Energy and protein values of four forages, including a comparison between tropical and temperate species

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
DJ Minson ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Tropical Forages ◽  
Carbon Balances ◽  
Energy Maintenance

Artificially dried grass of 2 tropical species (Setaria spacelata and Digitaria decurnbens) from which most of the stem had been removed, and a temperate grass (Loliurn perenne) grown under the same subtropical conditions, were compared for energy and protein value. Data for a temperate clover hay (Trifolium resupinatum) that was tested concurrently are included because they provide useful contrasts. Each was evaluated by measuring energy, nitrogen (N) and carbon balances in 4 adult sheep at 2 levels of intake (ad libitum and near energy maintenance) and during fasting. The 3 grasses had similar leaf content (76-83%) and the clover much less (60%). The tropical forages had similar chemical composition but they contained less crude protein (10%) than the ryegrass (L. perenne) (1 5%) and more cell wall constituents (63-66% v. 58%). The clover had the most crude protein (19%) and the least cell walls (38%); it also was highest in carbohydrates, pectin and heat of combustion. Voluntary intakes of the setaria, pangola (D. decumbens) and ryegrass were similar and 20-30% lower than the intake of clover. Digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and energy were similar for the grasses and 8 percentage units lower than for the clover whereas digestibility of crude protein differed between the tropical and temperate species, the latter having digestibilities 12-15 units greater. Digestibility of cell walls did not vary. The metabolisable energy (ME) values of the grasses at maintenance were 8.3-8.5 MJ/kg DM while that of clover was 10.1; at maximum intakes, corresponding ME values were 7.9 and 10.0 MJ/kg DM. Net availability of ME for gain was 0.42 for the tropical grasses and the persian clover and 0.36 for the ryegrass. By contrast, the tropical forages supported higher gains of N relative to N supply than did the temperate forages because urinary N loss was not affected by intake of the tropicals; these differences in N gain were drastically reduced when gain was expressed in relation to ME. These results do not support the contention that forages of tropical species have a lower energy value per kg than temperate forages of similar composition. Indeed, the tropical species tested here appear to have had an ideal balance of energy and protein insofar as efficiency of use of digestible N was close to 100% and their energy values were commensurate with their chemical composition.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) during primary growth in 2005

2009 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Péter Kovács ◽  
János Lazányi ◽  
Géza Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Energy Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Energy Maintenance

In this paper we analysed the change of the chemical composition and nutritive value of Timothy observed during the spring of 2005. The nutritive value of Timothy was observed between the end of April and the beginning of June relating to the following parameters: crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, ash, N-free extract, net-energy growth, net-energy lactation, net-energy maintenance, Metabolizable Protein Energy dependent, Metabolizable Protein N-dependent. We also analysed whether a relationship between the environmental factors that affect thegrowing period of grasses and the chemical composition can be detected or not. While testing for correlation, the number of days from 1st January, the amount of heat accumulation, solar radiation and rainfall were considered as independent coefficients.For the estimation of weather conditions we calculated the climate index. The observed year can be described as a year with a rainfall above the average and abundant solar radiation. A correlation can be detected between the change of parameters of nutritive value and the quality of the current year. In 2005 the result of the analysis of nutritive value was showed a significance difference with respect to each chemical composition at the rate of P<0.001 depending on the time when the samples were taken.According to the outlined data it can be stated that the change of the value of crude protein and ash show decreasing tendency agreeing the research literature. In parallel with the change of nutritive value, the amount of crude fibre and N-free extract increased. However, the value of Net-Energy maintenance showed an alteration only in the first half of the observed period. The same alteration tendency can be detected in the Net-Energy growth and the Net-Energy lactation. 

scholarly journals Chemical composition and ruminal degradation kinetics of crude protein and amino acids, and intestinal digestibility of amino acids from tropical forages

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Ferreira Miranda ◽  
Norberto Mario Rodriguez ◽  
Elzânia Sales Pereira ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Roberto Daniel Sainz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Tropical Forages ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Intestinal Digestibility

Effect of processing of palm oil petiole on palatability in Bali cows (Bos sondaecus)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
M Afdal ◽  
S Syarif ◽  
A Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Palm oil petiole (POP) is a pruning by-product from palm oil plantations. POP is the stalk of the palm oil frond (POF) without the leaflets and the outer layer. By weight, it contributed about 30 percent of POF. POP was a possible alternative for POF in feeding Bali cows (Bos sondaecus) since Bali cows we observed to reject fresh POF. Central Bureau of Indonesian Statistics (2006) reported that the production of POF was around 10,869,365 t from around 3,682,900 ha of palm oil plantation in Indonesia which is equivalent to 3,260,810 t of POP. POF are successfully used as feed for Bos taurus and Bos indicus and there are a lot of studies being done, especially in Malaysia. Alimon and Hair Bejo (1995) reported that the chemical composition of POF is 47, 385, 787, 556 g kg-1 and 5.65 MJ kg-1 for crude protein (CP), crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and metabolisable energy respectively. However, there is no information on the nutritive value of POP and its palatability in Bali cows. The aims of this study were to evaluate the nutritive value of POP, and palatability of POP types by Bali cows when processed in several forms.

scholarly journals Changes of chemical composition and nutritive values of Reed Canary Grass (Phalaroides arundinacea) in first growth

2010 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Péter Kovács ◽  
János Lazányi ◽  
Géza Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Energy Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Energy Maintenance

Change in chemical composition and nutritive value of Reed Canary Grass (Phalaroides arundinacea) were investigated in springtime in 2004-2006. The nutritive value of Reed Canary Grass was observed between the end of April and the middle of June relating to the following parameters: crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, ash, N-free extract, net-energy growth, net-energy maintenance, Metabolizable Protein Energy dependent,Metabolizable Protein N-dependent.It was also analysed whether a relationship between the climatic factors affecting the growing period as well the chemical composition of grasses and the annual weather were looked for. For the estimation of weather conditions the climate index was calculated. A correlation can be detected between the change of parameters of nutritive value and the quality of the current year. Between 2004 and 2006, the result of the analysis of nutritive value indicated a significant difference with respect to each chemical composition at the rate of P<0.01 depending on the time when the samples were taken. According to the outlined data it can be stated that the change of the value of crude protein and ash show decreasing  endency agreeing the research literature. In parallel with the change of nutritive value, the amount of crude fibre and N-free extract increased. However, the value of Net-Energy maintenance revealed an alteration only in the first half of the observed period. The same alteration tendency can be detectedin the Net-Energy growth. 

The energy value of whole oats grain in adult wether sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Margan ◽  
NM Graham ◽  
TW Searle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Good Guide ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Carbon Balances ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Samples of Cooba and Coolabah oats were chosen on chemical analysis to represent relatively high and low quality grain. Each was evaluated by measuring energy, nitrogen and carbon balances in 4 adult sheep at several levels of feeding and during starvation. The Cooba contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14% crude protein (CP), 23% cell wall constituents (CWC) and 19.1 MJ/kg gross energy (GE); the Coolabah had 10% CP, 31% CWC and 19.6 MJ/kg. With ad libitum feeding, respective DM intakes were 1.4 and 1.8 kg/day (3.3 and 4.4 times maintenance) giving daily retentions of 6.6 and 8.2 MJ and 6.2 and 8.0 g nitrogen. The availabilities of the gross energy of the Cooba at maintenance were 85% digestible energy (DE), 71% metabolisable energy (ME) (13.6 MJ/kg DM), 59% net energy (NE); when assessed as a production supplement, the values were 79,74 and 38% respectively. The results for Coolabah were 76% DE, 68% ME (1 3.3 MJ/ kg), 53% NE (maintenance); 64% DE, 6 1% ME, 36% NE (production supplement). It is apparent from the present and previously published results that the GE and ME/DE values of oats are higher than commonly supposed. Furthermore, although protein and fibre content indicate the relative digestibilities of feeds, they are not a good guide to relative NE values nor to attainable production in terms of either energy or protein.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 46-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Leaver ◽  
R.C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

scholarly journals Effects of SO<sub>2</sub> oxidation on ambient aerosol growth in water and ethanol vapours

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Petäjä ◽  
V.-M. Kerminen ◽  
K. Hämeri ◽  
P. Vaattovaara ◽  
J. Joutsensaari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Ethanol Vapours ◽  
Hygroscopic Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Aerosol

Abstract. Hygroscopicity (i.e. water vapour affinity) of atmospheric aerosol particles is one of the key factors in defining their impacts on climate. Condensation of sulphuric acid onto less hygroscopic particles is expected to increase their hygrocopicity and hence their cloud condensation nuclei formation potential. In this study, differences in the hygroscopic and ethanol uptake properties of ultrafine aerosol particles in the Arctic air masses with a different exposure to anthropogenic sulfur pollution were examined. The main discovery was that Aitken mode particles having been exposed to polluted air were more hygroscopic and less soluble to ethanol than after transport in clean air. This aging process was attributed to sulphur dioxide oxidation and subsequent condensation during the transport of these particle to our measurement site. The hygroscopicity of nucleation mode aerosol particles, on the other hand, was approximately the same in all the cases, being indicative of a relatively similar chemical composition despite the differences in air mass transport routes. These particles had also been produced closer to the observation site typically 3–8 h prior to sampling. Apparently, these particles did not have an opportunity to accumulate sulphuric acid on their way to the site, but instead their chemical composition (hygroscopicity and ethanol solubility) resembled that of particles produced in the local or semi-regional ambient conditions.

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