Effect of plant density and spatial arrangement on the yield of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru in subcoastal south-eastern Queensland

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Cooksley ◽  
EA Goward
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Density Maximum ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Establishment Phase

Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru) was sown at 5 plant densities with 2 spatial arrangements at Brian Pastures Pasture Research Station, Gayndah, to determine the effects of these factors on leucaena and inter-row grass dry matter yield. During the 2 year establishment phase, yields of edible leucaena (leaves, pods, flowers and stems to a diameter of 5 mm) averaged 4400 and 2440 kg/ha respectively. Yields in subsequent years stabilised to an overall mean of 1360 kg/ha, with the amount of edible leucaena increasing with increasing leucaena plant density from 640 to 2260 kg/ha at 6000 and 62 500 leucaena plants/ha respectively. Edible leucaena yield for the mean of the 5 plant densities was increased by 38% when row spacing was doubled. Yields of both total and senesced leucaena were directly related to the annual rainfall. At the end of each growing season in May, edible leucaena yield remained stable between rainfall extremes of 492 and 878 mm while the amount of senesced leucaena litter increased. Edible leucaena yield was directly related to leucaena plant density (R2= 0.86). Annual total leucaena yield (edible leucaena yield plus leucaena litter) was best related to the plant parameters leucaena plant volume (R2 = 0.92), leucaena stem numbers (R2 = 0.90) and leucaena stem diameter (R2 = 0.90). Number of green panic (Panicum maximum var, trichoglume) shoots showed a marked increase at the 3 higher leucaena densities (mean of 28 shoots/m2) compared with the 2 lower leucaena densities (mean of 7 shoots/m2). Total soil nitrogen also increased at the 3 higher leucaena densities (mean of 0.186%) relative to the 2 lower leucaena densities (mean of 0.170%). Inter-row grass and grass litter yields both declined from 4640 and 4010 kg/ha to 31 10 and 2420 kg/ha respectively with increasing leucaena density. Maximum yields of edible leucaena were obtained when leucaena was grown at a density of 62 500 plants per ha in rows 0.8 m apart.

scholarly journals Plant Density Effects on Single-head Broccoli Production

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Jett ◽  
Ronald D. Morse ◽  
Charles R. O'Dell
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Exclusive Production ◽  
Plant Damage ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
High Yields

There is a strong consumer demand for single-head broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) that yields more florets per unit weight than bunching broccoli. Two spatial arrangements (single vs. twin row) and five plant densities (10.8, 7.2, 5.4, 4.3, and 3.6 plants/m2) were examined for single-head broccoli production. Spatial arrangement had no significant effect on any measured attribute, although the twin-row arrangement resulted in less plant damage with each harvest. For exclusive production of quality, single-head broccoli with high yields of marketable florets, 3.6 plants/m2 (46-cm within-row spacing) should be used.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing date and plant density on bolting of four sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) varieties

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-270
Author(s):  
Entessar Al-Jbawi ◽  
Waeel Sabsabi ◽  
Gharibo Gharibo ◽  
Abd El-Muhsien Al-Sayed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Autumn Sowing ◽  
Plot Design

This experiment was conducted in Homs Agricultural Research Station, Homs, Syria during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 seasons to study the effect of sowing date and plant density on bolting for four sugar beet varieties, tow are monogerm varieties i.e. Parade and Etna, while the other are multigerm varieties i.e. Nadir and Mammoth. Three sowing dates were applied, began from 15/9 to 15/10, the interval between the sowing dates was 15 days. Three plant densities were executed (133 000, 100 000 and 80 000 plantha-1). Split plot design was used with three replicates. The combined analysis exhibited the significant effect of varieties (V), sowing dates (S), and plant densities (D) on all types of bolting (Early, medium, late and total). Least significant test (L.S.D 0.05) clarified that early autumn sowing (15/9 and 1/10) increased total bolting percent 74.86 and 44.88 % respectively, as compared with date (15/10) 15.57% (control). The plant density (133 000 plant ha-1) decreased total bolting percent 43.56% as compared with the other plant densities (80 000 and 100 000 plant ha-1) 46.35 and 45.40% respectively. The results showed that the monogerm varieties were superior and more resistant to bolting as compared with the multigerm ones. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12647 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 256-270

scholarly journals Performances of French bean as influenced by plant density and nitrogen application

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
GMA Halim ◽  
ZA Firoz
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Bush Bean ◽  
Plant Densities

Field experiments with French bean comprising two varieties (BARI bush bean-1 and BARI bush bean-2), three plant densities (500 x 103, 333 x 103, and 250 x 103 plants/ha as maintained by 20 x 10, 30 x 10, and 40 x 10 cm spacings, respectively) and three levels of N (0, 60, and 120 kg/ha) were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Raikhali in the district of Rangamati during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. BARI bush bean-1 outyielded BARI bush bean-2. The lowest plant density (250 x 10 plants/ha) recorded significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes, except plant height which was the maximum with the highest plant density of 500 x 103 plants/ha. The highest plant density of (500 x 103 plants/ha) resulted in the highest pod yield in comparison with the lower and medium plant densities. Application of 120 kg N/ha coupled with the highest plant density (500 x l03 plants/ha) gave the maximum pod yield of 34.3 t/ha and 30.2 t/ha in BARI bush bean-I and BARI bush bean-2, respectively. Key Words: French bean; plant density; nitrogen.  DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i1.5760Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(1) : 105-111, March 2009

Survey of long-term productivity and nutritional status of Leucaena leucocephala-grass pastures in subtropical Queensland

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Radrizzani ◽  
H. Max Shelton ◽  
Olena Kravchuk ◽  
Scott A. Dalzell
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Shallow Soils

A survey of the productivity and nutritional status of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala subsp. glabrata) pastures of different ages was conducted in subtropical Queensland from 2006 to 2008. Four leucaena stands (aged 8, 20, 31 and 38 years) growing on the same Vertosol soil type at Brian Pastures Research Station were surveyed. In the higher rainfall season of 2007–2008, leucaena yields and rainfall-use efficiency were highest in 8-year-old stands [2128 kg total dry matter (DM)/ha or 4.0 kg DM/ha.mm] and lowest in 38-year-old stands (978 kg total DM/ha or 1.9 kg DM/ha.mm). The reduced productivity in the 38-year-old leucaena pasture was associated with a decline in stem number/plant and leucaena plant density due to observed plant mortality. The reduced yield and vigour of aging leucaena was associated with nitrogen deficiency related to declining phosphorus and sulfur availability for adequate symbiotic N2 fixation and leucaena plant growth. Nutrient deficiencies of phosphorus and sulfur in leaf tissue were related to low to medium initial soil fertility (7–27 mg/kg of bicarbonate extractable phosphorus in the top 20 cm), coupled with inherent subsoil constraints (shallow soils, sodicity and high pH), and exacerbated by both long-term removal of nutrients by grazing animals and a reduction in soil phosphorus and sulfur availability over time. To maintain the productivity of leucaena pastures, plant nutritional status needs to be monitored in order to determine strategic fertiliser application.

COMBINAÇÃO DE ESPAÇAMENTO ENTRELINHAS E DENSIDADE POPULACIONAL NO AUMENTO DA PRODUTIVIDADE EM MILHO

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 440
Author(s):  
RAFAEL BOIAGO ◽  
RENATO GARCIA ◽  
ADILSON RICKEN SCHUELTER ◽  
RAFAEL BARRETO ◽  
GLACY JAQUELINE DA SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Main Effects

RESUMO - Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do arranjo espacial e da densidade de semeadura na produtividade de cinco híbridos de milho, em dois locais no cultivo de verão. Foram utilizados espaçamentos de 80 cm e de 45 cm entrelinhas, e densidades de semeadura de 42.000, 52.000, 62.000 e 85.000 plantas ha-1. As avaliações foram conduzidas em Cascavel-PR e em Rio Verde-GO. Foram observados efeitos significativos para os fatores principais (híbrido, espaçamento entrelinhas e densidade), mas não foram observadas interações entre os fatores, com exceção da interação densidade x híbrido em Rio Verde. Houve maior efeito do espaçamento entrelinhas do que da densidade populacional na produtividade de todos os híbridos. No espaçamento de 45 cm entrelinhas, os híbridos produziram, em média, 36% a mais do que no espaçamento de 80 cm, nos dois locais avaliados. Houve aumento de produtividade com aumento da densidade de semeadura até 75 mil plantas ha-1 em Cascavel, e até 85 mil plantas ha-1 em Rio Verde. Palavras-chave: Zea mays, arranjo espacial de plantas, sistemas de cultivo. COMBINING ROW SPACING AND POPULATION DENSITY IN INCREASING MAIZE YIELD  ABSTRACT - This study aimed to evaluate the effects of spatial arrangement and plant density from five corn hybrids at two locations in the summer season. Row spacing used were 80 cm and 45 cm between rows and plant densities were 42,000, 52,000, 62,000 and 85,000 plants ha-1. The evaluations were conducted in Cascavel, State of Paraná, and Rio Verde, State of Goiás, Brazil. Significant effects were observed for the main effects (hybrid, row spacing and density), but there were no interactions between the main effects, with the exception of the interaction between density x hybrid in Rio Verde. There was a greater effect of row spacing than the population density on yield of all hybrids. With the row spacing at 45 cm the hybrids yielded, on average, 36% more than at a spacing of 80 cm, in the two locations. There was a trend for increased productivity with increased seeding rate up to 75,000 plants ha-1 in Cascavel, and up to 85,000 plants ha-1 in Rio Verde. Keywords: Zea mays, spatial arrangements, cultivation systems.

The influence of sowing rate and row spacing on the plant density and yield of red beet

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Benjamin ◽  
R. A. Sutherland ◽  
D. Senior
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Density Maximum ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Red Beet ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThree experiments examined the effects of sowing rate and between-row spacing on the plant density and yield of red beet.The proportion of seeds which produced mature plants decreased when the mean distance to the nearest neighbour was less than 5 cm. In these experiments, this distance was governed by within-row spacing. Thus, plots with narrow-spaced rows achieved a higher plant density than those with wide-spaced rows, when sown with the same weight of seed.Total yield of beet per unit area decreased with increasing plant density. Maximum yields per unit area of small beet were achieved at high plant densities, whereas maximum yields of large beet were achieved at low plant densities. The effect of between-row spacing on yield was much smaller than that of density, and was important only for crops harvested early. Shoot yield per unit area was measured in two experiments and was not affected by row spacing in either. Shoot yield was not affected by plant density in one experiment, but, in the other, tended to a maximum value with increasing plant density.

Plant density and yield of grain maize in England

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYResults from 10 field experiments are reported. Inra 200, the standard variety in official maize grain trials in Britain, was grown in six of the trials; comparative information was obtained on a range of competitive commercial hybrids and an experimental, early flowering, hybrid. The final plant densities most commonly involved ranged from 5 to 20 plants/m2, with extremes of 2 and 30 plants/m2. The effects of spatial arrangement were also considered in multifactorial or systematic designs; in general, yields increased slightly with more even spacing but no evidence was adduced that spacing, within the limits likely to be encountered in commercial practice, would significantly modify interpretations of density effects.In all varieties tested, a satisfactory model for the response in yield of grain to changes in plant density was 1/y = a + bx + cx2, where y = grain yield/plant and x = density. Estimated parameter values, however, were not the same for all varieties and significant genotype × density interactions were obtained.Grain yield/unit area in Inra 200 was maximal at densities of 8–10 plants/m2, but the response curve did not have a pronounced peak; differences in average yieldat densities ranging from 6 to 14 plants/m2 were less than 6%, and yield at 20 plants/m2 was about 80% of the maximum. Other flint × dent hybrids grown commercially for grain in northern areas (Anjou 210, L.G. 11, Warwick SL 209) reached maximum grain yield/unit area at lower densities (6–8 plants/m2), and the decline in yield with increasing density was much more marked than in Inra 200. In contrast, an earlier flowering, shorter growing, experimental hybrid (ARC 51 A) did not reach maximum yield until density was raised to 14 plants/m2, and was even more tolerant of high plant densities than Inra 200. With increasing plant density the number of ears/plant declined, falling below 1–0 in Inra 200 at densities in excess of 10 plants/m2, and averaging about 0–8 at plants/m2. Over the range 6–20 plants/m2 shelling percentage was reduced by no more than 4%, but water content of the ear (grain plus rachis) increased significantly with density. In the very early hybrid, ARC 51A, the difference in water content of the ear at 6 and 20 plants/m2 was less than 3%, but in Inra 200 it averaged about 8% and in varieties less tolerant of high densities it was often ofthe order of 15%. These results could be related to the delaying effects of increasing density on time of silk emergence. Relatively, time of pollen shed was little affected by density changes. In Inra 200 the difference in time between mid-anthesis and mid-silk was about 7 days more at 20 plants/m2 than at 6 plants/m2 while in Anjou 210 and Kelvedon 59A the comparable increase was 14 days.The practical significance of the findings is discussed in relation to current grain and silage maize production practices, and to future breeding and testing programmes in Northern Europe.

scholarly journals Watermelon Yield as Affected by Plant Density and Spatial Arrangement

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 754C-754
Author(s):  
Warren Roberts ◽  
Jim Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Row Width ◽  
Plant Densities

Watermelons are grown at many different row widths and in-row spacings, but an ideal plant density has not been established. Experiments were conducted at one location in 1993 and at two locations in 1994 in southeastern Oklahoma. Effects of plant density and spatial arrangement on `Allsweet' and `Sangria', two standard-sized watermelons, were evaluated. Beds 0.3 m wide were formed on 0.91-, 1.83-, 2.74-, and 3.66-m centers. Various in-row spacings that ranged from 0.30 to 2.44 m were established at each row width. This resulted in various spatial arrangements of plants with densities of 1500, 3000, 6000, and 12,000 plants/ha. With 1500 and 3000 plants/ha, about one melon was harvested from each plant, and less than one melon was harvested from each plant when the density reached 12,000 plants/ha. Yield (weight/ha) increased with plant density and reached a maximum at 12,000 plants/ha. Isometric spatial arrangements did not produce greater yields than did the more-rectangular arrangement. Weight per melon decreased with increasing plant densities in two experiments, but the decrease was small relative to the increased number of melons/ha.

The effect of plant density on the reproductive structure of safflower in the Ord River valley

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Total Seed

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., variety Gila) was grown under irrigation at the Kimberley Research Station as a row crop at plant densities of 25,000 to 133,000 plants an acre and as a drilled crop at 593,000 plants an acre. The main effect of increasing plant density, within the range examined, was to reduce plant size (dry weight of tops and number of seed heads) ; the mean size of individual heads (number of seeds and their weight) showed little change. Though the relative seed and oil yield per head of primary, secondary, and tertiary heads remained fairly constant with increasing plant density, the increasing proportion of primary heads and the decreasing proportion of tertiary heads brought about corresponding changes in the contribution by primary and tertiary heads to total seed and oil yield. In contrast, the proportion of secondary heads and their contribution to seed and oil yield remained relatively stable.

scholarly journals Phytosociology and Behavior of Weeds in Maize as Influenced by Spatial Arrangements

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Wanderson de Sousa Mendes ◽  
Leandro Otávio Vieira Filho ◽  
Nayana Alves Pereira ◽  
Cácio Luiz Boechat ◽  
Fabio Mielezrski
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Density Factor ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
The Right

Using the right spatial arrangement is a sustainable way to prevent or at least delay the emergence of weeds in the crop production. This study evaluated the influence of row spacing and plant density of maize on weed control based on the phytosociological survey. It was conducted on an Oxisol textured medium in a 400 m2 area under semiarid conditions. The hybrid maize 30F53YH was managed under a no-till cropping system with three types of row spacing (0.35 m, 0.50 m, and 0.70 m) and three plant densities (5.0 plants m-2, 6.5 plants m-2, and 8.0 plants m-2). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications in a factorial arrangement 3 × 3. The phytosociological survey of the weeds was randomly performed four times in each subplot, using the inventory square (0.5 m × 0.5 m). The collected data were analyzed using the R statistical program. Among the specimen’s families identified on the field, three of them need to be highlighted due to its high values of density, frequency, and dominance. These families were Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Amaranthaceae. Also, it was identified that the Leucaena leucocephala species may be classified as a weed, as it acted as an invasive species on maize. The weed control was greatly influenced by the interaction of both parameters rather than only row spacing or the plant density factor. The results showed that the reduced spacing and high crop population decreased the presence of weeds in the maize crop.

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