Prior crop and residue incorporation time affect the response of paddy rice to fertiliser nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Ockerby ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
P. D. Holden ◽  
S. W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Legume Crops

Crop residues are an important source of nitrogen (N) for rice (Oryza sativa L.). The objective of this research was to determine how the supply of mineral N from different prior crops or fallow might affect the growth and yield of rice. The study also tested whether N use by rice might be improved by timing the application of inorganic fertiliser N to supplement the N mineralised after prior crops. Experiments consisted of fallow, or cereal or legume crops in the dry-season followed by wet-season rice; and fallow, or cereal or legume crops in the wet- season followed by dry-season rice. Urea at one-third of the rate required for optimum rice yield was applied at 3 times during the rice crop: sowing, permanent flood, and/or panicle initiation. The prior fallow and crop treatments significantly influenced the growth and yield of rice crops. After a fallow, the pattern of soil N mineralisation promoted vegetative growth but was limiting during grain-filling. In contrast, after a cereal crop, rice vegetative growth was limited but grain-filling was promoted. Legume prior crops promoted both vegetative and grain growth. The benefits derived from growing the cereal or legume crops before rice, in terms of replacing fertiliser N, were dependent on the time at which fertiliser N was applied to the rice crop. In particular, legume crops frequently nullified the rice growth responses to fertiliser N. The results demonstrated that fallow and prior crops can alter the amount and timing of mineral N supply to a rice crop. Farmers should consider including a legume crop in rotation with rice because legumes supply N, which increases rice yield and reduces the requirement for fertiliser N. Cereal crops also contribute N, although farmers who use a cereal rotation should monitor the soil and crop N status during early rice growth, and supply extra fertiliser N to alleviate N deficiency.

The uptake and use of nitrogen by paddy rice in fallow, cereal, and legume cropping systems

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Ockerby ◽  
A. L. Garside ◽  
S. W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Physiological Efficiency ◽  
Legume Crops

In a previous paper, we reported that prior crops either increased or decreased the yield of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and altered its response to fertiliser N. We considered that rice yield responses to prior crop might have reflected the uptake of crop residue N and the efficiency of its use to produce grain. Experiments consisted of dry-season grain or legume crops, or fallow, followed by wet-season rice (cv. Lemont); and wet-season grain or legume crops, or fallow, followed by dry-season rice. Urea at one-third of the rate required for optimum rice yield was applied at 3 stages of rice crop growth: sowing, permanent flood, and/or panicle initiation. Soil N supplied 4.1 to 6.5 g N/m2 to the rice crop, depending on the season. Rice also recovered 0 to 0.25 of the N in the residue of a prior maize crop and 0.23 to 0.57 of the N in grain legume residues or a legume green manure crop; the fraction was greater if fertiliser N was not applied. Increased N uptake was the major contributor to heavier yield. The relationship between grain yield and crop N content was mostly linear, and thus physiological efficiency of N use for rice grain production was essentially constant across the range of environments provided by fertiliser N and cropping system treatments in this study. In experiments where fertiliser N was applied, there were small effects of prior cereal and legume cropping treatments on physiological efficiency. In contrast, without fertiliser N application, physiological efficiency was increased by prior cereal and legume crops, which likely resulted from a greater congruence between the N demand of the rice crop, and the N supply from the soil and incorporated residue, when compared with a fallow treatment.

Fate of urea-nitrogen from cattle urine in a pasture-crop sequence in a seasonally dry tropical environment

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis ◽  
DCI Peake ◽  
RK Jones ◽  
RL McCown
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Crop Sequence

The fate of urea-N in cattle urine applied during the dry season (in August) to the pasture phase of a pasture-crop sequence at Katherine, N.T., was investigated. Cattle urine labelled with 15N-urea was applied to three sets of microplots to measure the following parameters: (a) amount and distribution of 15N remaining in the microplots during the remainder of the dry season with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 t ha-1 of pasture residues present initially; (b) the effect of placing the urine 5 cm below the soil surface on the amount of 15N remaining during the dry season; (c) uptake of 15N by the pasture during the early part of the wet season (October to December) and uptake by sorghum sown directly into the killed pasture in January. Residual 15N in the surface soil (0-15 cm) after the sorghum crop was also measured. Of the applied 15N, 26% was lost after 1 day, 32% after 7 days and 46% after 63 days. Losses were not affected by the amount of pasture residues on the microplots when the urine was applied. Almost all of the I5N remaining in the microplots was in the 0-7.5-cm layer of soil, and 65-75% of this was mineral N. The dry-season losses of 15N were presumably through volatilization of ammonia, because leaching was absent and no loss of 15N occurred when the urine was placed 5 cm below the soil surface. Pasture growth killed at the end of December contained 6.2% of the applied 15N, the sorghum crop recovered only a further 2.1%, and after harvest of the sorghum crop the 0-15.0-cm layer of soil contained 23%. Thus about half of the 15N remaining in the soil-plant system to the 15.0 cm soil depth at the end of the dry season disappeared during the following wet season, either as a gaseous loss or by leaching deeper into the soil.

Rice and red rice interference. II. Rice response to population densities of three red rice (Oryza sativa) ecotypes

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopoldo E. Estorninos ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert ◽  
Marilyn R. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Tiller Density

Red rice, which grows taller and produces more tillers than domestic rice and shatters most of its seeds early, is a major weed in many rice-growing areas of the world. Field experiments were conducted at Stuttgart, AR in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate the growth response of the Kaybonnet (KBNT) rice cultivar to various population densities of three red rice ecotypes. The ecotypes tested were Louisiana3 (LA3), Stuttgart strawhull (Stgstraw), and Katy red rice (KatyRR). Compared with KBNT alone, LA3, the tallest of the three red rice ecotypes, reduced tiller density of KBNT 51%, aboveground biomass at 91 d after emergence (DAE) 35%, and yield 80%. Stgstraw, a medium-height red rice, reduced KBNT tiller density 49%, aboveground biomass 26%, and yield 61%. KatyRR, the shortest red rice, reduced KBNT tiller density 30%, aboveground biomass 16%, and yield 21%. Tiller density of rice was reduced by 20 to 48% when red rice density increased from 25 to 51 plants m−2. Rice biomass at 91 DAE was reduced by 9 and 44% when red rice densities were 16 and 51 plants m−2. Rice yield was reduced by 60 and 70% at red rice densities of 25 and 51 plants m−2, respectively. These results demonstrate that low populations of red rice can greatly reduce rice growth and yield and that short-statured red rice types may affect rice growth less than taller ecotypes.

Effect of cropping sequences on soil nitrogen levels, rice growth, and grain yields

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
HG Beecher ◽  
JA Thompson ◽  
PE Bacon ◽  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Soil Ammonium ◽  
Clover Pasture

The effect of 7 different crop and pasture sequences and cereal stubble management on soil nitrogen (N) levels and growth and grain yield of 2 subsequent rice crops was studied over 6 years (1986-92) on a Birganbigil clay loam soil at Yanco Agricultural Institute. After harvest of an initial rice crop in 1987, the following crop sequences were imposed: continuous annual rice cropping; 2 triticale crops, 2 seasons of pasture; pasture for 4 seasons; a second rice crop, 3 seasons of pasture; a second and third rice crop, 2 seasons of pasture; winter cereals; double cropped (winter-summer) on raised beds. The growth and productivity of 2 subsequent rice crops (1990-91, 1991-92) was then evaluated. Stubble retention rather than burning was practiced on half of each plot. Half of each pasture plot was sown to annual pasture (Trifolium subterraneum), while the other half was sown to perennial pasture (Trifolium repens). All plots returned to rice in 1990-91 and N rates up to 400 kg N/ka were applied. No fertiliser was applied to the 1991-92 crop. Anaerobic incubation ammonium content of soil, sampled before sowing of the 1990-91 rice crop, ranged from 28 to 85 pg/g oven-dried soil. The 1990-91 rice crop reduced soil ammonium by 30 y g/g in all sequences except continuous annual rice cropping. These differences in soil ammonium content were significantly correlated with rice growth and yield. Dry matter at panicle initiation and at physiological maturity and grain yield all increased significantly with N fertiliser application for all crop sequences. This indicates the benefit of N fertiliser, even after a 4-year pasture phase. Modelled grain yield from the unfertilised 2-year subterranean clover pasture (10.4 t/ha) was equal to that from the continuous rice sequence receiving 212 kg N/ha. Applying 320 kg N/ha to continuous rice plots produced yields similar to that of the 2-year subterranean clover pasture sequence, which received 98 kg N/ha. This indicates that the major effect on grain yield of different crop sequences could be alleviated through high N applications. Stubble management had little effect on rice growth or grain yield. Sequences with pasture phases of 2, 3, and 4 years produced similar rice grain yields. Pasture phases still had a positive effect, compared with continuous ricegrowing, on the second rice crop; however, crop growth and grain yield were about half that obtained from the unfertilised plots of the first rice crop. We conclude that continuous, high-yielding, annual ricegrowing can be maintained provided the N supply is adequate, that highly productive legume-dominant pasture phases of 2, 3, or 4 years contribute eqivalent amounts of N to succeeding rice crops, and that stubble management technique or pasture type has little effect on grain yield.

No-tillage and dry ploughing compared with puddling for wet-season rice on an alluvial sandy clay–loam in eastern India

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Mahata ◽  
H. S. Sen ◽  
S. K. Pradhan ◽  
L. N. Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay

SUMMARYNo-tillage and dry ploughing were compared with puddling under identical cultivation conditions for their effect on growth and yield of wet-season rice. The experiment was conducted on an alluvial sandy clay–loam soil over 5 years (1978–82) at Cuttack, India. In the preceding dry season, each plot was split into two halves for growing dry-season crops, with and without tillage. Growth of rice seedlings without applying N to the seed bed was faster and more vigorous after puddling, as shown by greater shoot and root weight per hill and a higher shoot:root ratio, and remained so until maturity. This was reflected in earlier flowering and maturity, followed by greater grain and straw yields. These results are attributed to the ability of the roots to obtain more N from the puddled soil.Under high water table conditions, extractable and soluble N in the root zone were not much influenced by tillage treatments. Grain and straw yields after no-tillage were similar to those produced by dry ploughing but smaller than those produced by puddling, although the differences were not significant in some years.Soil strength measured at the end of the rice-growing season in 1980 and 1981 was significantly greater after continuous no-tillage. The decreasing trend in grain and straw yield and number of panicle-bearing tillers/m2 from 1980 onwards after continuous no-tillage, was associated with increasing soil strength. The results suggest that, where percolation losses of water and nutrients are small, puddling, which is capital intensive and detrimental to soil structure, could be replaced by notillage accompanied by suitable N and weed management. However, continuous no-tillage is not recommended for a soil with a lower clay content because the soil will gradually harden with time.

Effect of Brassica break crops on the growth and yield of wheat

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Kirkegaard ◽  
PA Gardner ◽  
JF Angus ◽  
E Koetz
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Brassica Crops

The effect of the Brassica crops, canola and Indian mustard, on the growth and yield of subsequent wheat crops was investigated in field experiments at four sites in southern New South Wales. In all experiments, shoot growth, root growth, disease incidence and water and nitrogen use of wheat following the Brassica crops were compared with wheat following wheat. Linseed and field peas were included as break crops at some sites for comparison. At one site, methyl bromide fumigation was used to investigate break crop effects in the absence of soil-borne pathogens. Growth improvements following break crops were evident at an early stage (4 leaf stage), but were not related to levels of soil mineral N or the incidence of plants affected by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (take-all) or Rhizoctonia solani. At two of the four sites, early vegetative growth was greater following Indian mustard than following canola. Treatment with methyl bromide led to increased vegetative growth of wheat following all crops, but the ranking of the break crop effect was maintained, with wheat growth after Indian mustard>canola>wheat. The average increase in shoot biomass at anthesis following the break crops was 29%, varying from 12 to 46% according to site and break crop species. The effect of break crops on grain yield was influenced by water availability after anthesis. At one site, where 89 mm of rain fell after anthesis, the early improvements in growth persisted until maturity, and yield was significantly improved following the break crops. At the other three sites, less than 20 mm of rain fell after anthesis, and the greater biomass of wheat following break crops resulted in rapid depletion of soil water. The increased water deficit during grain filling reduced grain size, and no yield benefit was observed. As a result of increased pre-anthesis growth, wheat following break crops accumulated more N at anthesis in above-ground biomass at all sites. This N was redistributed into the grain after anthesis resulting in an average increase of 1.5% in grain protein in wheat following break crops. At one site, the increased N uptake in the crop was associated with less mineral N remaining in the profile at harvest. The results indicate the potential for break crops to improve the yield and protein levels of subsequent wheat crops, although the magnitude of these effects is dependent on seasonal conditions. The nature of the early growth improvements remains uncertain. However, the results from two of the sites support a previous report of the superior break-crop effect of Indian mustard.

scholarly journals PROVISION OF CHERT AS A SOURCE OF SILICONE (SI) FOR THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE (ORYAMMONIUM SULFATE SATIVA L.) TO SUPPORT A SUSTAINABLE CULTIVATION SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Herry Z. Kotta ◽  
W.I. I. Mella ◽  
Suwari ◽  
Paulus Bhuja
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sustainable Cultivation ◽  
Macro Nutrients

A combination of silicon and macro nutrients has been proven to increase rice yield above the average of macro nutrient alone. Chert can contain up to 98% of silicon.Rice field in Timor can be alkaline or non-alkaline in nature. The solubility of SiO2 tends to be higher under acidic soil condition. The use of nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the acidity and hence may increase silicon availability. This research in designed to study the effect of the use of chert powder in combination with urea and ammonium sulfate on rice growth and yield.The study was a pot experiment laid-out based on complete randomized design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were control, chert powder 55 kg/ha,chert powder110 kg/ha, urea 100 kg/ha;ammonium sulfate 200 kg/ha,urea 100 kg/ha + chert powder 55 kg/ha,urea 100 kg/ha + chert powder 110 kg/ha, ammonium sulfate 200 kg/ha + chert powder 55 kg/ha, and ammonium sulfate 200 kg/ha + chert powder110 kg/ha. Results showed no significant difference in rice plant height and tillers among the treatments. Beside treatment effect, there was an indication of effect of factors other than treatment effects especially on the non-alkaline pots. It was suspected that the additional effect might be due to the presence of allelophatic substances.Therefore, it is suggested to have a future study on a combined effect of allelophatic substance and treatments assigned to this study to observe such an effect on rice growth and yield.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF CIHERANG RICE (Oryza sativa L.) AND WEEDS ON THE DIFFERENT PLANTING METHODS AND WEEDING FREQUENCIES

Agrivet ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djoko Heru Pamungkas ◽  
Zamroni Zamroni ◽  
Suprih Sudradjat
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Planting Method

This study aimed to observe the growth and yield of Chiherang rice (Oryza sativa L) and weeds in response of different planting methods and weeding frequencies. We conducted the study in Semampir, Argorejo, Sedayu Sub-district, Bantul District on April until August, 2018. We arranged field study using randomized complete block design in 3x2 factorials with 3 times repetition. First factor was Jajar legowo (J) stratified as 3 levels; 2:1 (J1), 4:1 (J2), dan 6:1 (J3). Second factor was weeding frequency in 2 levels which were 2 times in 14 and 70 hst (P1) and 3 times in 14, 49 and 70 hst (P2). Observed variables include Ciherang rice growth (plant height, total tillers, percentage of productive tillers, fresh and dried weight of each plant), components of rice yield (grain dry weight of each harvest, percentage of filled grains, yield of each hectares), and weeds (type of weeds, fresh and dry weight of weeds). We analyzed results using variance analysis with significant level of 5%, followed with 5% DMRT test. We found that application of jajar legowo planting method and weeding frequency do not correlates with all growth and weeding frequency variables of Ciherang rice and weeds. 2:1, 4:1 and 6:1 jajar legowo planting methods do not show significant impact both on Ciherang rice growth and yield, and also weeds. Both 2 times (14 and 70 hst) and 3 times (14, 49 and 70 hst) also do not have significant impact on all variables observed.Keywords: Jajar Legowo, Weeding Frequency, Ciherang Rice

Effect of Fall-Applied Residual Herbicides on Rice Growth and Yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 526-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Lawrence ◽  
Jason A. Bond ◽  
Henry M. Edwards ◽  
Bobby R. Golden ◽  
Garret B. Montgomery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Rice Growth ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Residual Herbicide

AbstractGlyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass is one of the most troublesome weeds in Mississippi row crop production. Fall-applied residual herbicide applications are recommended for control of GR Italian ryegrass. However, carryover of residual herbicides applied in fields for rice production can have a negative impact on rice performance. Field studies were conducted in Stoneville, MS, to determine the effects of fall-applied residual herbicides on rice growth and yield. Herbicide treatments included suggested use rates (1×) of clomazone at 840 g ai ha–1, pyroxasulfone 170 g ai ha–1,S-metolachlor 1,420 g ai ha–1, and trifluralin 1,680 g ai ha–1, and two times (2×) the suggested use rates in the fall before rice seeding. Pooled across application rate, pyroxasulfone,S-metolachlor, and trifluralin injured rice to an extent 28% to 36% greater than clomazone 14 d after emergence (DAE). Rice seedling density and height 14 DAE and rice maturity were negatively affected by all fall-applied herbicides except clomazone. Applications at 2× rates reduced rough rice yields in plots treated with pyroxasulfone,S-metolachlor, and trifluralin compared with clomazone. Pyroxasulfone applied at the 2× rate reduced rough rice yield 22% compared with the 1× rate. Rough rice yield was 90% or greater of the nontreated control in plots treated with either rate ofS-metolachlor, and these were comparable with rough rice yields from plots treated with both rates of trifluralin and the 1× rate of pyroxasulfone. Early-season injury and reductions in seedling density and height 14 DAE, would preclude even 1× applications of pyroxasulfone,S-metolachlor, and trifluralin from being viable options for residual herbicide treatments targeting GR Italian ryegrass in the fall before rice seeding. Of the herbicides evaluated, only clomazone should be utilized as a fall-applied residual herbicide treatment targeting GR Italian ryegrass before seeding rice.

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