The potential of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) in New South Wales. 2. Some factors affecting yield

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Milthorpe ◽  
RL Dunstone
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
South Wales

A jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) stand at Condobolin. N.S.W.. established from a range of plant material, exhibited great variability in a number of plant characteristics including seed yield. Observations over 4 years indicated that a high bud to node ratio is necessary for high yield. Different lines varied from 44 to 74% in this ratio in the fourth year of study. The survival of buds to form open flowers varied greatly between lines and from year to year. Death of flower buds before opening was attributable to frost damage. Buds swelled as early as June in some lines while others showed no sign of swelling until September. In those lines with early swelling or flower opening a high proportion of the buds were frost damaged, whereas late flowering lines had a high rate of survival. Terminal flower buds formed just prior to winter dormancy survived and flowered in the next spring, even in otherwise early flowering lines. Earlier work has shown that jojoba flower buds remain dormant until a chilling requirement has been met. Jojoba lines should have a long chilling requirement to maintain dormancy in the buds until the danger of frosts is past. Almost all of the flowers that opened set fruit, indicating that pollination is not a problem in the New South Wales environment.

scholarly journals Born before arrival in NSW, Australia (2000–2011): a linked population data study of incidence, location, associated factors and maternal and neonatal outcomes

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e019328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Eliza Thornton ◽  
Hannah Grace Dahlen
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Population Data ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
South Wales

ObjectivesTo determine incidence, associated factors, outcomes and geographical occurrence of born before arrival (BBA) in New South Wales, Australia.DesignA linked population data study involving population-based surveillance systems was undertaken for the years 2000–2011.SettingNew South Wales, Australia.ParticipantsAll women who underwent BBA compared with women who birthed in hospital/birth centre settings.ResultsDuring the time period, there were 1 097 653 births and a BBA rate of 4.6 per 1000 births. The BBA rate changed from 4.2 to 4.8 per 1000 births over time (p=0.06). Neonates BBA were more likely to be premature (12.5% compared with 7.3%), of lower birth weight (209.8 g mean difference) and/or be admitted to a special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit (20.6% compared with 15.6%). The perinatal mortality rate was significantly higher in the BBA cohort (34.6 compared with 9.3 per 1000 births). Women in the BBA cohort were more likely to be in the lowest socioeconomic decile, multiparous, have higher rates of smoking (30.5% compared with 13.8%) and more likely to suffer a postpartum haemorrhage requiring transfusion than the non-BBA cohort (1.5% compared with 0.7%). The most commonly occurring complications for neonates were suspected infection (6.9%), hypothermia (6.9%), respiratory distress (5.4%), congenital abnormality (4.0%) and neonatal withdrawal symptoms (2.4%). BBA more commonly occurred in geographical areas where the distance to a maternity unit is >2 hours drive and in coastal regions where there is also a high rate of homebirth.ConclusionBBA occurs more frequently in multiparous women of lower socioeconomic status. There potentially is an effect of geography on the occurrence of BBA, as geographical area of high homebirth and BBA coexists, indicating that freebirth followed by an unplanned transfer to hospital may be occurring.

Effect of sowing time and nitrogen on rice cultivars of differing growth duration in New South Wales. 1. Yield and yield components

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Reinke ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
RL Williams
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Long Duration

New South Wales rice crops commonly take >180 days from sowing to harvest, and a reduction in crop duration is sought to increase the efficiency of rice production. The response of rice cultivars of differing growth duration to sowing time and N application was examined across 2 growing seasons. The highest yields were obtained at early sowing dates in each season. In season 2, the maximum yield of the short-duration cultivar M101 was not significantly different to the long-duration cultivars Calrose, Pelde, and M7, with yields >12 t/ha. However, yield of cv. M101 was significantly less than the long-duration cultivars at an early sowing date in season 1. Analysis of yield components did not clearly indicate the reason for reduced yield of the short duration cultivar. Damage by birds and mice before harvest, exacerbated by early maturity, is a possible cause.Later sowing reduced yields of all cultivars, with the short-duration cultivar-least affected. Optimum N application decreased with delay in sowing. At early sowings there was a positive yield response to increasing N, whereas at the latest sowings in each season the N response was negative for all cultivars. Where the yield response to applied N was positive, the yield component most associated with yield was the number of florets per unit area (r = 0.55). Where the yield response was negative, yield reductions were primarily caused by a reduction in the proportion of filled grains (r = 0.83). Minimum temperatures during the reproductive stage of each cultivar explained only a small amount of the variation in percentage of filled grain. Low minimum temperatures during the reproductive stage were not the sole cause of the reduction in proportion of filled grains of late-sown, high-N plots. The high yield potential of short-duration cultivars in The high yield potential of short-duration cultivars in the New South Wales rice-growing area is clearly demonstrated, as is the value of such cultivars where late sowing is unavoidable.

Surveys of spraying practices for banana leaf disease control in New South Wales, and an assessment of disease control based on leaf retention at harvest in July

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Allen ◽  
AA Akehurst ◽  
G Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Climatic Index ◽  
Frequency Model ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Leaf Retention

Commercial 'Williams' banana plantations were surveyed at random on the North Coast of New South Wales during July 1990 and 1991, to determine spraying practices for leaf disease control and their efficacy in relation to leaf retention at harvest. A climatic index (CIP), based on temperature and wetness, indicated environmental conditions were conducive to leaf diseases caused by Mycosphaerella musicola and M. musae over summer and autumn 1990 but were less conducive in 1991, especially in autumn. In 1990, 5 of 44 plantations surveyed on the Mid North Coast (MNC) received no fungicide sprays; the remainder received 1-5 sprays of petroleum oil or oil mixed with propiconazole (mean 3.0 � 1.3) in December-May. Two plantations were sprayed using misting machines, the other 37 were aerially sprayed. The average numbers of leaves remaining on plants with mature bunches ranged from 0.3 to 8.3 (mean 4.7 � 2.2). A spray frequency model indicated that leaves per plant at harvest in July increased with numbers of sprays applied and decreased with increasing damage from wind and frost (r2 = 0.49; d.f. = 40; P<0.01). Another model based on the accumulated CIP from October to July (+CIP), adjusted for the timing and fungicidal effects of each spray, indicated that leaves per plant at harvest decreased with increasing +CIP, and wind and frost damage (r2 = 0.53; d.f. = 40; P<0.01). In 1991,4 of 38 plantations on the MNC and 3 of 32 on the Far North Coast (FNC) received no sprays; the remainder received 1-9 sprays of oil, oil + propiconazole, or oil + protectant fungicide mixtures. Fewer sprays were applied on the MNC in 1991 than 1990, but the timing of sprays remained unchanged. More sprays were applied on the FNC than MNC in 1991, and sprays were applied from December to July. Leaves per plant varied from 4.2 to 12.1 (mean 8.3 � 2.0). The spray frequency model from 1990 predicted leaves per plant in 1991 poorly (r2 = 0.17; d.f. = 68; P<0.01) and with substantial bias, whereas, the CIP model predicted leaves per plant for the MNC and FNC well (r2 = 0.41; d.f. = 68; P<0.01) and without bias. Observations in 1991 on the 70 surveyed plantations indicated that leaf retention also decreased with increasing damage by burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and banana weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus), increasing latitude of the plantation, and decreasing electrical conductivity of the soil solution. These variables accounted for a further 21% of the variation in leaves per plant observed in 1991. Leaf retention was not significantly (P>0.05) related to soil pH or to spraying method (aerial v. ground).

The potential of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) in New South Wales. 1. Growth and yield

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Milthorpe ◽  
RL Dunstone
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) was tested at several sites and on various soil types to assess its production potential under rainfed conditions in semi-arid areas of New South Wales. Stands were established using either plants grown from seed or cuttings taken from selected plants. With good nutrition and weed control, plant height increased at a similar rate over the experiment at all but the most sandy site, where growth was consistently poorer despite similar climatic conditions and management. Stands established from seed had extremely variable yields. Some plants failed to produce seed after 8 years while other plants consistently produced fruit after year 4, with yields as high as 1 kg clean seed per bush by year 8. The average yield was well under 200 g plant-1 except at Trangie in 1986-87 (590 g plant-1). At year 3, 50-100% of female plants were unproductive and by year 8, between 8 and 26% of plants remained unproductive. The variation in yield of the sampled population was consistently high irrespective of seasonal conditions, and usually the upper quartile yield was only marginally higher than the mean. However, the maximum yielding plant produced up to 10 times the mean yield. By contrast, the variation in yield of individuals within a clone was low regardless of the yield potential of that clone and the maximum yielding plant rarely exceeded twice the mean yield. Some clones (A, B and F) show promise as agricultural lines as they are relatively consistent yielders and show early yield development. The highest yield obtained extrapolates to 1.1 t ha-1 at year 7 at a site which averages 417 mm rainfall per year. Further research is needed to identify the reasons for the high variability and fluctuations in yield.

Poor nodulation of lupins and tropical legumes in northern New South Wales

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (113) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
H Philpotts
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
New South ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Rhizobium Lupini

Nodulation problems with tropical legumes and lupins in northern New South Wales appeared due to the inoculant's failure to establish itself around the seedling root, and were more severe with direct drilling. The cause of this was investigated in a number of laboratory, glasshouse and field experiments. Krasnozem soils were found to be more inhibitory than three other types, but this did not appear related to pH or manganese content. Raising the pH of krasnozem soil with lime did not improve survival of rhizobia unless the soil was autoclaved. Soil extracts suppressed multiplication in sterile nutrient sand except when micro-filtered, but a greater increase occurred with no extract. Extracts of both carpet grass and kikuyu depressed nodulation of glycine (Neonotonia wightii) but only the carpet grass extract adversely affected Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum). Root washings of the two grasses restricted multiplication of Rhizobium lupini, kikuyu having the greater effect. Lupin seedlings growing in the presence of kikuyu roots had fewer rhizobia in the root zone and were less well nodulated except when inoculated at a high rate. The susceptibility of WU425 and the clover strain TA1 appears not to differ and the host plant (lupin or clover) did not influence rhizobium numbers in the rhizosphere. In the field both the number of rhizobia in the root zone of lupins and the percentage of plants nodulated, increased with increasing rate of inoculation. The results indicate that suppression is due to both micro-organisms and a heat labile chemical factor.

Characters contributing to high yield in Currawong, an Australian winter wheat

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. J. Penrose ◽  
K. Walsh ◽  
K. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
High Yield ◽  
South Central ◽  
South Wales

This study investigated characters that contribute to high grain yield in the recently released Australian winter wheat, cv. Currawong. Currawong was released as a feed grade wheat for south-central New South Wales, with a 10% yield advantage over the highest yielding milling wheat with winter habit, Rosella. When expressed as a percentage of the grain yield of Rosella, Currawong was found to perform best at sites with low soil pH and high grain yield. These sites corresponded to the wetter eastern margin of the wheatbelt in south-central New South Wales. While part of the yield advantage of Currawong is due to its tolerance of soil acidity, there remains an ability to yield particularly well in environments conducive to high yield. In yield component studies that were conducted over 2 seasons at Temora, the yield advantage of Currawong appeared to be associated with its grainfilling characters. Currawong had a more rapid rate of grainfill, and/or a longer duration of grainfilling than other high-yielding winter wheats, leading to significantly heavier grain. From a plant breeding perspective, the high yield of Currawong is significant for demonstrating rapid genetic gain for yield in Australian winter wheats. The yield of Currawong also demonstrates the possibility of combining high grain yield with the Sr26 stem rust resistance. Characters that confer high yield in Currawong may be of limited benefit in environments where drought stress limits the duration of grainfilling in wheat.

Effect of time sowing and cultivar on the development and grain yield of irrigated wheat in the Macquarie Valley, New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

Field experiments over 2 seasons in the Macquarie Valley of central New South Wales compared yields under irrigation of 5 wheat varieties with a wide range of maturities sown from 8 April to 27 August.Early maturity wheats (Yecora and Avocet) sown prior to 6 May suffered frost damage, while the winter wheats (WW33G and Burgas) sown after 29 July were not fully vernalised and most tillers failed to produce heads. There was a curvilinear relation between time of sowing and grain yield. Excluding the treatments which suffered frost damage, the earliest time of sowing (8 April) produced the highest yield, with a 6.4% yield reduction between 8 April and 8 May. The yield reduction increased with later sowing date: 13.3, 19.3, and 26.5% during May, June, and July. Anthesis in mid September produced the highest yields for all varieties. Treatments which flowered earlier than mid September suffered frost damage. For each day later than 15 September that anthesis occurred, the mean yield fell by 1.3% or about 68 kg/ha.day. Date of anthesis had no detectable effect on the rate of individual grain growth (1.3 mg/grain.day), but the later anthesis occurred, the shorter the duration of grain development and the lower the final grain weight. Rising temperatures, not moisture stress, seems to be the factor causing the decline in yield with late sowing. This experiment was irrigated to eliminate moisture stress but the decline in yield was similar to that reported for dryland crops.

Long-term Variation of Litter Fall, Canopy Leaf Area and Flowering in a Eucalyptus maculata Forest on the South Coast of New South Wales

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Pook ◽  
A. M. Gill ◽  
P. H. R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
The South ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Area Index ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eucalyptus Maculata

Litter fall, canopy leaf area and environmental conditions were monitored in a regrowth stand of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. in Kioloa State Forest on the south coast of New South Wales, from spring 1977 to winter 1992. Litter fall during the first half of the study period was strongly influenced by two of the most serious droughts that had occurred in 100 years. Canopy renewal and, hence, leaf fall and changes of leaf area index (LAI), were also influenced by the flowering phenology of E. maculata. Total annual litter fall (including bark shed from lower boles) averaged 5.7 t ha-1 and ranged from 3.1 up to 7.5 t ha-1. The respective means (plus absolute ranges) of annual leaf, twig and bark fall were 2.8 (1.5–4.2), 0.9 (0.3–1.4) and 1.6 (0.5–3.1) t ha-1. Forest LAI varied between 0.7 and 5 m2 m-2. Leaves comprised 50% of the average annual litter fall; bark shed from lower boles of E. maculata contributed 0.63 t ha-1 to average annual bark fall. Flower buds were produced by a proportion of overstorey trees of E. maculata about every second year. Synchronous production and flowering of buds on all trees was observed only once in 15 years. Less than 15% of flower buds (overall) produced fruit.

Yield of early dryland sowing of wheat with winter and spring habit in southern and central New South Wales

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
LDJ Penrose
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
High Yields

The effect on yield of early sowing of wheat, and of sowing wheats with winter habit, was assessed from routine trials from 29 sites in south and central New South Wales from 1981 to 1990. Early-sown trials were largely sown from mid to late April and conventionally late trials from mid to late May. Entries in early trials consisted of winter wheats or photoperiod-sensitive spring wheats, while photoperiod-insensitive spring wheats were sown in late trials. There was a gradual change in trial entries over the period of study. Although more variable than the late-sown trials, the early-sown trials had high yields over a wider range of sowing times and displayed less risk of frost damage. On average, winter wheats had a 6% yield advantage over late-maturing spring wheats in early-sown trials. Trials yielded 15% more when sown early than late. In comparison with quick-maturing spring wheats, winter wheats did not appear to suffer a large yield penalty when sown late. Yield of early-sown trials declined with sowing before or after the optimum sowing time of late April. There was a large reduction in yield with sowings earlier than 20 April. Yield of spring wheats declined from early May almost linearly with delay in sowing date.

Management of the major chemical soil constraints affecting yields in the grain growing region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia – a review

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Page ◽  
R. C. Dalal ◽  
J. B. Wehr ◽  
Y. P. Dang ◽  
P. M. Kopittke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Multiple Constraints ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Constraints ◽  
Growing Region

In the grain growing region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, crop production occurs predominantly under semiarid, rainfed conditions. Vertosols dominate the soils used and many are prone to structural problems. In this region, providing that crop nutrition is adequate, optimising yield is largely dependent on maximising the infiltration, storage and plant use of soil water. Soil constraints such as sodicity, salinity, acidity, subsoil compaction and surface sealing can limit these processes, leading to high yield losses. This review examines management options to treat these constraints, focusing on management where multiple constraints exist, and where these occur in the subsoil. The main strategies reviewed include (a) use of gypsum to treat sodicity and lime to treat acidity, which can lead to yield increases of &gt;100% in some circumstances, (b) cultivation or deep ripping to break up compacted sodic layers and surface seals, (c) incorporating soil organic matter to improve conditions for plant growth and (d) selecting species, cultivars and management practices most appropriate for constrained sites. Future research must be directed to improving the profitability of ameliorant use for sodicity by increasing our understanding of how to identify soils responsive to ameliorants, and which combination of ameliorants will be cost effective when sodicity occurs in combination with other constraints. In addition, research needs to target ways to economically apply ameliorants in subsoil environments, and better identify which crop species or cultivars are productive on constrained sites, particularly those with multiple constraints.

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