 2 experiments were measured with a real-time ultrasound scanner 4 times over 4 months. In experiment 1, all lambs grazed 3 pasture regimes consecutively over 4 months, and in experiment 2, 3 nutritional treatments were compared. Lambs contemporary to these, from a third experiment, were scanned before slaughter, and the equivalent carcass measurements obtained. Significant (P<0.001) changes in GR tissue depth, subcutaneous fat depth at the C site, and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) dimensions were detected as liveweight increased with time in experiments 1 and 2. Depth of LD was found to increase more than width during the growth phase studied. High repeatabilities were obtained for GR, with partial correlations of 0.72 and 0.86, using liveweight as the adjustment factor. For fat depth, repeatabilities were moderate at 0.57 and 0.73, respectively. An inconsistent result was found for LD depth and width, with correlations of 0.68 and 0.29 for depth and 0.36 and 0.5 1 for width. In experiment 3, there were small differences between GR, fat depth, and the area of the LD muscle as measured in vivo and on the carcass, but the accuracy with which fat depth could be estimated from ultrasonic measurements for individual lambs was low compared with the GR measurement. Depth of LD measured in vivo was significantly (P<0.001) greater than on the carcass, but the converse was true for LD width, indicating a change in shape. Partial correlations between in vivo and carcass measures were 0.60 for GR, 0.17 for fat depth, 0.36 for LD depth, and -0.15 for LD width. For LD area, there was a range of 0.31-0.42 depending on the method used to determine area on the carcass. It was considered that real-time ultrasound offered potential when used to monitor changes in GR. Measurement of fat depth in lean lambs was subject to significant error and is not recommended. Of the muscle dimensions, LD depth offers potential, but repeatability may be unsatisfactory in lightweight lambs.

Relationship between real-time ultrasound and carcass measures and composition in heavy sheep

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hopkins ◽  
D. F. Stanley ◽  
E. N. Ponnampalam
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
No Value ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
The Relationship

Fat depth over the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL) at the 12th rib (USFat C) and the depth of the LL (USEMD) were measured before slaughter using a real-time ultrasound machine in 147 mixed sex, 22-month-old sheep of five genotypes. Equivalent measures were obtained on the carcasses (Fat C and EMD) and each carcass side was scanned by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to provide an estimate of composition (percentage lean and fat). There was a significant (P < 0.001) correlation between USFat C and Fat C (fat depth over the LL at the 12th rib measured on the carcass) at r = 0.67. This was also the case for USEMD and EMD (muscle depth of the LL at the 12th rib measured on the carcass) with a significant (P < 0.001) correlation of r = 0.55. Liveweight per se was a poor predictor of Fat C and was of minimal value when used in combination with ultrasonic fat depth measurements. The prediction of Fat C was significantly underestimated by USFat C and this increased as the animals became fatter. The relationship between carcass and ultrasonic measurements of EMD was poor, but better when liveweight was used in combination with USEMD. The prediction of EMD was significantly overestimated by USEMD and this increased as the animals became heavier. Combining USFat C measurement with liveweight significantly (P < 0.001) improved the accuracy (R2) and precision (r.s.d.) with which either the percentage of fat or lean could be estimated. Measurement of USEMD was of no value for the estimation of the percentage of fat or lean. There was no significant (P > 0.05) sex effect on any of the relationships. Ultrasonic measurement of subcutaneous fat depth and muscle depth in heavy fat animals is subject to undefined error, but still provides a means to predict in vivo fat levels and muscle depth. However, the bias associated with the predictions suggest caution should be exercised when measuring heavy fat sheep and the need for further work to confirm the findings of the present study.

Lamb carcass. 3. Describing changes in carcasses of growing lambs using real-time ultrasound and the use of these measurements for estimating the yield of saleable meat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
DG Hall ◽  
AF Luff
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

In experiment 1,76 cryptorchid (n = 37) and ewe (n = 39) lambs were scanned for GR (depth of muscle and fat tissue from the surface of the carcass to the lateral surface of the 12th rib, 110 mm from the midline) and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) depth (USB) on 4 occasions over 3 months at intervals of 28 days with a real-time ultrasound scanner. Carcass GR measurements were obtained after the final live measure at 5.5 months of age. Significant (P<0.001) changes in GR and USB were detected as liveweight increased. All changes could be best explained by linear models (P<0.001) and there was a significant (P<0.001) sex effect evident for GR indicating that this is a useful measurement for monitoring changes in carcass fatness in live lambs. The correlation (r = 0.31) between ultrasonic and carcass GR was significant (P<0.05), however, mean ultrasonic and carcass measurements of GR were significantly different (P<0.05) for ewe, but not cryptorchid lambs. A sex effect was found with the relationship between in vivo GR, liveweight and carcass GR indicating that there was no significant relationship between GR measured ultrasonically and on the carcass when liveweight and sex were accounted for. In experiment 2, 86 ewe and 84 cryptorchid lambs were slaughtered in sex groups, the ewes at 6 months of age and the cryptorchids at 8 months of age. Before slaughter subcutaneous fat depth (USFat C) over the LD and LD depth (USB) were measured using a real-time scanner. Of the carcasses, 84 (42 ewes, 42 cryptorchids) were prepared into 'trim' lamb (TL) cuts. There was a significant (P<0.001) correlation between USFat C and the carcass equivalent (Fat C) for ewes and cryptorchids respectively (r = 0.63; r = 0.47). This was also the case for USB and carcass LD depth (B) with significant (P<0.001) correlations of r = 0.53 and r = 0.56 for ewes and cryptorchids respectively. Liveweight per se was a poor predictor of Fat C and B irrespective of measurement group and was of minimal value when used in combination with USFat C or USB measurements. The amount of variation in Fat C and B that was explained by the corresponding ultrasonic measurement and liveweight ranged from R2 = 0.29-0.39. Irrespective of the measurement group considered or the yield type, measurement of USFat C significantly (P<0.001) improved the accuracy with which percentage yield could be estimated over and above liveweight and increased the amount of variation (R2) in percentage yield that was explained. However, it is recommended that if ultrasonic measurements are to be used for predictive purposes, GR and LD depth be adopted.

Using real-time ultrasound for in vivo assessment of carcass and internal adipose depots of dairy sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 650-658
Author(s):  
J. Afonso ◽  
C. M. Guedes ◽  
A. Teixeira ◽  
V. Santos ◽  
J. M. T. Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

AbstractFifty-one Churra da Terra Quente ewes (4–7 years old) were used to analyse the potential of real-time ultrasound (RTU) to predict the amount of internal adipose depots, in addition to carcass fat (CF). The prediction models were developed from live weight (LW) and RTU measurements taken at eight different locations. After correlation and multiple linear regression analysis, the prediction models were evaluated by k-fold cross-validation and through the ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). All prediction models included at least one RTU measurement as an independent variable. Prediction models for the absolute weight of the different adipose depots showed higher accuracy than prediction models for fat content per kg of LW. The former showed to be very good or excellent (2.4 ⩽ RPD ⩽ 3.8) for all adipose depots except mesenteric fat (MesF) and thoracic fat, with the model for MesF still providing useful information (RPD = 1.8). Prediction models for fat content per kg of LW were also very good or excellent for subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, CF and body fat (2.6 ⩽ RPD ⩽ 3.2), while the best prediction models for omental fat, kidney knob, channel fat and internal fat still provided useful information. Despite some loss in the accuracy of the estimates obtained, there was a similar pattern in terms of RPD for models developed from LW and RTU measurements taken just at the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra. In vivo RTU measurements showed the potential to monitor changes in ewe internal fat reserves as well as in CF.

scholarly journals In vivo biometry and carcass characteristics of lambs in different finishing systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Juliano Henriques da Motta ◽  
Cleber Cassol Pires ◽  
Ana Maria Osorio Dias ◽  
Verônica Gindri Manzoni ◽  
Andressa Ana Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
In Vivo Measurements ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Carcass Cuts

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different finishing systems on the in vivo measurements, quantitative and qualitative carcass characteristics, commercial cut ratio, and shoulder tissue composition of lambs. Thirty-two male lambs were distributed in four finishing systems with eight replications each, as follows: suckling lambs on pasture; suckling lambs in confinement, with access to creep-feeding containing corn bran and soybean meal; weaned lambs fed roughage, characterized by ad libitum supply of alfalfa hay; and weaned lambs fed concentrate, composed of oat grain and soybean meal. The lambs were slaughtered as they reached the pre-set live weight at slaughtering of 30 kg. Most of the in vivo biometry variables were not significant (P > 0.05) when comparing the finishing systems, except for hindlimb height and thoracic perimeter. Regarding the quantitative carcass characteristics, all variables differed (P < 0.05) between systems, except for carcass length, leg width, and subcutaneous fat thickness. For the qualitative carcass characteristics, only the fatness and carcass conformation presented significant differences (P < 0.05). Most in vivo measurements and the proportion of carcass cuts were not influenced by finishing systems. Weaned lambs fed an exclusive concentrate diet presented leaner carcasses with an inferior conformation when compared to the other finishing systems. Suckling lambs in confinement presented shoulders with a higher fat deposition when compared to those weaned. Suckling lambs both on pasture and in confinement presented a superiority in the quantitative carcass characteristics when compared to weaned lambs.

scholarly journals In vivo and carcass characteristics of goats and sheep sold for slaughter in Ceará State

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 3369
Author(s):  
Ítalo Araújo Albuquerque ◽  
Arturo Bernardo Selaive Villarroel ◽  
Elzânia Sales Pereira ◽  
Marcílio Costa Teixeira ◽  
Elisabeth Mary Cunha da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Mean

<p>This study was conducted to evaluate the <em>in vivo </em>and carcass characteristics of goats and sheep sold for slaughter, which originated from different regions of Ceará State, Brazil. Thirty-six (36) mixed-breed, uncastrated male animals (18 goats and 18 sheep), acquired from street markets, which were raised in an extensive production system from the regions of Quixadá, Sobral, and Tauá, were used in this experiment. Before slaughter, the animals were weighed, and body measurements were taken and the body condition score was assessed. Post-slaughter, the carcasses were weighed, morphometric measurements were obtained, and the commercial cuts were weighed and their yields were calculated. The mean <em>in vivo </em>body weight was 23.83 ± 3.76 kg for the goats and 25.22 ± 5.25 kg for the sheep; the body condition score was close to 2, and the mean age was 12 months, with no differences between the species. No differences were found between species and origin for the weights and yields of carcass or for chilling loss. The carcass conformation values were considered poor, and the fat cover was classified as too lean, with the goat carcasses considered superior to the sheep carcasses in these respects. The sheep had higher values for loin-eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness, and weight and proportion of leg than the goats. Mixed-breed goats and sheep reared in extensive systems in Ceará State and sold in street markets in the capital, irrespective of their origin, reach their slaughter weight at an advanced age and with a lean body condition, resulting in carcasses of a low quality, with a low muscle content and poor fat cover. In the extensive conditions of the state of Ceará, animals of the ovine species have a greater ability for meat production than caprine species.</p>

scholarly journals In vivo assessment of subcutaneous fat in dogs by real-time ultrasonography and image analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Payan-Carreira ◽  
Luis Martins ◽  
Sónia Miranda ◽  
Pedro Olivério ◽  
Severiano R. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography ◽  
In Vivo Assessment

scholarly journals In vivo assessment of dog subcutaneous fat depots by real time ultrasonography and image analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. P9
Author(s):  
Rita Payan-Carreira ◽  
Luis Martins ◽  
Sónia Miranda ◽  
Pedro O Pinto ◽  
Severiano R Silva
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography ◽  
In Vivo Assessment

The Use of Ultrasonic Measurements on Subcutaneous Fat Thickness in Breeding of Japanese Shorthorn Cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka NAGAMINE ◽  
Takashi HAYASHI ◽  
Hiroshi SATO ◽  
Akira NISHIDA ◽  
Shigeki KOMATSU
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness
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