Subterranean clover pasture responses to lime application on the acid soils of southern New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Amendment ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Phosphorus Application

The effects of soil amendment with shallow (0-10 cm) incorporated lime or dolomite were examined at 3 sites with acid soils over 6 years. Measurement was made of soil pH and exchangeable cations, and of subterranean clover dry matter production, seed set, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, manganese, nitrogen and phosphorus. Application of lime or dolomite increased the production of dry matter, but not by the alleviation of molybdenum deficiency. Response in yield ranged from nil to 47%, with most responses in the range 20-35%. Such responses persisted for 5-6 seasons following lime or dolomite application. Differences in soil pH associated with liming were maintained for the 6 years of measurement, so that the benefits in pasture production from soil amendment are likely to accrue beyond the time span of this study. The analyses of plant dry matter indicated that manganese toxicity may have been a factor in the response to lime at 1 harvest, and that higher nitrogen concentration was associated with liming at another. Generally, the plant analyses did not indicate a clear mechanism for the plant responses to lime, although the soil analyses indicated the presence of exchangeable aluminium in the unamended plots at all 3 sites. The plant responses demonstrated that acidity constrained the yield of subterranean clover grown on these soils.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Extractable Soil

Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.

Low effectiveness of three rock phosphates as phosphorus fertilizers and liming materials on an acid clay-loam

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Yeates ◽  
DG Allen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Agronomic Effectiveness ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil Buffering

The effectiveness of three finely ground rock phosphates (PRs) was compared with ordinary superphosphate (OSP) for subterranean clover growth and for increasing soil bicarbonate-extractable P levels over two successive 8-week periods on a very acid clay-loam (pH (0.01 M CaCl2) 4.3) in a glasshouse experiment. All PR sources were poorly effective compared to OSP. Maximum dry matter and P uptake of each PR source was less than that of OSP at each harvest. Relative to surface application, mixing throughout the soil reduced the effectiveness of OSP for dry matter and P uptake, but had little effect on the PR sources. Relative to OSP, the effectiveness of PR sources did not increase at the second harvest. Bicarbonate-extractable P levels for soil-incorporated Island PR plateaued below the highest rate applied. Phosphorus uptake by the herbage at harvests 1 and 2 was not well related to soil bicarbonateextractable P levels at harvest 1, and source dependency was indicated. Soil pH was markedly increased by each of PR sources at application rates within the rates required to reach maximum dry matter and P yield. Increased soil pH at high PR applications is likely to have reduced PR dissolution, and contributed to low agronomic effectiveness. Dry matter yield at both harvests was dependent on P concentration in the tops, regardless of the P source or method of P application. A higher soil buffering capacity for pH, P or Ca than was present in this soil seems necessary for sufficient PR dissolution to achieve the same agronomic effectiveness as OSP.

The growth and development of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) in ungrazed swards at Katherine, N.T

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (37) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis

At Katherine, N.T., swards of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.) were sown in late November and late December, 1964, and sampled every two weeks during the growing season. At each harvest the dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus yields of stem, leaf and petiole, inflorescence, unshed pods, shed leaf, and shed pods were determined. Crop growth rates and net assimilation rates (leaf weight basis, ELW), were derived for both plantings and compared with calculated soil water storage. Drought in January and February restricted growth during the vegetative phase, but rapid growth resumed when water stress was relieved by rain in March. Maximum dry matter yield (5400 lb an acre) and mean crop growth rate (42.3 lb an acre a day) for the November sowing were similar to those measured for Townsville lucerne at Katherine and elsewhere. Maximum crop growth rates (250 and 110 lb an acre a day for the November and December sowings respectively) appear to be about the same as those recorded in the field for subterranean clover. The strong influence of water stress on growth was emphasized by the close relationship demonstrated between ELW and calculated soil water storage. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus was restricted during water stress and both were redistributed to reproductive parts of the plant during flowering and seeding, nitrogen more readily than phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents (1.9-2.0 per cent N and 0.70-0.75 per cent P) were lower than those recorded for other tropical and temperate pasture legumes. The implications of the low phosphorus contents of Townsville lucerne as cattle feed are discussed.

Comparative productivity of some cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in north-eastern Victoria

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
IH Cameron ◽  
AA McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Clover Seed

Eight cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)-Yarloop, Burnley, Bacchus Marsh, Nangeela, Clare, Portugal, Chiltern Valley, and Mt. Barker-were compared in mowing experiments at the Rutherglen Research Station in north-eastern Victoria. All eight had similar total annual yields of dry matter, but all except Chiltern Valley outyielded Mt. Barker (the common district cultivar) in most winters. Yarloop, Burnley, and Bacchus Marsh grew best in winter. Of these, Burnley has most promise, being apparently more persistent than Bacchus Marsh, and having lower oestrogenic potency than Yarloop. There was no difference in greasy wool production from wethers run at five to the acre on Mt. Barker or Bacchus Marsh pastures, despite higher pasture production on the latter. Hay was cut in two seasons ; after feeding equal amounts to each group of sheep, there was a surplus of 20 cwt an acre in favour of the Bacchus Marsh pasture. Clover seed production, winter pasture growth, and sheep liveweights also favoured Bacchus Marsh.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 2. The effect of soil incorporation of lime and phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover and lucerne pastures and on their response to topdressing

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Yield Responses

Subterranean clover responds poorly to superphosphate application on some acid soils of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. A field experiment was undertaken, for two years, to examine the effects of incorporating large additional amounts of superphosphate or rock phosphate in the soil, with and without lime, on the growth of subterranean clover, lucerne and phalaris sown with recommended rates of lime superphosphate. Dry matter responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressing in the second year were also recorded. In the first year, subterranean clover growth was increased by the additional lime and by lime plus superphosphate. Lucerne growth was increased by additional lime. In the second year, the growth of subterranean clover was increased by the lime treatments and the superphosphate treatments applied in the previous year and by the deep incorporation into the soil of lime and superphosphate together. Subterranean clover growth also responded to the application of rock phosphate without lime. Lucerne dry matter production in the second year was increased by the lime, superphosphate and rock phosphate treatments applied in the first year. Lime application increased the yield responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressed in the second year. Lime application had no effect on the nitrogen content of the clover but increased that of lucerne. Lime application reduced the aluminium levels in the tops of all three species. The data suggest that the responsiveness of pastures to superphosphate on these soils is increased by the application of lime and rock phosphate and is related to low nitrogen fixation and high aluminium levels in the plant.

Effects of subterranean, rose and cupped clovers on soil nitrogen and on a subsequent cereal crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Watson ◽  
P Lapins ◽  
RJW Barron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Three annual clover species : subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum (cv. Geraldton), rose clover, T. hirtum (cv. Kondinin), and cupped clover, T. cherleri (cv. Yamina) were compared for yield of dry matter, for their effects on soil nitrogen, dry matter yield, and nitrogen uptake by a subsequent cereal crop. In one experiment, the three clover species and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), were grown in lysimeters to provide measurements of dry matter and nitrogen yields of plant tops and roots. Half of the lysimeters, from which the plant roots had not been removed, were later sown with wheat. Rose clover produced the highest yield of root nitrogen, and this was reflected in higher nitrogen uptake in the succeeding wheat crop. Nitrogen yield of wheat after ryegrass was 60% of the average yield after clovers. The three clover species were also included in a pasture experiment, which was grazed by sheep for five years. Samples were taken from the field plots to provide soil for a glasshouse pot experiment, and for chemical analysis. In the pasture experiment, build up of soil nitrogen over six years did not differ significantly between the subterranean and rose clover treatments, although there were large differences in clover plant numbers and herbage production, and botanical composition of the pastures. However, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were much higher in soil from the subterranean clover plots than in soil from the rose or cupped clover plots, particularly in the later stages of the field experiment. Total nitrogen increase and mineral nitrogen concentration were lowest in soil from the cupped clover plots, although herbage yield was comparable with that of rose clover

Nutritional restraints on subterranean clover grown on acid soils used for crop-pasture rotation

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
JR Hirth ◽  
KKH Fung
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
North East ◽  
Matter Production

Lime, N and molybdenum fertilizers were used to establish how soil acidity limits the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), in pot culture, on acid soils taken from north-east Victoria. The results indicate that two nutritional factors associated with the growth of subterranean clover are affected by excess acidity. These are manganese toxicity and ineffective nodulation of the clover. The plants grown on one unlimed soil (Rutherglen) had manganese concentrations and symptoms consistent with manganese toxicity. Liming the second soil (Lilliput) overcame a N deficiency by way of increased nodule formation. A third nutritional factor commonly associated with excess acidity, and found on the Lilliput soil, molybdenum deficiency, was not alleviated by the application of lime. Instead, the application of molybdenum fertilizer gave increases in clover dry matter production at all lime rates. In the absence of molybdenum fertilizer, the molybdenum concentration of the herbage was extremely low, irrespective of liming. These results are discussed in relation to already established field responses of subterranean clover to lime, and the management of the clover-ley system on the strongly acid soils.

Effects of variation in density and phosphate application on growth and composition of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 442 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Rickert ◽  
LR Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Positive Density ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Townsville Stylo ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) was grown at Brisbane from February to June 1967 at initial densities of 10, 50, 250, 1250, and 6250 plants per m2 in boxes of sand which received basal nutrients and applications of 0, 10, and 50 kg P per hectare as calcium dihydrogen phosphate. Plots were irrigated frequently. Wide differences in dry matter yield between plant densities and a positive density phosphorus yield interaction persisted throughout the experiment. Peak yield was 1050 g per m2 with leaf area index (LAI) of 6.8. Intraspecific plant competition was evident in high densities 35 days after emergence, extending to the lower densities by 58 days. Plant mortality at the highest density was independent of phosphorus treatment. Maximum growth rates were reached earlier at high than at low plant densities ; the subsequent decreases in growth rate were expressed through drifts in both LA1 and NAR and were associated with progressively more unfavourable environmental conditions for growth. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of both shoots and roots decreased with increasing density. Phosphorus application did not affect nitrogen concentration. Exploitation of native soil phosphorus and recovery of applied phosphorus was greatest in high density swards. The data illustrate the loss in potential production which may occur in sparse swards of Townsville stylo and the limitations to efficient phosphorus response inherent in low density swards.

The effect of changing patterns of fertilizer applications on the major mineral composition of herbage in relation to the requirements of cattle: a 50-year review

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Phosphorus Application

AbstractAnnual surveys of fertilizer practice have been conducted since 1942. Since 1985, nitrogen application rates to grass have progressively declined and phosphorus application has been reduced since the mid 1970s. Increasing environmental issues and the present interest in organic farming and low input systems indicate that these trends will continue. Present overall fertilizer use for grazing on dairy farms is about 170 kg N, 10 kg P and 20 kg К per ha. Higher rates are used for intensive silage production, 200 kg N, 15 kg P and 50 kg К per ha. In contrast, recommended applications are 340 kg N, 18 kg P and 25 kg К per ha for grazing and 380 kg N, 40 kg P and 260 kg К per ha for intensive silage. Herbage yield is controlled by the amount and timing of nitrogen fertilizer applications. The major mineral content depends on herbage maturity within the growth cycle; both phosphorus and potassium contents fall with declining crude protein concentrations.Nitrogen fertilizer generally increases both magnesium and sodium concentration whilst potassium application decreases both. The overall effect of combined applications is to minimize changes. In the critical spring and autumn periods, herbage dry-matter intakes may be as important as magnesium content and availability when assessing the risk of hypomagnesaemia in the grazing cow.Fertilizers, including phosphorus, even in the long term, have little effect on the calcium and phosphorus contents of herbage. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are significantly ocrrelated in grazed herbage, silage and hay. If environmental or economic policies were to result in a reduction in the crude protein content of grazed herbage from ca. 250 to ca. 200 g/kg dry matter, the phosphorus intake of a cow giving 30 kg milk per day would fall by 0·5 g/kg dry-matter intake. This, together with any desirable additional magnesium, should preferably be given as an oral mineral supplement rather than by attempting to modify the mineral content of herbage.

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