Effect of amount and quality of previous crop residues on the nitrogen fertiliser response of a wheat crop

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
IC Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Yield Increase

Burr medic (Medicago polymorpha cv. Circle Valley) at 3 sowing rates (3, 12, and 50 kg/ha), narrow leaf lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Illyarrie) at 2 sowing rates (30 and 100 kg/ha, with the high rate sown early or late) and oats (Avena sativa cv. Winjardie) at 2 sowing rates (20 and 60 kg/ha, with the high rate sown early or late), were planted on a deep, infertile siliceous sand at Badgingarra in 1988, to produce residues of varying quantity and quality. Residues produced (minus seed) varied in quantity from 0.70 t/ha (medic 3 kg/ha) to 4.22 t/ha (lupins 100 kg/ha sown early) when measured in late summer. Carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N) ranged from 37.3 to 58.5 (medic), 28.3 to 40.4 (lupins), and 78.6 to 112.0 (oats). Seed present in the residues ranged from 0.18 to 0.47 t/ha (medic) and from 0.32 to 0.57 t/ha (lupins). The ranges in C/N values were 8.3-9.3 (medic) and 9.4-10.0 (lupin). There was no grain in the oats residues. The residues were incorporated into the soil during the sowing operation of a wheat crop in 1989. Subplots of 6 rates of N as ammonium nitrate (0, 14, 27, 54, 82, and 163 kg N/ha) were included in each block. Wheat dry matter and grain yields were higher following lupins and medic than following oats, and although there were large responses to N fertiliser following all 1988 crops, the N application had little effect on the difference between oats and legumes. In the absence of N fertiliser, yields and N uptake by the 1989 wheat crop were higher following lupins than following medic, due to hardseededness of medic seeds. There were no significant differences within 1988 crop groups. There were good correlations between dry matter and grain yield of wheat without N fertiliser and C/N value of the residues. The correlations were better when seed was not included in the calculation (r2 = 0.86 and 0.80, respectively) than when the seed was included (r2 = 0.79 and 0.64). Similar correlations were obtained between dry matter and grain yields and total N content of the residues. Correlations were lower when seed was omitted (r2 = 0.64 and 0.75) than when it was included (r2 = 0.70 and 0.81). Yields decreased with increasing C/N and increased with total N content of the residues. Wheat grain N concentrations fell with the first increment of N fertiliser, which produced a large yield increase, but rose to high levels at high rates of N.

Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan ◽  
AC Taylor ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
WJ Lill
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Yields

A long term field experiment began in 1979 at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., to compare the sustainability of a range of rotation, tillage and stubble management systems on a red earth. This paper reports yield, yield components and grain protein of wheat for 1979-90. Rotations considered were alternating lupin-wheat (LW), lupin-wheat-wheat (LWW), continuous wheat (WW) with and without N fertilizer (100 kg N/ha), and alternating sub-clover-wheat (CW). Soil N supply at the start of the experiment was high following many years of sub-clover based pasture. From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW. Thereafter, a positive grain yield response was usually produced to N fertilizer in WW rotations, until 1989 and 1990, when these crops displayed aluminium toxicity sym ptoms. Overall, average grain yields from legume rotations were higher than WW with added N fertilizer. Since 1983, LW rotations consistently produced higher mean grain yields than CW, but mean grain protein and total N uptake were lower. Yields and N uptake by the second wheat crop in a LWW rotation indicated little carryover of benefits from the lupins. Slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index, but lower mean grain protein, were produced by direct drilling, compared with cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover. However, retaining stubble rather than burning in autumn consistently reduced grain yields. There was no evidence that early burial of wheat stubble following summer rain, rather than incorporation in autumn, improved grain yield or total N uptake. The build-up of giant brome grass and diseases, particularly where stubble was retained and crops direct-drilled, casts some doubt on the long term sustainability of these short term rotations in this environment.

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizers and Humic Acid On Wheat Crop Irrigated With Different Water Regime Using 15N

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Moursy ◽  
MM Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Uptake Data

A field experiment was conducted to observe effects of water requirements and different fertilizers on wheat crop’s yield, production and N uptake. Data showed that dry matter yield of wheat grain was higher with Hu + AS (5.82 mt/ha) compared with applied water 100% ETC. Concerning the rate of water regime, the best significant grain yield of wheat was obtained with 100% ETc (4.23 mt/ha). Nitrogen derived from fertilizer Ndff% with 50% ETC of water was 28.41 and 27.28% for grain and straw, respectively. At 100% ETC of water the Ndff% was 30.16 and 27.75% for grain and straw, respectively. Nitrogen utilized by grains and straw was more efficient under treatment Hu + AS combined with 50% Etc, 100% Etc recording 15.6 and 32.23%, respectively. At 50% ETC of water requirements for wheat crop, higher N remained in 0 - 15, 15 - 30 and 30 - 45 cm soil depth were nearly closed to each other compared with the treatment made at 100% ETC of water requirements. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 261-267, 2021 (June)

Time of Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Maize at Samaru, Nigeria

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
One Year

SUMMARYMaize was grown for three years at three levels of nitrogen, 56, 112 and 224 kg. N ha.−1, involving altogether nine different timing and splitting treatments. Measurements were made of grain yield, plant nitrogen status and total-N-uptake, and, in one year, movement of nitrate-N in control plot soils. Where only 56 kg. N ha.−1was applied, its time of application made very little difference to yield; at higher rates of nitrogen an unsplit application as late as seven weeks was very inefficient, but only at the highest rate did a split application give any appreciable yield increase over an unsplit application to the seed bed. Consideration of the soil nitrate-N data and the long-term pattern of rainfall distribution leads to the conclusion that leaching is unlikely to be a serious problem in the nitrogen nutrition of early-planted maize.

Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith, Jr. ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Content

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

scholarly journals Split nitrogen application in potato: effects on accumulation of nitrogen and dry matter in the crop and on the soil nitrogen budget

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. VOS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Utilization

In four field experiments, the effects of single nitrogen (N) applications at planting on yield and nitrogen uptake of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was compared with two or three split applications. The total amount of N applied was an experimental factor in three of the experiments. In two experiments, sequential observations were made during the growing season. Generally, splitting applications (up to 58 days after emergence) did not affect dry matter (DM) yield at maturity and tended to result in slightly lower DM concentration of tubers, whereas it slightly improved the utilization of nitrogen. Maximum haulm dry weight and N content were lower when less nitrogen was applied during the first 50 days after emergence (DAE). The crops absorbed little extra nitrogen after 60 DAE (except when three applications were given). Soil mineral N (0–60 cm) during the first month reflected the pattern of N application with values up to 27 g/m2 N. After 60 DAE, soil mineral N was always around 2–5 g/m2. The efficiency of N utilization, i.e. the ratio of the N content of the crop to total N available (initial soil mineral N+deposition+net mineralization) was 0·45 for unfertilized controls. The utilization of fertilizer N (i.e. the apparent N recovery) was generally somewhat improved by split applications, but declined with the total amount of N applied (range 0·48–0·72). N utilization and its complement, possible N loss, were similar for both experiments with sequential observations. Separate analysis of the movement of Br− indicated that some nitrate can be washed below 60 cm soil depth due to dispersion during rainfall. The current study showed that the time when N application can be adjusted to meet estimated requirements extends to (at least) 60 days after emergence. That period of time can be exploited to match the N application to the actual crop requirement as it changes during that period.

RESPONSE OF ORCHARD GRASS TO MULTIPLE HARVESTS AND RATES OF NITROGEN IN POST-SEEDING YEARS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-770
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
N Rates

Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was fertilized with 99–495 kg N/ha/yr in three equal applications and harvested three or four times per season over a 3-yr period to determine the productivity, quality of forage and persistence of stands. The application of N resulted in significant (P =.001) linear and quadratic increases in dry matter (DM) yields. Higher DM yields were obtained with the 3-harvest system while the yield distribution within the season was more uniform for the 4-harvest system. Total N concentrations of orchard grass increased linearly with the N rates. Total N yields were dependent on the rates of applied N with the recovery of applied N ranging from 39 to 70% at 99–297 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The in vitro disappearance of DM was slightly reduced by the high N rates in the 1st and 2nd harvests. The nitrate-N concentrations were highest in the early and late summer ranging from.11 to.29% at 297–495 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The persistence of orchard grass was better under the 4- than the 3- harvest system.

SULFUR DIOXIDE AS A PRESERVATIVE FOR LEGUME-GRASS SILAGE

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN ◽  
J. WOHLLEBE ◽  
R. M. ELOFSON
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Grass Silage

Alfalfa-bromegrass or alfalfa-bromegrass-timothy forage was treated with SO2 as a silage preservative at levels of 0, 0.14, 0.36 and 0.66% of the fresh forage weight while filling eight concrete stave silos (2.4 m in diameter × 6.1 m high). There was retention in the silage of 38–59% of the applied SO2. Although SO2 treatment did not (P > 0.05) influence silage pH or have a consistent effect on temperature, the ammonia N content of the silage was reduced (P < 0.01) from 10.9% of the total N in the control silage to 5.2% of the total N in the silage treated with 0.66% SO2. Silage acetate and lactate concentrations were also lowered (P < 0.01) by SO2 treatment. Butyrate and ethanol concentrations were very low and not (P > 0.05) affected by the preservative. The silage conserved with SO2 and hay harvested from the same fields were assessed using 80 steers in a feeding trial of 55 days. SO2 treatment had no consistent effect on dry matter intake; however, the rates of gain of the steers fed silage preserved with 0.36 and 0.66% SO2 were 26 and 23% higher (P < 0.05), respectively, than those of steers fed untreated silage. Feed dry matter to gain ratio decreased (P < 0.05) from 12.5 to 9.3 as the SO2 treatment level was increased from 0 to 0.66%. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in rate of gain, dry matter intake or the feed to gain ratio between steers fed hay and those fed the silage without SO2 treatment. It was concluded that SO2 exhibited potential as a good silage preservative when applied at rates of between 0.36 and 0.66% of the forage weight.

scholarly journals Mineral N-content in the Substrate and N-uptake of Container Grown Shrubs

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
H. Bohne ◽  
M. Hasler
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
N Content ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Exponential Relation

Abstract Three woody species Forsythia x intermedia ‘Lynwood’, Weigela ‘Bristol Ruby’, and Prunus laurocerasus ‘Otto Luyken’ were grown in 5 liter (# 1.3) containers with white peat and peat-reduced substrates. Plants were fertilized by a controlled-release or organic fertilizer. The aim was to investigate the relation between mineral N-content in the substrate and growth and N-uptake of the plants. Plant biomass was influenced by the mineral N-content in the substrate and by the substrate, but not by the type of fertilizer. Plant biomass of plants in the white peat substrate was significantly greater than plants grown in the peat-reduced substrates. Different equations describe the relation between mineral N in the substrate and biomass. Only for the white peat substrate in June and August was the slope of these regressions significant and the determination coefficient (r2) high. Dry matter of above ground biomass was 38% of fresh matter. The root-to-shoot ratio varied widely. There was a significant exponential relation between the biomass and the height of the plants, but not with the number of shoots. The N-content of the plant was related to its fresh matter. The findings establish a possibility to deduce N-uptake from plant biomass and thus improve fertilization.

A comparison of chickpeas and pasture legumes for sustaining yields and nitrogen status of subsequent wheat

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. R. Holford ◽  
G. J. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Positive Effects

Six treatments were compared for their effects on wheat yields, nitrogen (N) uptake, protein content, and fertiliser N requirements in a long-term rotation study on a black earth and a red clay in northern New South Wales. Three of the treatments were lucerne, subterranean clover, and snail medic, all grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990 and all followed by 3 years of wheat. The other 3 treatments were biennial rotations of chickpea–wheat and long-fallow–wheat as well as a continuous wheat monoculture, all lasting 6 years. With the exception of the first wheat crop, which experienced very low growing-season rainfall, lucerne was more beneficial than other legumes to following wheat crops in terms of yield, protein content, and fertiliser N requirement. Clover closely followed lucerne in the magnitude of its positive effects, whereas medic and chickpea produced much smaller effects. Because of the amount of N removed in the chickpea grain, it appeared that the small positive effects of chickpea were due to soil N sparing or rapid mineralisation from crop residues rather than any net contribution of N fixation to soil N accretion. Average yields of the 3 wheat crops following lucerne and clover were much higher than average yields 20 years previously following lucerne, even though average yields of continuously grown wheat have declined over the past 20 years. However, lucerne eliminated the need for N fertiliser for no more than 2 following wheat crops, and clover for only the first wheat crop. It appears that the longer duration of lucerne benefits reported in earlier studies was due to the higher background soil N levels as well as the lower yield potential in the earlier years. Nevertheless, lucerne lowered the fertiliser requirement of the third wheat crop by more than 50%. In contrast to lucerne, annual legumes are probably most beneficial if grown in alternate years with wheat. The large benefits of long fallowing particularly on the black earth were apparently caused by its enhancement of soil moisture and mineral N accumulation. However, these N effects were surprisingly large considering the degree of depletion of organic matter in long-fallowed soils.

Comparison of legume-based cropping systems at Warra, Queensland. 2. Mineral nitrogen accumulation and availability to the subsequent wheat crop

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Hossain ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
SA Waring ◽  
RC Dalal ◽  
EJ Weston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase

Mineral nitrogen release following legume-based cropping systems for restoring the fertility of a Vertisol and the yield response and N uptake of subsequent wheat crops was studied. Legume phases of pastures, including a 4 year grass+legume ley, and lucerne and medic leys (~1 year) were terminated in October 1988 or 1989 and rotated with wheat. Chickpea-wheat rotations matched those of lucerne and medic leys. Mineral N accumulations during a subsequent fallow period were determined by core sampling to 1.5 m in October, February and May. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat enabled comparisons of the fertility restorative effects of the various systems relative to continuous wheat cropping. Averaged for two fallow periods, increases in mineral N down to 1.2 m depth were 93, 91, 68, and 37 kg/ha following grass+legume, lucerne and medic leys, and chickpea, respectively, compared with the continuous wheat treatment. Wheat yields were generally lower in 1989 (1.85–2.88 t/ha) than in 1990 (2.08–3.59 t/ha) following all leys and crops due to seasonal conditions. There was a grain yield increase of 0.11 and 0.52 t/ha in 1989 and 1.23 and 1.26 t/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys, respectively and 0.85 t/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea there was a yield increase of 0.81 and 1.36 t/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Nitrogen uptake by wheat was increased by 40 and 49 kg/ha in 1989 and 48 and 58 kg/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys respectively and 63 kg/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea N uptake by wheat was increased by 27 and 32 kg/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Grain protein concentration of wheat was substantially higher following all pasture leys (11.7–15.8%) than following wheat (8.0–9.4%) or chickpea (9.4–10.1%). Therefore, there was substantial evidence of the effectiveness of pasture leys in soil fertility restoration, as reflected in mineral N, yield response and N uptake by subsequent wheat crops.

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