The nutritive characteristics of herbage consumed by grazing dairy cows affect milk yield responses obtained from concentrate supplementation

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Marginal Returns

The results of 7 experiments, conducted during 1994–95 (year 1) and 1995–96 (year 2) at the Kyabram Dairy Centre in northern Victoria, were collated to test the hypothesis that nutritive characteristics of the herbage consumed by dairy cows will affect responses to concentrates. In 6 experiments, lactating Friesian cows grazing irrigated perennial pastures were either unsupplemented or were offered 5 kg DM/cow.day of a high energy concentrate (pellets comprised of 75% barley and 25% wheat); in the other experiment, cows received 0 and 3 kg DM/cow.day. Four experiments, each of 5 weeks duration, were completed during year 1, and 3 experiments of 4 weeks duration were conducted during year 2. The mean metabolisable energy concentration of the herbage consumed in each experiment varied with season, being highest in spring (10.1–11.3 MJ/kg DM), and lowest from summer to early autumn (8.3–9.0 MJ/kg DM). It is suggested that milk responses attributed to feeding high energy supplements were influenced by characteristics of the herbage eaten in conjunction with the supplement. The highest marginal responses to concentrate supplementation occurred in summer and early autumn when pastures, which were dominated by paspalum and other poor quality species, were low in energy. Responses at that time (≥1.0 kg milk per kg DM of concentrates) were greater than in spring (≤0.6 kg milk/kg DM). A significant negative relationship existed between marginal returns of fat-corrected milk and metabolisable energy concentration of the herbage consumed (100R2 = 80.6) and several published data sets provided support for this result. Possible reasons for this outcome, including variations in substitution between experiments, confounding with stage of lactation, variable partitioning of nutrients and imbalances in dietary crude protein and neutral detergent fibre, were examined. Of these explanations, fibre insufficiency in spring appeared the most probable. The possibility that the lower marginal returns in spring are associated with fibre insufficiency requires further investigation.

Effects of pasture and supplement quality on the responses of lactating dairy cows to high energy supplements

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale ◽  
R Currie ◽  
TE Trigg
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
Marginal Returns ◽  
Basal Ration

An experiment was conducted in which 30 stall-fed dairy cows were fed a basal ration of either good or poor quality pasture (approx. 7 kg DM) and supplemented with varying amounts of either crushed wheat or a pelleted. high energy supplement (0, 4 kg/clay or ad libitum). The cows were in their third month of lactation and were fed their allotted rations for 5 weeks. Where no supplements were fed, the approximate 9% difference in digestibility between pasture types resulted in differences in daily production of 2.4 kg milk/cow, 0.07 kg milk fat/cow and 0.06 kg milk protein/cow, and a difference of 0.4 units of body condition over a 5-week period. Where supplements were fed, responses depended on the interaction between a supplement and basal ration. With good quality pasture as the basal ration, the type of supplement was not important; marginal returns of milk products to extra feeding were similar for both supplements, for example, 1.0 kg milk/cow.day was produced for each additional kg of concentrate consumed. There was a reduction in milk fat production when more than about 5-6 kg DM of supplement was fed. This was due to a depression in the fat content of the milk which was associated with low dietary fibre (<250 g/kg of dietary neutral detergent fibre). However. when pellets were fed to cows offered poor quality pasture. a reduction in milk fat yield did not occur. When wheat supplemented poor quality pasture, on the other hand, deficiencies other than fibre were implicated. While fibre was the most important limitation to productivity when good quality pasture was supplemented with concentrates, protein was the most likely nutrient to limit productivity first when poor quality pasture formed the basal ration. The potential exists for major imbalances of nutrients to occur unless the composition of dietary components is known.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION AND EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE ORGANIZATION OF MILKING COW TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
A. Zolotarov ◽  
I. Sediuk ◽  
V. Piskun ◽  
S. Zolotarova
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Feeding Technology

One of the important parts of the technology of industrial milk production is the organization of the technology of feeding dairy cows, as in the cost of milk feeding costs reach 70%. To determine the effectiveness of the introduction of new approaches to the organization of feeding dairy cows, it is necessary to conduct a more detailed analysis – not only to determine the impact on dairy productivity, but also to take into account the economic component. Obtaining high milk yields is impossible due to unbalanced rations, poor quality feed and imperfect feed preparation technology. The use in practice of new approaches in balancing feeding rations allows to achieve the tasks at lower cost. The elements of feeding technology of dairy cows were introduced and the efficiency of using high-energy protein supplement with protected protein TEP-mix on two groups of dairy cows with a productivity of 15–20 kg per day was determined. The introduction of the proposed supplement to the diet provided an increase in the content of undigested protein in the rumen from 24.0 % to 34.0 % in the diet. This allowed not only to increase the milk productivity of cows, but also to improve the quality of milk. It was found that with the introduction of supplements in cows of the experimental group, in the rations of which used TEP-mix, the daily milk yield of cows increased by an average of 3.68 kg (from 12.0 to 15.68 kg), and in terms on the basic fat content – by 5.45 kg (from 13.24 to 18.68 kg), the fat content – by 0.30 abs. % (from 3.75 to 4.05 %), protein – by 0, 27 abs. % (from 2.95 to 3.22). At the same time, the average daily income per 1 cow in the sale of basic fat milk increased by UAH 41.65. (from UAH 26.46 to UAH 68.11), and the profit per 1 kg of milk of basic fat content – by UAH 1.65. (from UAH 2.00 to UAH 3.65). Based on multicriteria analysis, it was found that when using different approaches to the organization of feeding technology for dairy cows, the one that uses the additive TEP-mix with protected protein is more profitable.

The effect of diet and condition score on fasting heat production of non-producing dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
J.W. Birnie ◽  
R.E. Agnew ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

The metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) has been derived from measurements of fasting heat production (FHP) with non-lactating cattle, with, for example, ARC (1980) using published data on steers to develop equations to calculate the MEm of dairy cattle. Recent studies at this Institute (Yan et al. 1997 a&b) have produced estimates of MEm, through either direct measurement of FHP, or the use of regression techniques for producing animals and concluded that MEm was higher than those in published feeding standards (ARC, 1980; AFRC, 1993). The objective of the present experiments was to explore possible reasons for the differences, such as the effect of cow body condition score (CS) on FHP and the effect of level and type of diet given during the pre-fasting period on FHP.

Changes in nutritive characteristics associated with plant height, and nutrient selection by dairy cows grazing four perennial pasture grasses

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
D. Bullen ◽  
C. Hutcheson ◽  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
M. H. Deighton
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Nutrient Selection ◽  
Selection Differentials

Previous research has documented nutritive characteristics of perennial ryegrass-based pastures and subsequent nutrient-selection differentials when dairy cows graze such pastures, but there has been little comparable research on alternative pasture grasses. The aim of the present study was to compare the pre-grazing nutritive characteristics of four perennial grasses, how nutrients vary with plant height, and selection differentials achieved by dairy cows grazing these grasses in late winter and late spring. The study utilised an established field experiment, with four replicates of monoculture swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.), in western Gippsland, Victoria. Eighty individual tillers per replicate were sampled to ground level immediately pre- and post-grazing in late winter (July–August, vegetative tillers only) and late spring (November–December, vegetative and reproductive tillers sampled separately), dissected into three height categories (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10+ cm) and analysed for nutritive characteristics. For vegetative tillers in both seasons, perennial ryegrass had the highest estimated metabolisable energy concentration and lowest neutral detergent fibre concentration of all species. In spring, reproductive tillers had consistently lower nutritive characteristics than did vegetative tillers. Selection differentials, calculated as the ratio of nutritive characteristics selected by the herd to that available pre-grazing, showed that cows selected herbage with higher crude protein concentration but there was little evidence for selection of higher metabolisable energy concentration. The selection differentials reflected the vertical distribution of nutrients in the tillers. The present results have provided new information to assist in developing grazing guidelines for alternative perennial grasses.

The response to concentrate supplementation of dairy cows grazing late summer/autumn grass

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 127-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Ferris ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Summer Grazing

While the milk yield response of spring calving dairy cows to concentrate supplementation during the main summer grazing period has been examined in a number of studies, there is little information available concerning the milk yield response to supplementation in late summer/early autumn. With milk yield at this stage of the lactation having declined considerably, supplementation might appear unnecessary. However, herbage quality and availability are also lower in late season, and as such, responses to concentrate supplementation might be expected. This study was conducted to examine the milk yield response to concentrate supplementation of dairy cows grazing late summer/autumn grass.

The relationship between metabolisable energy concentration and nutrient digestibility in grass silages offered to sheep at maintenance

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
T. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Feeding Systems

The energy feeding systems used for dairy cows recommend that the metabolisable energy (ME) concentration of a feed at maintenance feeding level is calculated from its digestible nutrients. The objective of the present study was to develop equations to calculate the ME concentration from digestibility data for grass silages

Energy Intakes of Ultraendurance Cyclists During Competition, an Observational Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Black ◽  
Paula M.L. Skidmore ◽  
Rachel C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
And Performance

Endurance events >10 hr are becoming increasingly popular but provide numerous physiological challenges, several of which can be attenuated with optimal nutritional intakes. Previous studies in ultraendurance races have reported large energy deficits during events. The authors therefore aimed to assess nutritional intakes in relation to performance among ultraendurance cyclists. This observational study included 18 cyclists in a 384-km cycle race. At race registration each cyclist’s support crew was provided with a food diary for their cyclist. On completion of the race, cyclists were asked to recall their race food and drink intakes. All food and fluids were analyzed using a computer software package. Mean (SD) time to complete the race was 16 hr 21 min (2 hr 2 min). Mean (SD) energy intake was 18.7 (8.6) MJ, compared with an estimated energy requirement for the race of 25.5 (7.4) MJ. There was a significant negative relationship between energy intake and time taken to complete the race (p = .023, r2 = −.283). Mean (SD) carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes were 52 (27), 15.84 (56.43), and 2.94 (7.25) g/hr, respectively. Only carbohydrate (p = .015, r2 = −.563) and fat intake (p = .037, r2 = −.494) were associated with time taken to complete the race. This study demonstrates the difficulties in meeting the high energy demands of ultraendurance cycling. The relationship between energy intake and performance suggests that reducing the energy deficit may be advantageous. Given the high carbohydrate intakes of these athletes, increasing energy intake from fat should be investigated as a means of decreasing energy deficits.

Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 46-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Leaver ◽  
R.C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

scholarly journals The Effect of Concentrate Supplementation on Nutrient Flow to the Omasum in Dairy Cows Receiving Freshly Cut Grass

2005 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1443-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sairanen ◽  
H. Khalili ◽  
J.I. Nousiainen ◽  
S. Ahvenjärvi ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nutrient Flow ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation

scholarly journals PSII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effect of ruminal protozoa on methane emissions in ruminants – a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 397-398
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Dai ◽  
Kenneth Kalscheur ◽  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Antonio Faciola
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document