Effect of management of previous cereal stubble on nitrogen fertiliser requirement of wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Fallow Systems ◽  
Rate Interaction ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Yield Decrease

The effect of either burning stubble, or incorporating it in the soil, on the nitrogen (N) fertiliser requirement of the following wheat crop was examined over 10 years (1978-87) in a continuous wheat system at 2 sites (Wongan Hills and Nabawa), and in both continuous wheat and wheat-fallow systems at one site (Merredin). There were significant grain yield increases in response to N fertiliser in all years at Nabawa. At Wongan Hills there was no response in 1978 and 1985, a yield reduction in 1979, and a yield increase in all other years. At Merredin, there was no response in 1980, a yield decrease in 1984 and 1985, and an increase in all other years. In some years grain yield responses were small at Wongan Hills and Merredin. The only significant overall effects of stubble treatment were at Nabawa in 1978 (P<0.01) and 1985 (P<0.05). The interaction between stubble treatment and N rate was significant at Wongan Hills in 1980 and 1981 (P<0.05), and at Merredin in 1981 (P<0.001), 1983, and 1985 (both P<0.05). Response to N fertiliser was higher where the stubble was incorporated than where it was burnt. There was also a tendency for higher optimum economic rates of N fertiliser with stubble incorporated rather than burnt, but differences were not large. At Merredin, the overall yield increase with fallow was significant (P<0.001) in 1979 and 1983. The fallow x N fertiliser rate interaction was significant in all comparison years except 1987. Responses to N were greater in the non-fallow treatments. Soil organic carbon (C) levels were higher with stubble incorporation than where the stubble was burnt, and fallowing resulted in lower organic C. There was a downward trend with time, especially when fallowing was carried out. Effects on total N levels in the soil were similar to those for organic C but were less marked. The study indicates that at a level of stubble residues of 1-3 t/ha with continuous wheat in this winter rainfall environment in Western Australia, stubble treatment is unlikely to be a major factor in determining the rate of N fertiliser required for a wheat crop.

Effects of preflood nitrogen rate and midseason nitrogen timing on flooded rice

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. CARRERES ◽  
J. SENDRA ◽  
R. BALLESTEROS ◽  
J. GARCÍA DE LA CUADRA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Index Value

A field study was conducted to investigate the agronomic performance, nitrogen (N) efficiencies, yield components and yield of rice in Spain for different nitrogen treatments. The experimental variants were six preflood N rates (0, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg/ha) and three topdressing patterns: (i) non- topdressed, (ii) topdressed with 50 kg N/ha at mid-tillering stage (MT) and (iii) topdressed at panicle initiation stage (PI). The N status of the plant was measured at different growing stages to determine whether a chlorophyll meter would be useful in making N sidedress recommendations. The results showed that grain yield increased with increasing amounts of preflooding N fertilizers up to 100 kg N/ha. The main effect was on panicle number per unit ground area. The effect of additional N supply on yield components and grain yield depended on application timing. Split applications of N did not improve the agronomic efficiency but reduced days to maturity and lodging and increased the harvest index value. Split applications increased grain yield when the total N rate was 150 kg/ha with the second supply at PI. There was a significant but not very good relationship between N content and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values. The regression equation differed significantly depending on growth stage. The SPAD value may determine the need for N topdressing at MT stage, but not at PI. However, the relationship between SPAD value and the rice yield increase from N topdressing application was not very good.

LONG-RANGE EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE CULTIVATION AND MONOCULTURE ON THE QUALITY OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO SOILS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. KETCHESON
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
C And N ◽  
Impaired Water

Ontario holds a significant proportion of the land base for Canada’s food production. Many of the soils are vulnerable to the effects of erosion and intense cropping. Laboratory and field studies indicate that monoculture systems without grass-legume forages lower organic C and N equilibrium levels. Structure and tilth, in terms of total porosity and stable aggregation, are impaired. Marked increases in land areas in monoculture, particularly corn and beans, have occurred in the last 20 yr and could lead to lower yield potentials. However, contrary to this expected trend in soil productivity, Ontario’s census records indicate a yield increase of 1.88 t/ha for nine commonly-grown crops over the 20-yr period. Fertilizer recommendations at the end of the period have decreased to approximately 60% of the amount recommended at the beginning. Deterioration of soil by wind and water erosion is a matter of concern. While average losses are estimated between 0.07 and 1.9 t/ha for different watersheds, individual field situations exceed this and may create serious problems in yield reduction and impaired water quality.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of spring wheat and soil properties as affected by tillage system

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Woźniak ◽  
M. Gos
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Order Factor ◽  
Ct System

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization on the grain yield and quality of spring wheat and on selected chemical and biological properties of soil. The first order factor was the tillage system: (1) conventional (CT) &ndash; shallow ploughing and harrowing after harvest of the previous crop, and pre-winter ploughing; (2) reduced (RT) &ndash; only a cultivator after harvest of the previous crop, and (3) no-tillage (NT) &ndash; only Roundup 360 SL herbicide (a.s. glyphosate) after harvest of the previous crop. The second order factor was nitrogen dose: (1) 90 kg N/ha and (2) 150 kg N/ha. Higher yields were demonstrated for spring wheat sown in CT and RT systems, compared to the NT system. In addition, grain yield was increased by a nitrogen dose of&nbsp;150 kg/ha, compared to 90 kg/ha. Contents of protein and wet gluten in the grain were also increased by the higher nitrogen dose. The RT and NT systems were observed to increase the content of organic C, total N and available phosphorus in the soil, compared to the CT system. They also increased the number and mass of earthworms in the soil, compared to the CT system.

Comparison of legume-based cropping systems at Warra, Queensland. 2. Mineral nitrogen accumulation and availability to the subsequent wheat crop

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Hossain ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
SA Waring ◽  
RC Dalal ◽  
EJ Weston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase

Mineral nitrogen release following legume-based cropping systems for restoring the fertility of a Vertisol and the yield response and N uptake of subsequent wheat crops was studied. Legume phases of pastures, including a 4 year grass+legume ley, and lucerne and medic leys (~1 year) were terminated in October 1988 or 1989 and rotated with wheat. Chickpea-wheat rotations matched those of lucerne and medic leys. Mineral N accumulations during a subsequent fallow period were determined by core sampling to 1.5 m in October, February and May. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat enabled comparisons of the fertility restorative effects of the various systems relative to continuous wheat cropping. Averaged for two fallow periods, increases in mineral N down to 1.2 m depth were 93, 91, 68, and 37 kg/ha following grass+legume, lucerne and medic leys, and chickpea, respectively, compared with the continuous wheat treatment. Wheat yields were generally lower in 1989 (1.85–2.88 t/ha) than in 1990 (2.08–3.59 t/ha) following all leys and crops due to seasonal conditions. There was a grain yield increase of 0.11 and 0.52 t/ha in 1989 and 1.23 and 1.26 t/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys, respectively and 0.85 t/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea there was a yield increase of 0.81 and 1.36 t/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Nitrogen uptake by wheat was increased by 40 and 49 kg/ha in 1989 and 48 and 58 kg/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys respectively and 63 kg/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea N uptake by wheat was increased by 27 and 32 kg/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Grain protein concentration of wheat was substantially higher following all pasture leys (11.7–15.8%) than following wheat (8.0–9.4%) or chickpea (9.4–10.1%). Therefore, there was substantial evidence of the effectiveness of pasture leys in soil fertility restoration, as reflected in mineral N, yield response and N uptake by subsequent wheat crops.

Timing of pre-seeding glyphosate application in direct-seeding systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Ken J. Kirkland ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Key Words Barley ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Cereal Yields

Producers are interested in whether crop productivity can be maintained with pre-seeding glyphosate application 2 to 3 wk prior to direct seeding with sweeps. A wider window for glyphosate application would be beneficial, particularly for producers with a large number of hectares. An experiment was conducted at Scott and Melfort, SK, Canada, in 1997 and 1998 to assess glyphosate application 2 to 3 wk before, 1 d before, and 3 to 4 d after (just before crop emergence) the time of seeding in narrow-hoe and simulated-sweep (cultivation immediately followed by a narrow-hoe drill) direct-seeding systems. Wheat grain yield was 25% lower when glyphosate was applied 2 to 3 wk before rather than just prior to seeding only with the narrow-hoe direct-seeding system at Scott in both years. This yield reduction corresponded with the greater median grass weed fresh weight. Yields were 15% lower for both direct-seeding systems at Scott when glyphosate was applied 3 to 4 d after seeding. Barley grain yield was 46% greater (1997) or 25% lower (1998) in the narrow-hoe compared with the simulated-sweep direct-seeding system at Melfort. These yield responses corresponded with opposite responses for median grass weed fresh weight. The tillage effect of sweeps at the time of seeding can improve the control of grass weeds compared with seeding implements equipped with narrow hoes. However, a narrow-hoe system with glyphosate applied just prior to sowing consistently provided the greatest cereal yields. Key words: Barley, wheat, reduced tillage, glyphosate, early-season weed control

Weeds in grain-lupins. 2. The response of narrow-leafed lupins to pre-emergence herbicides

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (84) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Allen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield

Results are reported from 18 experiments in which pre-emergence herbicides were evaluated in narrow-leafed lupins, (Lupinus angustifolius). At all 11 sites south of Perth (latitudes 32�S to 35�S) there was a significant lupin grain yield response to herbicides (P<0.05). There was a significant yield increase at only one of the seven sites north of Perth (latitudes 28�S to 32�S). Significant yield increases were obtained on at least one occasion with alachlor 1.1, 2.2 kg a.i. ha-1; diuron 0.4, 0.8, 1.3 kg a.i. ha-1; linuron 1:1, 2.2 kg a.i. ha-1; simazine 1.1, 1.7, 2.4 kg a.i. ha-1 and trifluralin 0.5, 1.1 kg a.i. ha-1 (P<0.05). Diuron 0.8 kg a.i. ha-1; linuron 2.2 kg a.i. ha-1 and simazine 1.1, 1.7 kg a.i. ha-1 each resulted in a significant lupin yield reduction on one occasion (P<0.05).

scholarly journals Cover Crop for a Sustainable Viticulture: Effects on Soil Properties and Table Grape Production

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concetta Eliana Gattullo ◽  
Giuseppe Natale Mezzapesa ◽  
Anna Maria Stellacci ◽  
Giuseppe Ferrara ◽  
Giuliana Occhiogrosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Grape Quality

Cover crops are increasingly adopted in viticulture to enhance soil quality and balance the vegetative and reproductive growth of vines. Nevertheless, this sustainable practice has been only recently used for table grape viticulture, with results often contrasting. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a fescue (Festucaarundinacea Schreb.) cover crop on soil quality, yield, and grape qualitative parameters in a table grape vineyard (cv “Italia”) located in southern Italy, comparing results with the conventional tillage. Soil organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), microbial biomass C (MBC), β-glucosidase (BGLU) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (APME) activities were assessed during three growing seasons (2012–2014) and three phenological stages. The trend of soil chemical and microbiological properties was jointly influenced by the soil management system, growing season and phenological stage. Compared to conventional tillage, cover crops increased, on average, soil organic C, total N, MBC, BGLU and APME by 136%, 93%, 112%, 100% and 62%, respectively. Slight or no effects of cover crops were observed on grape quality and yield, except for 2012 (the driest season), when a yield reduction occurred. This study reveals that cover crops strongly enhance soil quality in the short-term, with potential advantages for grape production in the long-term.

Effect of amount and quality of previous crop residues on the nitrogen fertiliser response of a wheat crop

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
IC Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Yield Increase

Burr medic (Medicago polymorpha cv. Circle Valley) at 3 sowing rates (3, 12, and 50 kg/ha), narrow leaf lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Illyarrie) at 2 sowing rates (30 and 100 kg/ha, with the high rate sown early or late) and oats (Avena sativa cv. Winjardie) at 2 sowing rates (20 and 60 kg/ha, with the high rate sown early or late), were planted on a deep, infertile siliceous sand at Badgingarra in 1988, to produce residues of varying quantity and quality. Residues produced (minus seed) varied in quantity from 0.70 t/ha (medic 3 kg/ha) to 4.22 t/ha (lupins 100 kg/ha sown early) when measured in late summer. Carbon to nitrogen ratios (C/N) ranged from 37.3 to 58.5 (medic), 28.3 to 40.4 (lupins), and 78.6 to 112.0 (oats). Seed present in the residues ranged from 0.18 to 0.47 t/ha (medic) and from 0.32 to 0.57 t/ha (lupins). The ranges in C/N values were 8.3-9.3 (medic) and 9.4-10.0 (lupin). There was no grain in the oats residues. The residues were incorporated into the soil during the sowing operation of a wheat crop in 1989. Subplots of 6 rates of N as ammonium nitrate (0, 14, 27, 54, 82, and 163 kg N/ha) were included in each block. Wheat dry matter and grain yields were higher following lupins and medic than following oats, and although there were large responses to N fertiliser following all 1988 crops, the N application had little effect on the difference between oats and legumes. In the absence of N fertiliser, yields and N uptake by the 1989 wheat crop were higher following lupins than following medic, due to hardseededness of medic seeds. There were no significant differences within 1988 crop groups. There were good correlations between dry matter and grain yield of wheat without N fertiliser and C/N value of the residues. The correlations were better when seed was not included in the calculation (r2 = 0.86 and 0.80, respectively) than when the seed was included (r2 = 0.79 and 0.64). Similar correlations were obtained between dry matter and grain yields and total N content of the residues. Correlations were lower when seed was omitted (r2 = 0.64 and 0.75) than when it was included (r2 = 0.70 and 0.81). Yields decreased with increasing C/N and increased with total N content of the residues. Wheat grain N concentrations fell with the first increment of N fertiliser, which produced a large yield increase, but rose to high levels at high rates of N.

Comparative effects of subterranean clover, medic, lucerne, and chickpea in wheat rotations, on nitrogen, organic carbon, and moisture in two contrasting soils

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. R. Holford ◽  
B. E. Schweitzer ◽  
G. J. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

The effects of subterranean clover, medic, and lucerne, grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990, followed by wheat from 1991 to 1993, and of chickpea and long fallow in alternate years with wheat, on soil total nitrogen (N), nitrate-N (NO-3-N), organic carbon (C), and moisture were measured over 6 years in 2 long-term experiments on a black earth (pellic vertisol) and red clay (chromic vertisol) in northern New South Wales. The accretion of soil total N in the black earth and NO-3-N in both soils was higher after lucerne than after other legumes, and NO-3 in the black earth remained high after lucerne to the full depth (120 cm) of measurement during the following 3 years of wheat growing. Clover had the next largest effect on total N and NO-3 accretion, and chickpea had the smallest effect except in the red clay where chickpea increased NO-3 more than medic in 1990. However, none of the annual legumes had much effect on NO-3 after the first year of cropping and their small residual effects, if any, were confined to the top 30 cm of soil. Levels of total N accretion after lucerne were higher than previously measured, because of the greater depth of measurement, but were similar on a per unit depth basis. High levels of NO-3 -N after long fallow, especially in the black earth, which tended to be higher than after medic or chickpea, were probably caused by accelerated mineralisation of organic N which has declined more in this rotation than in any other. There was no accumulation of organic C during the legume growing period in any rotation, and C tended to be lower after chickpea than after other legumes. Organic C was almost always lowest in the long fallow treatment. Summer-growing grasses, which occurred in all treatments to varying degrees, may have caused the organic C accumulation during the 3 years of cropping. In the first year of wheat growing, soil water was lower after lucerne than after other treatments and highest after long fallow, continuous wheat, and chickpea. It was replenished in the red clay to field capacity in all treatments by high rainfall during the fallow before the first wheat crop but not in the black earth, which failed to reach field capacity in any treatment even 2.5 years after the pasture legume phase.

Soil degradation under cropping and its influence on wheat yield on a weakly structured New Zealand silt loam

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Francis ◽  
F. J. Tabley ◽  
K. M. White
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
N Fertility

Results from the first phase of a long-term experiment showed that, after 6 years under pasture, several soil quality attributes had improved compared with soil cropped annually. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of pasture-induced increases in structural stability and organic matter (N fertility) on wheat grown in 3 successive seasons following pasture cultivation. Growing winter wheat after the ploughing of land that had previously grown perennial grass resulted in gradual reductions in soil organic C and total N. Reductions in soil microbial biomass C and earthworm populations were much more rapid. Soil aggregate stability declined rapidly in the first year after ploughing, but more slowly after that. Soil macroporosity increased after ploughing, mainly due to the relief of compaction caused by sheep treading during grazing. The contrasting soil conditions that existed at the end of the first experimental phase significantly affected the harvest yield of the first and second wheat crops, with yields 2—3 t/ha greater after perennial grasses than after annual crops. Variations in harvest yield and N uptake were explained by differences in soil N fertility and soil structural conditions. Treatment effects on yield were not detected in the third wheat crop. For the structural condition and N fertility of this soil, the extent of improvement during 3 years under perennial pasture was similar to the extent of decline under 3 years of cropping. This suggests that similar lengths of pastoral and arable cropping are needed in crop rotations for the long-term maintenance of these properties in weakly structured silt loam soils in New Zealand.

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