Response of carrots (Daucus carota L.) to applied phosphorus leaching on a Karrakatta sand, under two irrigation regimes

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR McPharlin ◽  
PM Aylmore ◽  
RC Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
P Leaching

The response of carrots (Daucus carota L.) to applied phosphorus (P) (0-320 kg/ha) and P leaching was investigated on a Karrakatta sand under 2 irrigation regimes (140% of pan evaporation in 2 or 4 applications per day). There was no significant effect of frequency of irrigation on response of carrots to P. Phosphorus at 157 � 57 kg/ha was necessary for 99% of maximum yield (95 t/ha) of carrots, which corresponded to maximum economic yield. For 95% of maximum yield 102 � 10 kg/ha was necessary. Applied P at up to 20 kglha resulted in a significant increase in the yield of medium (25-50 mm crown diameter) and large carrots (>50 mm diameter), a decrease in the yield of small (10-25 mm diameter) and very small carrots (<I0 mm diameter), and an increase in root to shoot ratios. Rejects were a constant percentage (9%) of total yield at all rates of applied P. The P concentration (dry weight basis) in youngest mature leaves at midgrowth required for 99% of maximum yield was 0.38 � 0.02%. Visual symptoms were not useful for diagnosing P deficiency in carrots because symptoms such as purpling of older leaves were only apparent on severely deficient plants. Phosphorus uptake by both roots and shoots increased with increasing rate of applied P; however, efficiency of P uptake (i.e. P uptake by shoots � roots/P applied, in per cent) decreased with increasing application rate from 27% of applied P at 20 kg/ha to 14% at 320 kg/ha. Eighteen per cent of applied P was taken up by the crop at the rate of P necessary for maximum yield and profit. There was no evidence of soil P leaching below 30 cm except at the highest application rate, and there was no effect of frequency of irrigation on P leaching. This supports evidence that Karrakatta sands have moderate P retention capacity and present a low pollution risk to water systems on the Swan Coastal Plain.

Response of winter-sown carrots (Daucus carota L.) to rate and timing of phosphorus application on Joel sands

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
I. R. McPharlin ◽  
N. C. Lanztke
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Phosphorus Application

The response of winter-sown carrots to rate and timing of phosphorus application on Joel sands was investigated at 2 commercial vegetable property sites on the Swan Coastal Plain in 1996. Phosphorus was applied at rates from 0 to 160 kg/ha at 2 times of application either 100% broadcast to the soil surface and incorporated before sowing (BS) or 25% broadcast and incorporated before sowing with 75% broadcast to the soil surface (not incorporated) after sowing in 5 equal-sized applications of 15% every 3 weeks, commencing 3 weeks after sowing (BS + AS ). There was a significant increase in total yield in response to rate and time of application of phosphorus at both sites. Total yield was 3–10% higher in the BA &plus; AS than in the BS treatment at site 1 and 10–35% higher at site 2. Marketable yield was 21% higher at site 2 in the BS + AS compared with the BS treatment. Total and marketable yields were maximised at 40–80 kg/ha applied P at both sites. The concentration of phosphorus (%DW) in the youngest mature leaves at mid-growth was up to 30–35% higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Consequently, the percentage of phosphorus corresponding to the rate of applied phosphorus necessary for maximum yield was higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Thus, critical concentrations of phosphorus in the youngest mature leaves required for maximum yield of carrots should take account of timing of phosphorus application. Exponential regressions best described the relationship of phosphorus uptake (phosphorus concentration yield) by roots or whole plants to rate and timing of applied phosphorus. Phosphorus uptake by roots and whole plants increased with rate of applied phosphorus and was higher in the BS + AS than in the BS treatment. Recovery efficiency of fertiliser phosphorus by whole plants was 2.0–3.0-fold higher in the BS + AS treatment than in the BS treatment at 40–80 kg P/ha.

scholarly journals Water and phosphorus uptake by upland rice root systems unraveled under multiple scenarios: linking a 3D soil-root model and data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Hieu Mai ◽  
Pieterjan De Bauw ◽  
Andrea Schnepf ◽  
Roel Merckx ◽  
Erik Smolders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant P Uptake

AbstractBackground and aimsUpland rice is often grown where water and phosphorus (P) are limited and these two factors interact on P bioavailability. To better understand this interaction, mechanistic models representing small-scale nutrient gradients and water dynamics in the rhizosphere of full-grown root systems are needed.MethodsRice was grown in large columns using a P-deficient soil at three different P supplies in the topsoil (deficient, suboptimal, non-limiting) in combination with two water regimes (field capacity versus drying periods). Root architectural parameters and P uptake were determined. Using a multiscale model of water and nutrient uptake, in-silico experiments were conducted by mimicking similar P and water treatments. First, 3D root systems were reconstructed by calibrating an architecure model with observed phenological root data, such as nodal root number, lateral types, interbranch distance, root diameters, and root biomass allocation along depth. Secondly, the multiscale model was informed with these 3D root architectures and the actual transpiration rates. Finally, water and P uptake were simulated.Key resultsThe plant P uptake increased over threefold by increasing P and water supply, and drying periods reduced P uptake at high but not at low P supply. Root architecture was significantly affected by the treatments. Without calibration, simulation results adequately predicted P uptake, including the different effects of drying periods on P uptake at different P levels. However, P uptake was underestimated under P deficiency, a process likely related to an underestimated affinity of P uptake transporters in the roots. Both types of laterals (i.e. S- and L-type) are shown to be highly important for both water and P uptake, and the relative contribution of each type depend on both soil P availability and water dynamics. Key drivers in P uptake are growing root tips and the distribution of laterals.ConclusionsThis model-data integration demonstrates how multiple co-occurring single root phene responses to environmental stressors contribute to the development of a more efficient root system. Further model improvements such as the use of Michaelis constants from buffered systems and the inclusion of mycorrhizal infections and exudates are proposed.

scholarly journals Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Optimizing Phosphorus Application Rates for Maize in the Northeast Plain of China for Sustainable Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4799
Author(s):  
Wenting Jiang ◽  
Xiaohu Liu ◽  
Xiukang Wang ◽  
Lihui Yang ◽  
Yuan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Rate ◽  
P Application ◽  
Phosphorus Application ◽  
The Impact

Optimizing the phosphorus (P) application rate can increase grain yield while reducing both cost and environmental impact. However, optimal P rates vary substantially when different targets such as maximum yield or maximum economic benefit are considered. The present study used field experiment conducted at 36 experiments sites for maize to determine the impact of P application levels on grain yield, plant P uptake, and P agronomy efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits and private profitability, and to evaluated the agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically (EOPR) optimal P rate at a regional scale. Four treatments were compared: No P fertilizer (P0); P rate of 45–60 kg ha−1 (LP); P rate of 90–120 kg ha−1 (MP); P rate of 135–180 kg ha−1 (HP). P application more effectively increased grain yield, reaching a peak at MP treatment. The plant P uptake in HP treatment was 37.4% higher than that in P0. The relationship between P uptake by plants (y) and P application rate (x) can be described by the equation y = −0.0003x2 + 0.1266x + 31.1 (R2 = 0.309, p < 0.01). Furthermore, grain yield (y) and plant P uptake (x) across all treatments also showed a significant polynomial function (R2 = 0.787–0.846). The MP treatment led to highest improvements in P agronomic efficiency (AEP), P-derived yield benefits (BY) and private profitability (BP) compared with those in other treatments. In addition, the average agronomically (AOPR), privately (POPR), and economically optimal P rate (EOPR) in 36 experimental sites were suggested as 127.9 kg ha−1, 110.8 kg ha−1, and 114.4 kg ha−1, which ranged from 80.6 to 211.3 kg ha−1, 78.2 to 181.8 kg ha−1, and 82.6 to 151.6 kg ha−1, respectively. Economically optimal P application (EOPR) can be recommended, because EOPR significantly reduced P application compared with AOPR, and average economically optimal yield was slightly higher compared with the average yield in the MP treatment. This study was conducive in providing a more productive, use-effective, profitable, environment-friendly P fertilizer management strategy for supporting maximized production potential and environment sustainable development.

Effects of subsoil acidity and phosphorus placement on growth, root development and phosphorus uptake by Stylosanthes humilis and Desmodium intortum

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Unit Length ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
P Rate ◽  
P Absorption

The effects of differing levels of soil acidity and phosphorus (P) deficiency on root growth and P absorption by Stylosanthes hurnilis and Desmodiurn intorturn were studied in columns of an acutely P-deficient soil. Four rates of P were supplied in layers located 15-45 cm (dilute) or 20-25 cm (concentrated) below the soil surface. Calcium carbonate was added to some columns to raise the pH of the subsoil from 5.4 to 5.9 (in water). Yield and P uptake by D. intorturn without lime was always lower than yield and uptake by S. humilis, and there was little response to lime by either species at low P rates. At the highest P rate, however, there was a large interaction between lime and P placement for D. intortum. S. humilis produced finer roots and had a greater root density than D. intorturn in the fertilized layer; it also responded in root fineness to concentrated P and to lime. D. intortum did not respond in root fineness, but the highest rate of concentrated P with lime stimulated P absorption and transport as well as shoot growth. Efficiency of P uptake (i.e. per unit length of root) did not account for the differences between species. The success of S. hurnilis was due to its ability to exploit acidic soil layers under conditions of low P supply by forming dense masses of fine roots, rather than to an innate highly efficient P uptake.

scholarly journals Substrate Acidification by Geranium: Light Effects and Phosphorus Uptake

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Taylor ◽  
Paul V. Nelson ◽  
Jonathan M. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
Substrate Ph

Sudden pH decline (SPD) describes the situation where crops growing at an appropriate pH rapidly (within 1–2 weeks) cause the substrate pH to shift downward one to two units. ‘Designer Dark Red’ geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey) were grown in three experiments to assess possible effects of light on SPD and phosphorous (P) uptake. The first experiment tested the effect of four light intensities (105, 210, 575, and 1020 ± 25 μmol·m−2·s−1) on substrate acidification. At 63 days, substrate pH declined from 6.0 to 4.8 as light intensity increased. Tissue P of plants grown at the highest two light levels was extremely low (0.10%–0.14% of dry weight). P stress has been reported to cause acidification. Because plants in the two lowest light treatments had adequate P, it was not possible to determine if the drop in substrate pH was a direct light effect or a combination of light and P. The second experiment used a factorial combination of the three highest light levels from Expt. 1 and five preplant P rates (0, 0.065, 0.13, 0.26, or 0.52 g·L−1 substrate) to assess this question. When tissue P concentrations were deficient, pH decreased by 0.6 to 1.0 pH units within 2 weeks and deficiency occurred more often with high light intensity. These data indicated that P deficiency caused substrate acidification and indicated the possibility that P uptake was suppressed by high light intensity. The third experiment was conducted in hydroponics to determine the direct effect of high light intensity on P uptake. In this experiment, cumulative P uptake per gram root and the rate of P uptake per gram root per day both decreased 20% when light intensity increased from 500 to 1100 μmol·m−2·s−1. It is clear from this study that P deficiency causes geraniums to acidify the substrate and that high light suppresses P uptake.

scholarly journals 214 Yield and Quality Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Simulated Storm Damage

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479A-479
Author(s):  
Michael E. Bartolo ◽  
Frank C. Schweissing
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Quality Response

Parts of Colorado receive more hail than almost any other area in the nation. Severe storms can injure crop tissue and, thus, lower yield and predispose the crop to disease infection. Our study was conducted to determine the yield and quality response of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to simulated storm damage during different periods of plant development. We removed 33% and 67% of the carrot foliage at four dates, spaced 10 days apart, during the middle of the growing season. In 1997 and 1998, 67% defoliation significantly reduced total and marketable yields more than did 33% defoliation. Total yield components, length and diameter, were similarly affected. Defoliation, in general, decreased yield the greatest when it when it occurred at the later stages of development. Carrot foliage continued to develop and grow after all defoliation events. Nonetheless, moderate (33%) and severe (67%) foliage loss reduced marketable yield and yield components of carrots.

Phosphorus nutrition of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 1. Effects of phosphorus supply on plant symptoms, yield, components of yield, and plant phosphorus uptake

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Elliott ◽  
D. J. Reuter ◽  
G. D. Reddy ◽  
R. J. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
P Deficiency

The effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency on plant symptoms, yield, and components of yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd), P uptake, and the distribution of dry weight within plants of variable P status were examined in 2 glasshouse and 5 field experiments. Apart from stunted growth and depressed tillering, the symptoms of acute P deficiency, most noticeable on older leaf blades, were equivocal; they were not always observed on acutely deficient plants and were absent on moderately deficient plants. In glasshouse experiments, the leaves of acutely deficient plants were spindly, erect, and dark green, whereas in field experiments, the leaves were pale green. In acutely P-stressed plants, leaf senescence, phasic development, and anthesis were delayed. The disorder restricted tiller development and therefore the rate of appearance and the number of leaves per plant. It depressed grain yield principally by reducing the number of fertile tillers. Severe P deficiency depressed shoot growth within 15 days of sowing and ultimately reduced plant height, root mass, and grain yield. In all experiments, shoot yield responses to applied P increased progressively until stem elongation (Zadoks Scale 30) and changed little thereafter. As a result, the external requirement for P (i.e. P level required for 90% maximum growth) increased with time during vegetative development in most experiments. Severe P deficiency also affected the distribution of dry matter between the roots and shoots and between the leaf blades and conducting tissues (sheaths and stems). Both of these responses intensified with advancing plant age. Treatment differences in P uptake in shoots also occurred early in growth and persisted until grain maturity. The partitioning of P between roots and shoots favoured P uptake or retention in the roots of P-deficient plants. Under conditions of acute and moderate P stress, the resources of the wheat plant appear to be directed towards maintaining root growth (at least initially), limiting and delaying shoot proliferation, and maximising the leaf : stem ratio. These regulations appear circumstantially to be adaptive mechanisms for conserving suffiient P to ensure the survival of at least 1 weak, but fertile, tiller on each plant.

Prince Edward Island growers can reduce soil phosphorus buildup while maintaining carrot crop yield

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1401-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R Sanderson ◽  
J. Brian Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
P Fertilizer

Producers seek to manage the application of nutrients in a manner that maximizes economic crop returns; however, emphasis must now include sensitivity to environmental issues such as increasing soil phosphorus. To address this issue in carrot (Daucus carota L.) production, we studied the effect of soil-applied P fertilizers on yield and soil P content in Prince Edward Island. Six field studies over a 3-yr period evaluated the yield response of carrot on sandy to loamy sand Orthic Podzol soils. Treatments consisted of pre-plant broadcast applied P at 0, 33, 66, 99 or 132 kg ha-1 on sites where residual P levels ranged from 81 to 162 µg P g-1. When the total yield response of carrots to increasing P levels was fitted to a quadratic response curve, 110 kg P ha-1 was required to achieve maximum yield, but an application of as little as 22 kg P ha-1 resulted in 95% of maximum marketable yield. This reduced application rate resulted in a saving of 88 kg P ha-1 and slowed the buildup of soil P levels. Therefore, by applying more conservative amounts of P fertilizer carrot growers can maintain excellent crop yield while reducing the potential for environmental damage caused by the buildup of soil P. Key words: Orthic Podzol soil P, tissue P, fertilizer P, maximum yield, Daucus carota L.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Soil Amendments and Variety on the Growth and Yield of Carrot (Daucus carota L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Patrick Atta Poku Snr ◽  
Joseph Sarkodie- Addo ◽  
Vincent Logah ◽  
Clement Gyeabour Kyere
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The objective for the study was to determine the effect of variety and different soil amendments on the growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L.). The study was conducted in Mampong-Ashanti which is located in the transitional zone of Ghana. The experiment was laid out in a 5 x 2 factorial and treatments arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There were two varieties (Tokita and Kuroda) and five different types of soil amendment which were: control (T1), 5 ton/ha poultry manure (T2), 45-45-45 kg/ha NPK (T3), 5 ton/ha compost (T4) and 5 ton/ha biochar (T5). Each treatment was replicated four times. Data was collected on vegetative growth and yield of carrot. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GENSTAT Version 11.1. Results from the study showed that carrot plants amended with 5 ton/ha poultry manure significantly (P=.05) produced the tallest height and greater number of leaves. Application of 5 ton/ha compost recorded the widest (P=.05) canopy spread. Application of 5 ton/ha poultry manure recorded the highest (p < 0.05) fresh root weight, root length, root diameter and marketable root weight with the control treatment recording the least among all treatments. With respect to variety, Kuroda produced the tallest (P=.05) plants, greater (P=.05) number of leaves and wider (P=.05) canopy spread. In conclusion, the application of 5 t/ha poultry manure had improved growth performance with higher productivity in terms of marketable root weight and total yield. Among the two varieties Kuroda was the best with higher growth performance and yield.

scholarly journals Low Specific Phosphorus Uptake Affinity of Epilithon in Three Oligo- to Mesotrophic Post-mining Lakes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliška Konopáčová ◽  
Jiří Nedoma ◽  
Kateřina Čapková ◽  
Petr Čapek ◽  
Petr Znachor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Half Saturation Constant ◽  
P Content ◽  
Mining Lakes ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Uptake Velocity

Epilithon contributes to phosphorus (P) cycling in lakes, but its P uptake traits have been rarely studied. We measured the chemical composition of epilithon and its inorganic P uptake kinetics using isotope 33P in three deep oligo- to mesotrophic post-mining lakes in April, July, and October 2019. Over the sampling period, epilithon biomass doubled, while the P content in biomass dropped to 60% of the April values, and the seasonal changes in P content expressed per epilithon area were only marginal and statistically not significant. High epilithic C:P molar ratios (677 on average) suggested strong P deficiency in all investigated lakes. Regarding the kinetic parameters of phosphorus uptake, maximum uptake velocity (Vmax, seasonal range 1.9–129 mg P g OM–1 h–1) decreased by an order of magnitude from April to October, while half-saturation constant (KS, seasonal range 3.9–135 mg P L–1) did not show any consistent temporal trend. Values of epilithic specific P uptake affinity (SPUAE, seasonal range 0.08–3.1 L g OM–1 h–1) decreased from spring to autumn and were two to four orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding values for seston (SPUAsest), which showed an opposite trend. Considering our results, we suggest a possible mechanism underlying a stable coexistence of planktonic and epilithic microorganisms, with plankton prospering mostly in summer and autumn and epilithon in winter and spring season. Additionally, a phenomenon of reversible abiotic P adsorption on epilithon was observed.

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