An appraisal of soil phosphorus testing data for crops and pastures in South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
CB Dyson ◽  
DE Elliott ◽  
DC Lewis ◽  
CL Rudd
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proportional Yield

Data from more than 580 field experiments conducted in South Australia over the past 30 years have been re-examined to estimate extractable soil phosphorus (P) levels related to 90% maximum yield (C90) for 7 crop species (wheat, barley, oilseed rape, sunflower, field peas, faba beans, potato) and 3 types of legume-based pasture (subterranean clover, strawberry clover, annual medics). Data from both single-year and longer term experiments were evaluated. The C90 value for each species was derived from the relationship between proportional yield responsiveness to applied P fertiliser rates (determined as grain yield in crops and herbage yield in ungrazed pastures) and extractable P concentrations in surface soils sampled before sowing. Most data assessments involved the Colwell soil P test and soils sampled in autumn to 10 cm depth. When all data for a species were considered together, the relationship between proportional yield response to applied P and soil P status was typically variable, particularly where Colwell soil P concentration was around C90. When data could be grouped according to common soil types, soil surface texture, or P sorption indices (selected sites), better relationships were discerned. From such segregated data sets, different C90 estimates were derived for either different soil types or soil properties. We recommend that site descriptors associated with the supply of soil P to plant roots be determined as a matter of course in future P fertiliser experiments in South Australia. Given the above, we also contend that the Colwell soil P test is reasonably robust for estimating P fertiliser requirements for the diverse range of soils in the agricultural regions of the State. In medium- and longer term experiments, changes in Colwell soil P concentration were measured in the absence or presence of newly applied P fertiliser. The rate of change (mg soil P/kg per kg applied P/ha) appeared to vary with soil type (or soil properties) and, perhaps, cropping frequency. Relatively minor changes in soil P status were observed due to different tillage practices. In developing P fertiliser budgets, we conclude that a major knowledge gap exists for estimating the residual effectiveness of P fertiliser applied to diverse soil types under a wide range of South Australian farming systems.

Interpretation of a single-point P buffering index for adjusting critical levels of the Colwell soil P test

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Moody
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
P Value ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Soil phosphorus (P) buffer capacity is the change in the quantity of sorbed P required per unit change in solution P concentration. Because P availability to crops is mainly determined by solution P concentration, as P buffer capacity increases, so does the quantity of P required to maintain a solution P concentration that is adequate for crop demand. Bicarbonate-extractable P using the Colwell method is the most common soil P test used in Australia, and Colwell-P can be considered to estimate P quantity. Therefore, as P buffer capacity increases, the Colwell-P concentration required for maximum yield also increases. Data from several published and unpublished studies are used to derive relationships between the ‘critical’ Colwell-P value (Colwell-P at 90% maximum yield) and the single-point P buffer index (PBI) for annual medics, soybean, potato, wheat, and temperate pasture. The rate of increase in critical Colwell-P with increasing PBI increases in the order: temperate pasture < medics < wheat < potato. Indicative critical Colwell-P values are given for the 5 crops at each of the PBI categories used to describe soil P buffer capacity as it increases from extremely low to very high.

Temporal patterns of soil phosphorus release to runoff during a rainfall event as influenced by soil properties and its effects on estimating soil P losses

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Wang ◽  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
Q. C. Hu ◽  
I. P. O'Halloran ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Runoff ◽  
Wide Range

Wang, Y. T., Zhang, T. Q., Hu, Q. C., O'Halloran, I. P., Tan, C. S. and Reid, K. 2011. Temporal patterns of soil phosphorus release to runoff during a rainfall event as influenced by soil properties and its effects on estimating soil P losses. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 339–347. The phosphorus (P) released in soil runoff during a rainfall event varies as labile P is depleted, and the dynamic pattern can be a function of soil P content and other soil properties. This study was conducted to determine the temporal pattern of runoff dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentration during a simulated rainfall event and the controlling soil properties. Soil samples were collected from six soil types across the province of Ontario, with 10 sites for each, to provide a wide range of soil test P (STP) levels. The instantaneous DRP concentration in surface runoff created during the rainfall event could be predicted by time t (min, since the onset of surface runoff) through a power function: DRP=αt−β, where α and β are constants representing initial potential of soil P release to runoff as DRP at the onset of surface runoff and DRP decrease rate with time, respectively. The values of α and β for a given soil could be determined by DPSM3-2 (Mehlich-3 P/Mehlich-3 Al) using the following formulas:[Formula: see text] The description of the temporal pattern of runoff DRP concentration during a rainfall event with the constants estimated using DPSM3−2 can aid in the prediction of soil runoff DRP loss.

Responsiveness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in southern Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. McBeath ◽  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
E. Lombi ◽  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
R. E. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Caco3 Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
P Application ◽  
Yield Responses

Recent field trials on alkaline soils in southern Australia showed significant grain yield responses to liquid compared with traditional granular forms of P fertiliser. However the advantages of liquid over granular P forms of fertiliser has not been consistent on all soil types. In order to better predict the soil types on which liquid P fertilisers are likely to have potential, a glasshouse trial was conducted to compare the responsiveness of wheat to both liquid and granular forms of P on a wide range of Australian soils. A granular P fertiliser (triple superphosphate) and 2 liquid fertilisers (phosphoric acid and ammonium polyphosphate) were compared at a rate equivalent to 12 kg P/ha in 29 soils representing many of the soil types used for grain production in Victoria and South Australia. Wheat biomass was enhanced by P application in 86% of the soils tested. In 62% of the P-responsive soils, wheat dry matter was significantly greater when liquid P fertilisers were used compared with the granular form. Chemical analysis of the soils tested showed that the better performance of liquid P forms was not correlated to total P concentration in soil, P buffer capacity, or P availability as measured by Colwell-P. However, there was a significant positive relationship between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of soil and wheat responsiveness to liquid P fertiliser.

The systematic effect of soil P buffer capacity on Colwell soil P test v. plant response calibration exists only when field experiments are adjacent

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
R. J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
P Values ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
The Relationship

Thirteen field experiments distributed throughout south-western Australia examined the relationship between percentage of maximum grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aroona) and Colwell soil phosphorus (P) values. These calibration data were fitted to a linear equation, and the slope values for the 13 sites were compared with the P buffer capacity (PBC) of the soils. There was no systematic relationship between these variables except for 3 adjacent sites at Badgingarra and for 3 adjacent sites at Newdegate. We conclude that differences in climate and site conditions have a greater effect than PBC on Colwell soil P test calibration when widely separated sites are compared.

Relationship between phosphorus concentration in surface runoff and a novel soil phosphorus test procedure (DGT) under simulated rainfall

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dougherty ◽  
S. D. Mason ◽  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
P. J. Milham
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
The Relationship

There is a need to be able to identify soils with the potential to generate high concentrations of phosphorus (P) in runoff, and a need to predict these concentrations for modelling and risk-assessment purposes. Attempts to use agronomic soil tests such as Colwell P for such purposes have met with limited success. In this research, we examined the relationships between a novel soil P test (diffuse gradients in thin films, DGT), Colwell P, P buffering index (PBI), and runoff P concentrations. Soils were collected from six sites with a diverse range of soil P buffering properties, incubated for 9 months with a wide range of P additions, and then subjected to rainfall simulation in repacked trays growing pasture. For all soil and P treatment combinations, the relationship between DGT (0–10 mm) and runoff P was highly significant (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.84). Although there were significant curvilinear relationships between Colwell P and runoff P for individual soils, there were large differences in these relationships between soils. However, the inclusion of a P buffering measure (PBI) as an explanatory variable resulted in a highly significant model (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.82) that explained between-soil variability. We conclude that either DGT, or Colwell P and PBI, can be used to provide a relative measure of runoff P concentration.

Stratification, forms, and mobility of phosphorus in the topsoil of a Chromosol used for dairying

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Dougherty ◽  
D. M. Nash ◽  
D. J. Chittleborough ◽  
J. W. Cox ◽  
N. K. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total P

The forms and stratification of soil phosphorus (P) and their relationship to mobile forms of P were investigated in soils collected from a subcatchment used for grazing of dairy cattle in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia. Phosphorus in the soils was highly stratified. The concentration of calcium chloride extractable P in the 0–0.01 m increment was, on average, 5.7 times greater than in the 0.05–0.10 m increment. Organic P (% of total P) in the top 0.01 m was significantly (P < 0.001) related to soil P content such that low P soils (total P of ~600 mg/kg) had high proportions of Po (~65%), whereas high P soils (total P of ~2000 mg/kg) had low proportions (~25%) of Po. Runoff P from these soils was predominantly (86%) dissolved (i.e. <0.45 μm). There was a significant (P < 0.001) exponential relationship between Olsen P in the top 0.01 m and dissolved P concentration in runoff. The form of dissolved P in runoff from soil in repacked trays was also significantly (P < 0.001) related to soil P. Runoff from low P soils (high Po) had high proportions (>50%) of dissolved unreactive P (DUP), whereas runoff from high P soils (low Po) had low proportions of DUP (<10%). Ultrafiltration of runoff samples revealed that 94 and 65% of the dissolved reactive P and DUP, respectively, was subcolloidal (i.e. <1 nm). These results highlight the relationship between soil fertility, the forms of soil P, and the concentrations and forms of P mobilised in runoff. Such relationships need to be considered in further studies of P mobilisation and the subsequent development of strategies designed to reduce runoff P concentrations.

scholarly journals Optimization of Data Processing Minimizes Impact of Self-Absorption on Phosphorus Speciation Results by P K-Edge XANES

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos ◽  
Francisco ◽  
Wedisson ◽  
Leonardus ◽  
Jörg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Fluorescence Yield ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Phosphorus Speciation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calcium Iron

Bulk soil phosphorus speciation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) using fluorescence yield-mode measurements is an important tool for phosphorus research because of the low soil P contents. However, when measuring in fluorescence mode, increasing the concentration of the absorbing atom can dampen the XAS spectral features because of self-absorption and affect the linear combination (LC) fitting results. To reduce the self-absorption for samples of high P contents, thick boron nitride diluted samples are produced, yet the effects of self-absorption on P speciation results via LC fitting of P K-edge XANES spectroscopy, and the possible benefits of data processing optimization are unknown. Toward this end, we produced a series of ternary standard mixtures (calcium-iron-aluminum phosphates) and an example soil sample both diluted using boron nitride over a range from 1 to ~900 mmol kg−1 for the soil sample and up to ~6000 mmol kg−1 for the standard mixture. We show that by optimizing background subtraction and normalization values, consistent results with less than 10% error can be obtained for samples with up to 300 mmol kg−1 P. Our results highlight the applicability of optimized P K-edge XANES fitting across a wide range of concentrations encountered in natural environments.

scholarly journals Influence of Soil Properties on the Phytotoxicity of Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron in Puerto Rican Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Liu ◽  
H. Cibes Viadé
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Property ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Dosage Prediction ◽  
Concentration Series ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Thirteen soils representing a wide range of physical and chemical properties were used in this study. Four herbicides including Atrazine, Ametryne, Prometryne, and Diuron were applied at a concentration series from 0.5 to 32 p.p.m. to each soil, with the exception of Caño Tiburones soil. Kanota oat (Avena sativa L.) was chosen as an indicator plant. ED50  values were obtained for the various soil types. The result indicated that ED50  values varied greatly with different soil types. Simple, partial, and multiple correlations were made among ED50  values and different soil properties. It was found that the organic matter was the major soil property which contributed chiefly to the phytotoxicity of herbicides. A theoretical relationship between percent soil organic matter and p.p.m.w. of herbicides required for 50-percent fresh-weight reduction of oat was obtained for herbicide dosage-prediction purpose.

Changes in soil phosphorus availability and potential phosphorus loss following cessation of phosphorus fertiliser inputs

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Dodd ◽  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
L. M. Condron
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
P Retention

Long-term application of phosphorus (P) fertilisers to agricultural soils can lead to in the accumulation of P in soil. Determining the rate of decline in soil P following the cessation of P fertiliser inputs is critical to evaluating the potential for reducing P loss to surface waters. The aim of this study was to use isotope exchange kinetics to investigate the rate of decline in soil P pools and the distribution of P within these pools in grazed grassland soils following a halt to P fertiliser application. Soils were sourced from three long-term grassland trials in New Zealand, two of which were managed as sheep-grazed pasture and one where the grass was regularly cut and removed. There was no significant change in total soil P over the duration of each trial between any of the treatments, although there was a significant decrease in total inorganic P on two of the sites accompanied by an increase in the organic P pool, suggesting that over time P was becoming occluded within organic matter, reducing the plant availability. An equation was generated using the soil-P concentration exchangeable within 1 min (E1 min) and P retention of the soil to predict the time it would take for the water-extractable P (WEP) concentration to decline to a target value protective of water quality. This was compared with a similar equation generated in the previous study, which used the initial Olsen-P concentration and P retention as a predictor. The use of E1 min in place of Olsen-P did not greatly improve the fit of the model, and we suggest that the use of Olsen-P is sufficient to predict the rate of decline in WEP. Conversely, pasture production data, available for one of the trial sites, suggest that E1 min may be a better predictor of dry matter yield than Olsen-P.

Soil phosphorus tests II: A comparison of soil test–crop response relationships for different soil tests and wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon D. Speirs ◽  
Brendan J. Scott ◽  
Philip W. Moody ◽  
Sean D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
P Values ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil P Test ◽  
R Value

The performance of a wide range of soil phosphorus (P) testing methods that included established (Colwell-P, Olsen-P, BSES-P, and CaCl2-P) and more recently introduced methods (DGT-P and Mehlich 3-P) was evaluated on 164 archived soil samples corresponding to P fertiliser response experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum) conducted in south-eastern Australia between 1968 and 2008. Soil test calibration relationships were developed for relative grain yield v. soil test using (i) all soils, (ii) Calcarosols, and (iii) all ‘soils other than Calcarosols’. Colwell-P and DGT-P calibration relationships were also derived for Calcarosols and Vertosols containing measureable CaCO3. The effect of soil P buffer capacity (measured as the single-point P buffer index corrected for Colwell-P, PBICol) on critical Colwell-P values was assessed by segregating field sites based on their PBICol class: very very low (15–35), very low (36–70), low (71–140), and moderate (141–280). All soil P tests, except Mehlich 3-P, showed moderate correlations with relative grain yield (R-value ≥0.43, P < 0.001) and DGT-P exhibited the largest R-value (0.55). Where soil test calibrations were derived for Calcarosols, Colwell-P had the smallest R-value (0.36), whereas DGT-P had an R-value of 0.66. For ‘soils other than Calcarosols’, R-values >0.45 decreased in the order: DGT-P (r = 0.55), Colwell-P (r = 0.49), CaCl2-P (r = 0.48), and BSES-P (r = 0.46). These results support the potential of DGT-P as a predictive soil P test, but indicate that Mehlich 3-P has little predictive use in these soils. Colwell-P had tighter critical confidence intervals than any other soil test for all calibrations except for soils classified as Calcarosols. Critical Colwell-P values, and confidence intervals, for the very very low, very low, and low P buffer capacity categories were within the range of other published data that indicate critical Colwell-P value increases as PBICol increases. Colwell-P is the current benchmark soil P test used in Australia and for the field trials in this study. With the exception of Calcarosols, no alternative soil P testing method was shown to provide a statistically superior prediction of response by wheat. Although having slightly lower R-values (i.e. <0.1 difference) for some calibration relationships, Colwell-P yielded tighter confidence intervals than did any of the other soil tests. The apparent advantage of DGT-P over Colwell-P on soils classified as Calcarosols was not due to the effects of calcium carbonate content of the analysed surface soils.

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