A comparison of various methods of feeding supplements of urea, sulfur and molasses to weaner heifers during the dry season in northern Queensland

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR McLennan ◽  
DJ Hirst ◽  
RK Shepherd ◽  
KR McGuigan
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Group 2

Over 3 dry seasons (1984-86), delivery systems of urea supplements were evaluated on weaner heifers grazing native pasture. Daily treatments per heifer were urea-ammonium sulfate (US) (28g + 6g), via the drinking water; urea-molasses (UM) (30g + 250g), via roller drum lick feeders; UM2 (60g + 1000g), via open troughs. Rainfall recordings were well above average in all dry seasons. The only liveweight response to supplementation occurred in 1986, during a dry period from June to October. During this period the liveweight performance of the US group was improved relative to the control group (+7 v. -57 g/heifer.day; P<0.05). The response of the UM2 group (+82 g/heifer.day) exceeded (P<0.05) that of all other groups. There was no response to the UM supplement (-51 g/heifer.day). Over the combined dry and following wet seasons the UM2 group grew faster (P<0.05) than all other groups. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations in the rumen fluid of heifers, measured in the 1984 and 1986 dry seasons, were very low for the control group (7-54 mg/L rumen fluid) but were much higher in the US group 2 h after drinking (108-152 mg/L). At 18 h after drinking, the ammonia-nitrogen concentration had declined markedly in the US group (30-54 mg/L) but, in 2 of 3 observations, was still higher than that of the controls (significantly in 1 case; P<0.05).

Ruminal peptide and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in steers fed diets with different concentrate to lucerne hay ratios

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 214-214
Author(s):  
Alireza Vakili ◽  
Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
Reza Valizadeh ◽  
Alireza Heravi Moussavi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Nassiry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Microorganisms ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

In ruminants, as much as 50% of the dietary crude protein can be converted to ammonia by ruminal microorganisms. A part of ammonia can be utilized as a bacterial nitrogen source; however, rates of ammonia production often exceed rates of ammonia utilization. Peptides are intermediates in the conversion of ingested protein to ammonia in the rumen and their accumulation depends upon the nature of diet (Mesgaran & Parker, 1995). The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of diets differing in concentrate: lucerne hay ratios on the ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen concentration and ruminal peptide nitrogen concentration in Holstein steers.

scholarly journals Protective role of Nigella sativa oil on renal damage induced by acetaminophen in male rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Zena M. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Nigella Sativa Oil ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

     Acetaminophen also called paracetamol is commonly used as analgesic and antipyretic agent which in high doses causes liver and kidney damage in man and animals. Nigella sativa oil have antioxidant properties. Thirty adult male rats were used and randomly divided into three equal groups. Group (A) untreated and served as control group; Group (B) rats were orally intubated (by gavages needle) acetaminophen suspension (150mg/kg B.W). Group (C) rats were given orally acetaminophen suspension (150mg/kg) plus 1ml/kg B.W of Nigella sativa oil for 42 days in both treated group. Fasting blood samples were collected at 21 and 42 days of experiment to study the following parameters:  Serum creatinine concentration and blood urea nitrogen concentration. The results revealed a significant increase of acetaminophen group in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations as compression with GA. Animals treated with Nigella sativa oil plus acetaminophen (C) showed a significant decline in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. In conclusion, the acetaminophen was effective in induction of oxidative stress and change in some biological markers related to kidney disease. Also it seems that Nigella sativa oil exerts protective actions against the damaging effect of acetaminophen

scholarly journals Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate Improves Intestinal Health by Modulating Its Development and Microbiota in Weaned Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Shuaishuai Hu ◽  
Jiali Li ◽  
Bohao Zhao ◽  
Naisu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Intestinal Environment ◽  
The Impact

Intestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and agricultural animals, especially newborns and weaned animals. Preventive treatments that help weaned animals maintain homeostasis and balance the hindgut microbial populations are desirable. The present study aimed to explore the impact of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on the intestinal health by analyzing the intestinal environment, morphology, expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), and flora of weaned rabbits. A total of 300 New Zealand weaned rabbits were randomly divided into the following five treatment groups for a 35-day feed trial: control group (basal diet), bacitracin zinc (BZ) group (50 mg/kg BZ), BMDa group (100 mg/kg BMD), BMDb group (50 mg/kg BMD), and BMDc group (rabbits fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 mg/kg BMD). In each treatment group, 28 rabbits were slaughtered for experimental analysis. The results showed that the supplementation of BMD increased the environmental acidity of the cecum of the weaned rabbits and reduced the ammonia-nitrogen concentration, which was beneficial to the survival of useful bacteria in the intestine. The morphology analysis of the duodenum using hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that the villus length, villus/crypt ratio, and intestinal wall thickness increased in the BMD group, thereby improving the structure of the duodenum and the absorption capacity of the small intestine. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction test showed that PGRPs (especially PGLYRP-1 and PGLYRP-2) in the intestinal had an antagonistic effect with BMD in the process of inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, resulting in their decreased expression (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, through 16S rRNA sequencing in the cecal content, the abundance of the predominant phyla in the BMDa and BZ groups was found to be the closest. The abundance of the genera Lachnospira, Erysipelotrichaceae (p-75-a5), Paraprevotellaceae (YRC22), Mogibacterium, Peptococcaceae (rc4-4), Anaerovibrio, Succinivibrio, and Sphaerochaeta increased in the BMDa and BZ groups (P &lt; 0.05). The relative abundance of Alistipes, Sedimentibacter, and Dorea significantly increased only in the BMDa group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusively, BMD, as well as microbes, improved the intestinal environment and structure to maintain the intestinal health of weaned rabbits.

Feed intake and liveweight of cattle on subtropical native pasture hays. 1. The effect of urea

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
PJ Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Hereford Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Native Pastures

Twenty Hereford weaner steers and heifers, 9-months-old and of mean liveweight (� s.e.) 152 � 6 kg, were stratified according to sex and liveweight into four groups and assigned to cells in an experimental design which aimed at studying the effects of an increased urea intake on their rumen ammonia concentration, their intake of a low N native pasture hay and on their liveweight change over 49 days. The cattle on the basal hay diet maintained low concentrations of ammonia in rumen fluid (8 mg N/L) during the study and lost weight (at 50 g/day). Urea (as 15, 23, 42 and 53 g head.day) increased significantly (P< 0.01) rumen ammonia concentration (to 152 t 10.9 mg N/L), hay intake in the final 7 days (from 2633 to 3738 � 72 g organic matter/head.day) and liveweight change (to 273 � 33 g/head.day). Hay intake of the cattle increased within 14 days of supplementation with urea which was sprayed onto portions of the hay. Urinary N content, but not faeces, was increased by the urea diets. Urea intakes also increased urea nitrogen concentrations in plasma and saliva which were correlated (r=0.87). Liveweight change was maximized at daily urea intakes of 23 g/head and these gains are discussed in terms of the suitability of urea for Hereford cattle which are fed only low N native pastures

scholarly journals High Sensitivity Microfiber Interferometer Sensor in Aqueous Solution

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Hayatu Girei ◽  
Hong Ngee Lim ◽  
Muhammad Zamharir Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Adzir Mahdi ◽  
Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Wavelength Shift ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Wide Wavelength Range ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Cladding Mode

The need for environmental protection and water pollution control has led to the development of different sensors for determining many kinds of pollutants in water. Ammonia nitrogen presence is an important indicator of water quality in environmental monitoring applications. In this paper, a high sensitivity sensor for monitoring ammonia nitrogen concentration in water using a tapered microfiber interferometer (MFI) as a sensor platform and a broad supercontinuum laser as the light source is realized. The MFI is fabricated to the waist diameter of 8 µm producing a strong interference pattern due to the coupling of the fundamental mode with the cladding mode. The MFI sensor is investigated for a low concentration of ammonia nitrogen in water in the wide wavelength range from 1500–1800 nm with a high-power signal provided by the supercontinuum source. The broad source allows optical sensing characteristics of the MFI to be evaluated at four different wavelengths (1505, 1605, 1705, and 1785 nm) upon exposure towards various ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The highest sensitivity of 0.099 nm/ppm that indicates the wavelength shift is observed at 1785 nm operating wavelength. The response is linear in the ammonia nitrogen range of 5–30 ppm with the best measurement resolution calculated to be 0.5 ppm. The low concentration ammonia nitrogen detected by the MFI in the unique infrared region reveals the potential application of this optical fiber-based sensor for rivers and drinking water monitoring.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary protein level on intake, digestibility, and energy expenditure in dairy heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3211-3224
Author(s):  
Laylles Costa Araújo ◽  
◽  
Eriton Egidio Lisboa Valente ◽  
Valdir da Trindade Filipini ◽  
Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

Balancing diets for protein affects both protein and energy use efficiency in cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein level on intake, digestibility and energy expenditure in Holstein heifers. Four Holstein heifers with a mean BW of 266.5 ± 10.7 kg were distributed in a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design. Each period was comprised of 14 d for adaptation and 6 d for samplings. The heifers were fed diets with 9, 12, 15 and 18% of crude protein (CP). Total feces and urine were collected. Rumen fluid was collected at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after feeding. The energy expenditure was evaluated at 6 a.m., 12 a.m., 6 p.m. and 12 p.m. by a closed-circuit mask technique. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). Although the NDF digestibility was not changed (P > 0.05), the digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CP levels in the diet. Urinary urea nitrogen excretion and nitrogen retained increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing CP levels. Dietary CP levels did not affect (P =0.53) energy expenditure in heifers. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration peaked at 2-4 h after feeding. Increasing dietary CP levels from 9 to 18% does not affect feed intake and energy expenditure in heifers. However, it improves the digestibility of OM and nitrogen retention.

scholarly journals Impact of Supplementation of Hemp Seeds (Cannavis sativa L.) on In Vitro Gas Fermentation Parameters and Digestibility using Foregut Fluid from Dromdary Camel

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Tahereh Mohammadabadi
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Gas Fermentation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of hemp seeds on in vitro biogas production, and digestibility of one-humped camel. Two female fistulated dromedary camels (300 kg) were fed with a forage diet (60 wheat straw and 40 alfalfa) for 1 month. Then rumen fluid was supplied from camels prior to the morning meal. Experimental samples were control diet and diet containing 10 % hemp seeds. Glass vials 100 ml containing 30 ml buffered rumen fluid was used. Gas production parameters were measured by exponential models and digestibility of foregut bacteria of camels were determined. The results showed that addition hemp seeds decreased potential of gas production (P<0.05), but gas production rate was not influenced (P>0.05). Actually digested organic matter and microbial biomass of diet containing hemp seeds were more than a control diet (P<0.05).While, hemp seeds supplementation had the greatest digestibility by cellulolytic bacteria of camel, after 24, 48 and 72 h incubation. The results also showed hemp seeds decreased ammonia nitrogen concentration as compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). Therefore, adding hemp seeds in the camel diet caused to reduce gas emission and ammonia nitrogen production in foregut and increased cellulolytic bacteria digestibility; so hemp seeds may be used in camel diets and will influence camel growth performance and decrease gas emissions in the environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of Growth and Fertility Hormones of Albino Rats Exposed to Quarry Dust at a Quarry Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Francis Ugochukwu Madu ◽  
Emmanuel Iroha Akubugwo ◽  
Friday Obinwa Uhegbu ◽  
Miracle Chinwenmeri Madu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Quarry Dust ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Aim: Growth and fertility hormones of albino rats exposed to quarry dust were evaluated to determine if the inhaled quarry dust and heavy metals contained in it have any effect on the fertility and growth of the rats. Methods: Sixty (30 in each of wet and dry seasons) male albino rats were used in this study and were housed in six (6) sterilized plastic cages with five (5) rats in each cage at Ugwuele quarry industry Uturu. The control (group 1) was housed at a distance of 7.2km from the quarry site. Group 2 was housed at the administration block of the quarry industry while groups 3,4,5,6 were housed at the gate, plant house, drilling pit and crusher positions of the quarry industry respectively. Heavy metals; lead, chromium, cobalt, arsenic, zinc and cadmium from dust samples were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer while assay for hormones was also carried out using standard analytical methods. Results: All the analyzed heavy metals were present in the dust. Concentrations of heavy metals in the quarry dust were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control and higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Concentrations of prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) in the test samples were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the control while the concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the test samples were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control. Results also show that the concentrations of prolactin, FSH, LH and GH were lower in the dry season than in the wet season whereas, the concentrations of TSH in the exposed rats were higher in the dry season than in the wet season.  Conclusion: Growth rate and fertility of the albino rats may have been compromised by the exposure to the quarry dust, since the growth and fertility hormones were all reduced.

Effects of Health Messages on Public Perception of E-cigarettes: An Experimental Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Hong Zhu ◽  
Shiushing Wong ◽  
Anthony C. Gamst ◽  
Jessica Sun ◽  
Yue-Lin Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Uk

BACKGROUND Health authorities across nations differ markedly on their position regarding electronic cigarettes. For example, the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom promoted e-cigarettes as a harm-reduction alternative to cigarettes, whereas the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned against the use of e-cigarettes. OBJECTIVE This study tests the effects of these different policy messages on the public’s perception of e-cigarettes. METHODS Participants (N=20,055) were sampled from an online panel with members from 19 major Chinese cities, and were randomized into three groups. Group 1 received brief messaging on e-cigarettes equivalent to the UK position, Group 2 received messaging equivalent to the US position, and Group 3 served as a control.Harm of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were rated on a 1–10 scale. Cigarettes smokers were asked if they intended to use e-cigarettes in a future quit attempt. RESULTS The group exposed to the US message rated e-cigarettes as significantly more risky than the control group, 5.87 (95%CI, 5.81-5.93) vs. 5.49 (5.43-5.55). The UK message group had a similar rating to the control, 5.42 (5.36-5.48). A lower percent of smokers in the US message group, 53.9% (51.8-56.0), intended to use e-cigarettes in future attempts to quit smoking than the control group, 60.1% (58.0-62.2), which was similar to that of the UK message group, 60.3% (58.3-62.4). CONCLUSIONS Messages from health authorities that cast e-cigarettes chiefly in a negative light could significantly increase the perceived risks of e-cigarettes and decrease smokers’ intentions to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking. In addressing the risk of e-cigarettes, policymakers should consider the net effect of a policy so as to maximize its potential to save lives.

Rumen Fermentative Properties of Pregnant West African Dwarf Does Fed Diets Containing Algae Biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-430
Author(s):  
Odunfa O A
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
West African ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Randomized Design

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding algae biomass rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids at 0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%, respectively, using Panicum maximum as basal feed, on rumen fermentative properties of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) does. A total of twenty (20) pregnant WAD does were grouped into four treatments containing five (5) animals per treatment and randomly allotted to the experimental diets. Rumen fluid were collected prior to mating and at the last trimester of pregnancy for determination of rumen fermentative properties. Data obtained were subjected to one way Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Inclusion of algae biomass up to 4.5% had no significant (p>0.05) effect on bacteria population in the rumen of the experimental does. The inclusion levels of algae biomass gave rise to the predominance of Eischeria coli (a gram negative bacterium) in the rumen of pregnant does fed the algae biomass diet. Results obtained showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the values obtained for ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen of the pregnant does when compared to the values recorded prior to mating. The total volatile fatty acid production and its molar proportion in the rumen fluid were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the inclusion of algae biomass.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document