Phosphate sorption and extractable iron in soils during irrigated rice-upland crop rotations

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (104) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Willett ◽  
ML Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Rice Soils ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Hydrous Oxides ◽  
Upland Crop ◽  
Extractable Iron

Two field experiments were conducted, in which phosphate sorptivity, acetate-(pH 4.8) and oxalate-(pH 3.0) extractable iron levels were monitored during irrigated rice-wheat-wheat and rice-fallow maize rotations in two clay soil types. Flooding for the rice crop markedly increased levels of phosphate sorptivity and extractable iron. On drainage of the rice crops, levels decreased rapidly but did not immediately return to levels occurring in the soils before flooding. Thereafter, levels of phosphate sorptivity and acetate-extractable iron slowly decreased during the following 21 months. Levels of oxalate-extractable iron in drained rice soils showed no consistent trends. The changes in phosphate sorptivity are described in terms of possible changes in the form of the iron hydrous oxides in the soil. The results indicated that the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizer to crops after rice should increase with time after drainage of the rice crop. More efficient use of phosphate fertilizer may be achieved by delaying the sowing of the following crop for as long as possible. There appeared to be little prospect for increasing the rate of decrease in phosphate sorptivity by management practices.

Phosphate sorption by reduced and reoxidized rice soils

Soil Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Willett ◽  
ML Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Flooded Soils ◽  
Rice Soils ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Hydrous Oxides ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Extractable Iron

Intact cores of two rice soils of south-eastern Australia were flooded for 146 days to simulate part of a rice-upland crop rotation. The phosphorus sorptivity, and acetate (pH 4.8) and oxalate (pH 3.0) extractable iron levels were monitored for 210 days, before, during and after flooding. The effects of additional organic matter (rice straw) and the growing of rice plants were examined. In non-flooded soils phosphorus sorptivity was mainly influenced by clay content; there were no relationships between extractable iron and phosphorus sorbed. On flooding there were large increases in acetate and oxalate extractable iron and phosphorus sorptivity. Additional organic matter initially increased the rates of formation of extractable iron, and phosphorus sorptivity increased accordingly. However, with prolonged waterlogging, levels of oxalate iron and phosphorus sorptivity reached values dependent on the free iron oxide content of the soils. The growth of rice plants had no significant effects on phosphorus sorptivity or extractable iron at any time of sampling. During oxidation of previously flooded soils, levels of phosphorus sorptivity and oxalate iron decreased rapidly, but did not return to levels occurring before reduction. The results are consistent with domination of phosphorus sorption processes by ferrous hydrous oxides during the flooded (reduced) phase and by poorly crystalline ferric hydrous oxides during the post-flooding reoxidation phase. Agronomic implications of the results are mentioned.

Assessment of sowing dates and plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean maturity groups in low latitude

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L. S. Sampaio ◽  
R. Battisti ◽  
M. A. Lana ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Crop models can be used to explain yield variations associated with management practices, environment and genotype. This study aimed to assess the effect of plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for low latitudes. The crop model was calibrated and evaluated using data from field experiments, including plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m2), maturity groups (MG 7.7 and 8.8) and sowing dates (calibration: 06 Jan., 19 Jan., 16 Feb. 2018; and evaluation: 19 Jan. 2019). The model simulated phenology with a bias lower than 2 days for calibration and 7 days for evaluation. Relative root mean square error for the maximum leaf area index varied from 12.2 to 31.3%; while that for grain yield varied between 3 and 32%. The calibrated model was used to simulate different management scenarios across six sites located in the low latitude, considering 33 growing seasons. Simulations showed a higher yield for 40 pl per m2, as expected, but with greater yield gain increments occurring at low plant density going from 10 to 20 pl per m2. In Santarém, Brazil, MG 8.8 sown on 21 Feb. had a median yield of 2658, 3197, 3442 and 3583 kg/ha, respectively, for 10, 20, 30 and 40 pl per m2, resulting in a relative increase of 20, 8 and 4% for each additional 10 pl per m2. Overall, the crop model had adequate performance, indicating a minimum recommended plant density of 20 pl per m2, while sowing dates and maturity groups showed different yield level and pattern across sites in function of the local climate.

scholarly journals Initial growth and competitive ability of yellow nutsedge and irrigated rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Westendorff ◽  
D. Agostinetto ◽  
A.R. Ulguim ◽  
A.C. Langaro ◽  
L. Thürmer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Dry Biomass

Weeds cause significant reduction in the irrigated rice crop yield. Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) is adapted to irrigate environment. Information on the competitive ability of the weed to the culture, and their environmental adaptation, are scarce. In this study, we sought to determine the initial growth and competitive ability of yellow nutsedge and irrigated rice, as a function of cultivar growth cycle. Initial growth and competition studies were conducted in a randomized complete design in a greenhouse in the agricultural year 2010/11. For the initial growth study, the treatments consisted of a factorial combination of a biotype of yellow nutsedge and two rice cultivars in the function of the vegetative cycle (BRS Querência: early cycle - IRGA 424: intermediate cycle) and six evaluation times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after emergence). Were evaluated: plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry biomass and root dry biomass. In the competitive ability study in the replacement series, the cultivar BRS Querência (early cycle) and yellow nutsedge were utilized and tested in different proportions of competition (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100). Were evaluated leaf area and aboveground dry biomass. In general, rice cultivars have an adaptive value equivalent to yellow nutsedge. IRGA 424 cultivar has less height than weed, becoming the weed control more important in this cultivar. For rice crop, intraspecific competition is more important, whereas for the weed, interspecific competition is the most pronounced.

Management of fertilizer nitrogen for direct-sown, rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Panda ◽  
R. N. Samantaray ◽  
S. Patnaik
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Band Placement ◽  
Flood Water ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Coated Urea

SummaryField experiments were conducted in wet seasons (June-December) for 4 years on a clay loam Haplaquept, to study the effects of different N management practices on yield, urea and ammonium-N in flood water and N nutrition of an clite rice cv. CR 1009, grown in rainfed lowlands. During the first 3 years of the experiment, fertilizer management practices like band placement of neem-cake-coated urea (NCU), broadcast application of sulphur-coated urea (SCU) at sowing, or point placement of urea supergranules (USG) 3 weeks after germination at 40 kg N/ha gave grain yields of 3·1–3·4 t·ha, which were almost equal to that of split application of prilled urea (PU). In the 4th year of the experiment, besides NCU and USG, single dose applications of PU as band placement, incorporation in the soil at sowing or broadcast incorporation of soil-treated urea at early tillering was also found to have similar effect on grain yield and N uptake as split application of PU. The flood water of the treatment receiving broadcast application of PU at tillering contained some urea and ammonium N, which rapidly decreased to negligible amounts in 3·4 days.The results suggest that, depending upon the feasibility, any one of the single dose application methods at sowing time or 3 weeks after germination may be adopted in this system of rice culture, which avoids top-dressing of PU to surface flowing flood water of greater depths at later stages of crop growth.

scholarly journals Prediction of future methane emission from irrigated rice paddies in central Thailand under different water management practices

2016 ◽  
Vol 566-567 ◽  
pp. 641-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Minamikawa ◽  
Tamon Fumoto ◽  
Toshichika Iizumi ◽  
Nittaya Cha-un ◽  
Uday Pimple ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rice Paddies ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Central Thailand

Investigations in crop husbandry. III. Effect of time of application of sulphate of ammonia to wheat

1936 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Garner ◽  
H. G. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Gravelly Soil ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Crop Husbandry

1. Over a period of six years seven field experiments were carried out to study the effect of the time of application of sulphate of ammonia to autumn-sown wheat.2. Three experiments were located on light gravelly soil which had been farmed highly for some years, and in those three cases sulphate of ammonia decreased yield, irrespective of time of application; the reduction in yield was of the order of 10 per cent. and is ascribed to more lodging and greater incidence of “foot-rot”.3. Three experiments were located on heavy clay soil in poor condition; in these sulphate of ammonia gave percentage increases in yield of 18, 20 and 7.4. Evidence is produced that early dressings of sulphate of ammonia do not affect germination or plant establishment, but that they tend to increase tiller formation by the end of February.

Trace element uptake by two British Columbia forages as affected by poultry manure application

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bomke ◽  
L. E. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Trace Element Uptake

Field experiments evaluated yield response to deep-pit poultry manure application to barley on a clay soil near Prince George and a grass-legume forage on a silty clay loam soil near Chilliwack, B.C. Substantial dry matter yield increases were measured at manure applications up to 20 t ha−1. Subsamples of both crops and the poultry manure were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Mn, Ba, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, B and Co. Selenium analyses were made on selected crop samples. There were no indications of toxicity problems even at 40 t ha−1, the highest application. Copper and Zn concentrations in forages were increased by the poultry manure and the Mn/Cu ratio tended to decrease with manure application. Key words: Orchardgrass, ladino clover, barley, micronutrients

The Survival of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Over Winter in Western Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-987
Author(s):  
Touhidur Rahman ◽  
Sonya Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Mild Winter

Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most economically important pest insects of fruit crops worldwide. Mediterranean fruit fly can cause up to 100% crop loss in susceptible fruit. In order to formulate best management practices, it is critical to understand how Mediterranean fruit fly overwinters in a given geographical location and bridge the gap between autumn and spring populations. In this study, we evaluated the overwintering potential of Mediterranean fruit fly immature and adult stages in two locations in Perth Hills, Western Australia. We also monitored wild adult Mediterranean fruit fly populations for 2 yr. Adults were present year-round with captures very low in winter to early spring relative to summer and autumn. Field experiments revealed that immature stages in apples (eggs/first instar) and soil (pupae) remained viable in winter, emerging as adults at the onset of warmer weather in spring. In field cages, adults survived 72–110 d, and female laid viable eggs when offered citrus fruit, though only 1–6% eggs survived to emerge as adults. Adults survived longer in field cages when offered live citrus branch. The findings suggest that all Mediterranean fruit fly life stages can survive through mild winter, and surviving adults, eggs in the fruit and/or pupae in the soil are the sources of new population that affect the deciduous fruit crops in Perth. We recommend that Mediterranean fruit fly monitoring is required year-round and control strategies be deployed in spring. Furthermore, we recommend removal of fallen fruit particularly apple and other winter fruit such as citrus.

scholarly journals ADVANCES IN PUMICE LAND DEVELOPMENT

1971 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
M.R.J. Toxopeus
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Legume Seed

Field experiments, conducted mainly on the severely phosphorus deficient pumice soils of the Rangitaiki Plateau, have shown tha: pasture and lucerne will establish rapidly and grow vigorously, provided: (1) The legume seed is inoculated and, preferably, coated. (2) The seed is sown very early in spring, into a consolidated seedbed. (3) A heady rate omf superphosphate is applied, 10 cwt/ac for pasure, and up to 20cwt/ac for lucerne. Drilling of some phosphate fertilizer with the seed is desirable. (4) Potassium and magnesium fertilizers are applied where neces sary. (5) The seedbed for lucerne is prepared with 1 ton/at lime. The base fertilizer for this crop should include copper and boron, and the seed should be drilled with 3 cwt/ac lime.

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