Digestibility of sawdust estimated by the nylon bag technique

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (108) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Hunter ◽  
DB Purser ◽  
RJW Barron
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Hoop Pine ◽  
Araucaria Cunninghamii ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Eucalyptus Maculata ◽  
Softwood Species

The digestibilities of sawdust from one hardwood species, Spotted Gum (Eucalyptus maculata), and two softwood species, Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) and Pinus pinaster, were estimated by the nylon bag technique. The dry matter digestibilities were 8.3, 1.7 and 4.4%, respectively. Lignin concentration was possibly a major factor affecting digestibility as the values were 16.4,32.3 and 27.8%, respectively. For each species the ruminal digestion was completed within 48 h.

Infestation, susceptibility and damage of Araucaria plantations in papua new guinea by Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-711
Author(s):  
B. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Seedling Resistance ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Hoop Pine ◽  
Plantation Species ◽  
Araucaria Cunninghamii ◽  
Old Trees

AbstractA branchlet-mining scolytid beetle, Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl, has invaded the hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations at Bulolo and Wau in Papua New Guinea. A study of the infestation pattern in a plot of 184 young (5–6 year-old) trees at Bulolo from February 1968–August 1972 revealed four major phases: (i), a relatively prolonged but small build-up of the population on most trees over a period of 12–18 months following the first attack; (ii), a dramatic upsurge in the infestation over the following 12–18 months, reaching a peak infestation with the severe attack of nearly all trees in the plot; (iii), a sharp decline in the number of attacks and population over the next 12–18 months due to a lack of nest sites and food and (iv), a slow decline over a protracted period. The variation (313 to 6220) in the maximum number of infested branchlets on the trees in the plot at peak attack was great, due to the differing amounts of foliage and size of the trees, but it usually represented an estimated 85–95% of the foliage.A comparative study of seedling resistance of the two major plantation species, hoop pine and klinkii pine (Araucaria hunsteinii) was carried out at Bulolo in 1967 using seedlings from the local nursery and placing them in cages with large quantities of infested foliage. Over a two-month period, no colonies of H. araucariae were established in the klinkii pine seedlings and only three of 32 attacks recorded in the hoop pine seedlings had produced brood. Infestation of seedlings was extremely rare in the plantations and natural stands. On the other hand, most trees aged 2·5 to 12 years in the plantations at Bulolo and Wau were susceptible to severe infestation. Older trees were seldom severely attacked. Klinkii pine has proved non-susceptible to attack. In studies of impact in three plots of 1000 trees at Bulolo from 1967–1971, least growth increment and highest mortality was recorded in the plot that had been initially severely affected by the scolytid. In contrast, good growth and low mortality was recorded in the plot of healthy trees. They were later exposed to severe infestation from the adjacent plantation of young 3–4 year-old trees, but escaped relatively unscathed. In another study of impact at Bulolo from 1967–1972, the effect of two levels of pruning on subsequent growth and re-infestation was examined. The results indicated that site also strongly affected the situation, with little growth and high mortality evident on poor sites. Secondary insects, notably the weevil Vanapa oberthueri Pouillaude, were an important factor contributing to mortality among the stressed trees.

A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope Study of Leaf Axil Structure in Araucaria cunninghamii

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Leaf Axil ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Hoop Pine ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Plasmodesmatal Frequency ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Storage Products ◽  
Araucaria Cunninghamii

The cells of active plant meristems are characterised by their small size, thin walls and a full complement of organelles, most noticeably a large nucleus surrounded by densely staining, little-vacuolated cytoplasm. The axillary meristems of Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don (hoop pine) possess a similar ultrastructure, even though they quickly assume a near complete, potentially permanent quiescence following their detachment from the flanks of the actively dividing apical meristem. However, they differ from metabolically active cells in that those organelles and structures associated with cytokinesis and cell wall formation are either absent (microtubules) or infrequent and in an apparently inactive state (smooth endoplasmic reticulum, non-vesiculating dictyosomes, nuclei with a low heterochromatin to euchromatin ratio). In addition, storage products (starch, lipid globules), usually not present in metabolically active cells, are well developed. In addition to not developing a bud-like organisation, the meristems are also unlike typical axillary buds in that they have no vascular or provascular connections with the axial vascular tissues and are bounded adaxially by a group of thick-walled cells. While these cells constitute a physical barrier around the axillary meristems, they are nucleated and possess numerous simple pits that have a high plasmodesmatal frequency. Thus it appears that the meristems are not physiologically isolated, but are in cytoplasmic continuity with the remainder of the plant.

Effects of metabolizable protein on intake and milk production of dairy cows independent of effects on ruminal digestion

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Faverdin ◽  
D. M’hamed ◽  
R. Vérité
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

AbstractThe rôle of protein in food intake regulation is complex in ruminants. Previous research has shown that a deficiency in degradable nitrogen (N) could affect microbial activity and decrease intake. On the other hand, an increase in metabolizable protein content of the diet seems to stimulate food intake in lactating dairy cows. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether metabolizable protein supply plays a direct rôle in the stimulation of food intake. Treatments comprised two infusions of soya protein isolate (800 g/day) either into the rumen (RP) or into the duodenum (DP), which were compared with two iso-energy infusions of glucose (880 g/day) either into the rumen (RG) or into the duodenum (DG). Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows producing 36·5 kg/day of milk were assigned to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design with periods of 4 weeks. Duodenal infusions of protein (DP) significantly increased (P < 0·05) dry-matter intake (DMI) ( +1·9 kg/day), rate of intake ( + 8·2 g DMI per min), milk yield ( + 4 kg/day), protein content ( + 2·3 g/kg) and protein yield ( +191 g/day) compared with the glucose infusion in the duodenum (DG). No significant effect was observed with ruminal infusion of protein (RP) compared with the glucose infusion in the rumen (RG). The protein infusions had no effect (P > 0·05) on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral-detergent fibre or acid-detergent fibre and also no or only small effects on ruminal fermentation variables. Plasma concentrations of most of the essential amino acids increased significantly with the duodenal infusion of protein, whereas ruminal infusion of protein had no significant effect. It is concluded that direct supply of metabolizable protein stimulates intake independently of ruminal digestion effects.

Distinguishing the Woods of Araucaria Cunninghamii (Hoop Pine) and Araucaria Bidwilli (Bunya Pine)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ilie
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hoop Pine ◽  
Araucaria Cunninghamii

Araucaria today is endemic to the Southern Hemisphere, with three species in Australia. Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D.Don (Hoop Pine) and A. bidwilli Hook. (Bunya Pine) were cut in the past and marketed together as Colonial Pine. Today only A. cunninghamii is cut commercially, mainly from plantations established in the last few decades.

Digestion site and extent of carbohydrate fractions in steers offered by-product diets, as determined by detergent and enzymatic methods

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Taniguchi ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
H. Uchikawa ◽  
T. Obitsu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

AbstractThe objective was to elucidate the influences of two analytical methods, which employed neutral detergent or enzymes, on the digestion of carbohydrate fractions in the rumen and post-rumen of steers. Structural carbohydrates in diets and digesta were directly measured using both procedures and the contents of non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) and non-fibre non-starch polysaccharides (NFSP) were estimated by subtracting the structural carbohydrates and other components from the organic matter. Carbohydrate sources were Italian ryegrass and rolled barley in the control diet and, in each of other three diets, Italian ryegrass and rolled barley plus either beet pulp, citrus pulp or soya-bean hulls. All diets contained similar proportions of dry matter as crude protein, structural carbohydrates and NFC but the starch proportion of the NFC was different in each diet, as follows: control (0·62), beet pulp (0·48), citrus pulp (0·30) and soya-bean hulls (0·63). Four Holstein steers with ruminal, duodenal and Heal cannulas were offered the four diets in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. Estimated digestibilities of the structural carbohydrates in the rumen and the whole tract were greater (P < 0·01) when the detergent method was used than when the enzymatic method was used. The maximal difference in the ruminal digestion among the four diets was only 0·05 by the detergent method but 0·17 by the enzymatic method. Conversely, the digestibility of NFC in the rumen, as estimated from the detergent structural carbohydrates was less (P < 0.01) than that estimated from enzymatic structural carbohydrates with no evident differences among the four diets. Starch digestibility in the rumen was extensive for all diets but the ruminal digestibility of NFSP was much lower in the control and soya-bean hull diets, especially when it was estimated using the detergent method. The duodenal flow of microbial protein was greater (P < 0·05) for the beet pulp and citrus pulp diets than for the control. The acetate concentration of the ruminal fluids ranged from 84 for the control diet to 128 mmol/l for the soya-bean hulls diet. The digestion of carbohydrate fractions and the fermentation characteristics in the rumen suggested that the enzymatic method is the more appropriate method for fractionating carbohydrates.

Eurhamphus pancinii, a new species of the genus Eurhamphus Shuckard, 1838 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae: Orthorhinini) from West Papua

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4613 (3) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
ROBERT S. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hoop Pine ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Araucaria Cunninghamii ◽  
A New Species

Eurhamphus pancinii n. sp. is described based on a series of specimens collected in West Papua, in the Arfak Mountains and on Yapen Island. The only other species in the genus is Eurhamphus fasciculatus Shuckard known from New South Wales northwards into Queensland in Australia. The new species is distinguished from E. fasciculatus by the pronotum and elytra with the glabrous raised areas between the rows of scales very narrow, and elytra with sutural and interstria 3 low and evenly rounded throughout length, elytra in profile not humped towards base (both sexes), and in males by a shorter, less strongly dorsally granulate rostrum, front and middle tibia with inner margins with a very small subapical tooth, and inner edge of front tibia with only a few short, subapical hairs. Eurhamphus fasciculatus is associated with Hoop Pine, Araucaria cunninghamii and although no plant associations are available for specimens of the new species it is expected to be similarly associated with Araucaria. 

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