Effects of time and rate of application of herbicides on serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) and improved pasture species. 2. Tetrapion

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
AR Gilmour ◽  
DT Vere
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Improved Pasture

The effects of time and rate of application of tetrapion on burnt and unburnt serrated tussock, growing with and without improved species, were measured in four experiments carried out near Bathurst, New South Wales, between 1975 and 1978. Tetrapion proved effective in killing unburnt serrated tussock when applied in each season of the year. The most economical rates proved to be 1.00 kg a.i, ha-1 in spring and summer and 1.33 kg a.i. ha-1 in autumn and winter. Tetrapion was also effective in killing serrated tussock that had been burnt six and nine months before spraying. Although tetrapion had harsh phytotoxic effects on Phalaris aquatica and Trioflium repens growing in association with serrated tussock, these improved species recovered. Thus it proved possible to selectively remove serrated tussock from P. aquatica and T. repens by using tetrapion. Based on 1979 costs, tetrapion appears an economic alternative to other herbicides currently used to kill serrated tussock.

Mineral nitrogen fluctuations in soils under improved pasture in Southern New South Wales

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Improved Pasture

Soils under improved pasture on the Southern Tableland of New South Wales accumulated nitrate in substantial quantities during the summer and autumn. In this respect they behaved quite unlike the pasture soils which have been studied in most of the earlier literature, and they resembled cultivated fallow soils, which usually accumulate nitrate at the same time of the year. The nitrate was produced mainly in the top inch of soil; ammonium also accumulated under certain conditions. The precise sequence of climatic events, particularly the period of drying between consecutive wettings, was of primary importance in the nitrate accumulation. The nitrate produced during summer and early autumn disappeared from the topsoil after heavy rain in autumn and winter. The seasons could therefore be distinguished as a nitrogen-rich summer and autumn, a nitrogen-depleting winter, and a nitrogen-poor early spring, with an increasing supply of mineral nitrogen during late spring. No appreciable fluctuations in mineral nitrogen were found in soils resown directly from native pasture with less than 0.10% total nitrogen at 0-2 in.

The influence of various factors on survival rate to weaning of Merino lambs. I. Sex, strain, location, and age of ewe for single-born lambs

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lax ◽  
Turner H Newton
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
New South ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Improved Pasture

The influence of sex, strain, location, and age of ewe on survival rate to weaning of single-born Merino lambs has been examined in two sets of data: the strain trial, involving five strains run without selection at each of three locations (Cunnamulla, Qld.; Armidale, on the northern tablelands of New South Wales; Deniliquin, in the Riverina area of New South Wales), with six age groups of ewes; and the same five strains later included in selection groups at Armidale with seven age groups of ewes. The strain trial at Armidale ran mainly on native, and the selection groups mainly on improved pastures. Female lambs had a higher survival rate than either castrated or entire males, the differences in lambs weaned per lamb born being 0.03 and 0.04 respectively. No strain differences could be regarded as statistically significant, and neither could the strain x location interaction in the strain trial. Mean survival rates for the strains ranged from 0.673 to 0.786 on the Armidale native and from 0.802 to 0.850 on the Armidale improved pasture, from 0.746 to 0.859 at Cunnamulla, and from 0.838 to 0.894 at Deniliquin. The strains did not rank consistently in the same order. Location had a marked effect on survival rate, the means being 0.744 for the native and 0.824 for the improved pasture at Armidale, 0.810 at Cunnamulla, and 0.868 at Deniliquin. Age of ewe had a marked influence in the poorest environment (Armidale native pasture), survival rate rising with age and later falling sharply. The effect was less marked in the intermediate environments (Armidale improved pasture and Cunnamulla) and negligible at Deniliquin. The patterns at Cunnamulla and Deniliquin are confirmed by data from other experiments on these stations. Survival rate is one component of number of lambs weaned. The other component, number of lambs born, has a higher mean value at Deniliquin than Cunnamulla, but shows a strong association with age of ewe in both environments. Number of lambs born responds rapidly to selection, but no information is yet available concerning the likely response in survival rate. If improvement in environment can raise the survival rate, particularly in the youngest and oldest ewes, then selection for number of lambs born, combined with improved environment, should lead to a marked rise in the number of lambs weaned.

Effect of surface-sown pod:seed mixtures on serradella establishment and persistence on rangelands in central New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
M. H. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Improved Pasture ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Aerial sowing is the only option for introducing improved pasture species into much of the non-arable, acid soil rangelands in central New South Wales. However, low germination of seeds in serradella pods is a major problem causing poor establishment. Sowing different combinations of pod and seed was investigated as a means of improving germination and subsequent persistence in an experiment between 1993 and 1997. Results indicated that a pod:seed mixture of 75:25 was the most suitable ratio for establishing yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) when broadcast into native grassland on hardsetting, non-arable, acidic hill country. Nodulation failure observed at this cold tablelands site confirmed the need for a more winter-active inoculant for yellow serradella.

Establishing surface-sown pastures in a Poa labillardieri-Themeda australis association

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
MJ Keys ◽  
RD Murison ◽  
JJ Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Before And After

The effects of time and rate of application of glyphosate, 2,2-DPA and tetrapion on Poa labillardieri and Themeda australis were measured in seven experiments carried out 55 km south of Braidwood, on the southern tablelands of New South Wales between 1980 and 1982. In an eighth experiment (1981) and in a 35-ha demonstration (1983), at the same site, the effects of applying herbicides (before and after the autumn break) and surface-sowing Phalaris aquatica, Festuca arundinacea and Trifiolium repens with fertiliser on the control of P. labillardieri were ascertained. All three herbicides proved effective in reducing the ground cover of P. labillardieri from applications at any time of the year. For T. australis, tetrapion proved effective when applied at any time of the year, while glyphosate and 2,2-DPA were effective in all seasons except winter. Glyphosate at rates between 0.72 and 1.44 kg/ha a.i. was more cost effective than 2,2-DPA (11.1 kg/ha a.i.) and tetrapion (3.75 kg/ha a.i.). Best establishment and development of sown grasses and legumes was attained by applying herbicides after the autumn break but before heavy frosts, and then surface-sowing 1-3 months later. Control of P. labillardieri was best where P. aquatica and F. arundinacea established most densely.

The Demography of Feral Pigs (Sus Scrofa) in Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales.

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Saunders
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
New South ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Postnatal Mortality ◽  
Alpine Population ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The demography of a sub-alpine population of feral pigs was examined at Kosciusko National Park in south-eastern New South Wales. Reproductive data and age structures indicated a seasonal pattern of breeding, most births occurring in summer and autumn. It is proposed that a decreasing availability of high protein food in the autumn and winter months caused reduced rates of conception. Sows produced 0.84 litters per year with postnatal mortality as high as 85%. The population appeared relatively stable at a density of 1.6 pigs kg-2. Hunting, although illegal in a national park, removed 4.4-15.4% of pigs each year. The overall health and body condition of pigs was good, with no evidence of heavy parasitic burdens or disease. Age-specific body weight and body length in this study were greater than those reported for pigs in semi-arid wester New South Wales.

Diet of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in South-west New South Wales, with relevance to lamb predation.

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
IW Lugton
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
South West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Preferred Foods ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The diets of 212 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the far south-west of New South Wales were determined between 1985 and 1989 and compared with other Australian studies. Mammalian remains, at an overall occurrence of 99.1%, formed the basis of the diet during the autumn and winter months. The most frequently occurring mammals were rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (34.9%), sheep (Ovis aries) (30.7%) and macropods (Macropus spp.) (20.3%). Insects occurred in 31.1% of stomachs and formed a substantial proportion of the diet. Fresh newborn lamb was identified in only 3.8% of all stomachs, but evidence of lamb consumption was 10 times greater (35.2%) from foxes collected near lambing flocks. Other studies around lambing flocks have also shown a high occurrence of fresh lamb in fox stomachs and there is circumstantial evidence that predation of lambs by foxes can be common. It was concluded that lamb predation is likely to be severe where the fox population density is high, where older foxes predominate, and where alternative preferred foods are scarce. More research is required to confirm these observations.

Influence of panicle fragment size on ant seed-harvesting and seedling recruitment in Phalaris aquatica

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
R. A. Culvenor
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Naked Seed ◽  
Seed Harvesting ◽  
Second Year

Successful seedling recruitment events in sparse stands of the grass Phalaris aquatica (phalaris) are rare. A major contributing factor to this situation is the seed-harvesting activity of ants. In recently developed cultivars of phalaris, the seed is retained within the glumes of the floret and is shed in a seed-retaining panicle fragment. We tested the hypothesis that seed contained in panicle fragments was less likely to be harvested by ants than naked seed and that this would be reflected in increased seedling recruitment. Observations of ant seed-harvesting activity and records of seedling recruitment following dispersal of seed and panicle fragments onto field plots were made at Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, and Tamworth, New South Wales, over 2 years. In the second year, the effects of 2 pasture renovation treatments (sheep-grazing and shallow-discing) on seedling recruitment from seed and panicle fragments were examined. Averaged over the 2 localities, 4% of large-sized (>10�florets), 13% of medium-sized (5-10 florets) and 27% of the small-sized (2 or 3 florets) panicle fragments were harvested in a 24 h period by ants (mainly Pheidole spp.), compared with 83% of the naked phalaris seed. The effects of panicle fragment size on recruitment were variable depending on site in the first year and the interaction of site and renovation treatments in the second year, but contrary to expectation, recruitment often was not higher in panicle fragment treatments than in seeded treatments. Seedling recruitment at Canberra (a hardsetting sandy loam) was lower (22 plants/m2 from naked seed and 15 plants/m2 from seed in panicle fragments) because of the competition from existing vegetation and germination of subterranean clover from the seedbank, than at Tamworth (a self-mulching red chromosol; 179 plants/m2 from naked seed and 118 plants/m2 from seed in panicle fragments), where seedling recruitment was also significantly increased by the sheep-grazing renovation treatment. At Tamworth, a larger seedbank was recovered from plots of oversown panicle fragments compared with plots oversown with naked phalaris seed. This suggested that protection of seeds in panicle fragments over the summer months on the Tablelands of New South Wales would increase the time over which phalaris seeds are available for recruitment. Further work is needed to test seedling recruitment in panicle shattering v. non-shattering phalaris populations and to define the conditions under which the seedbank contained in the panicle fragments can be exploited to improve stand persistence.

Feeding behaviour of the squirrel glider at Bungawalbin Nature Reserve, north-eastern New South Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Sharpe ◽  
R. L. Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Acacia Gum ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Squirrel Glider ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The diet of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) was described by qualitative observations of feeding behaviour at a floristically rich site on the north coast of New South Wales. Twelve gliders from six groups were examined over a 10-month period. Flowering and bark-shedding data were also collected. Nectar and pollen were the most important food resources and accounted for 59% of all observations. Banksia integrifolia was the most important source of these foods, but eucalypts were used heavily when in flower and several other genera were also visited. Feeding on arthropods constituted 26% of all feeding observations. Arthropods were harvested in all months of the study from a variety of substrates. Feeding on arthropods was relatively unimportant in May and June when pollen ingestion was presumed to be high. Honeydew was used but was absent from the diet during winter. Acacia gum was obtained from two species in autumn and one, Acacia irrorata, was incised to promote gum production. Corymbia intermedia and Angophora woodsiana were incised for sap in autumn and winter. Sap flows resulting from insect (borer) damage on other species were also used. Fruit, Acacia seeds and arils, and lichens were consumed on a few occasions. The squirrel glider displayed seasonal trends in feeding behaviour that, in part, accorded with observed phenological patterns. The foods used by the squirrel glider during this study were similar to those previously reported for the genus. However, few studies have documented such a diversity of dietary items at one site. Management of the squirrel glider appears to require the maintenance of floristic diversity, and particularly the persistence of midstorey species.

Use of herbicides for selective removal of Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees from a Phalaris aquatica pasture

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Campbell ◽  
JJ Dellow ◽  
MJ Keys ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Selective Removal ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Eragrostis Curvula ◽  
South Wales

In the main experiment, the effectiveness of tetrapion, glyphosate and 2,2-DPA in selectively removing Eragrostis curvula from a Phalaris aquatica pasture was determined by applying each at three rates in July 1980, September 1980, December 1980 and March 1981 near Braidwood, New South Wales. Auxiliary experiments were conducted from April 1981 to April 1983 to determine the reliability of herbicide effect on E. curvula. Tetrapion (2.25 and 3.375 kg/ha a.i.) was the most effective herbicide in killing E. curvula and promoting P. aquatica and Trifolium subterraneum. It was more selective when applied in September 1980 and December 1980 than when applied in July 1980 or March 198 1. Re-infestation by E. curvula seedlings in the 3 years after spraying with tetrapion amounted to a maximum of 3% of ground cover. In the auxiliary experiments, tetrapion was effective on all nine occasions of application, which demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness at any time of the year. Glyphosate (1.08 and 1.62 kg/ha a.i.) was effective in killing E. curvula in March 1981 but this result could not be repeated in March 1982 or March 1983 or in nine other applications at other times in these years. 2,2-DPA (maximum rate 22.2 kg/ha a.i.) was ineffective in killing E. curvula at four times of application. Recovery of the P. aquatica pasture after treatment declined in the order: tetrapion >2,2-DPA>glyphosate.

Effect of shearing time and location on vegetable matter components in the New South Wales woolclip

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Warr ◽  
AR Gilmour ◽  
NK Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
North West ◽  
Merino Wool ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Western Division ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Four shearing times, summer, autumn, winter and spring, were examined in relation to the quantity and type of vegetable fault in Merino wool in seven districts of New South Wales in 1974 and 1975. Shearing time did not affect total vegetable matter (VM) content in six of the seven districts surveyed. Shearing in summer in the Central-West Slopes and Plains lowered (P < 0.05) VM compared with autumn and winter shearing; levels of burr and seed were also lower (P < 0.05). In other districts, burr or seed components were decreased at particular times of shearing, but there was no effect on total VM content. Seed contamination was lowest with spring and summer shearing in all districts in survey 1. Thus, in most districts, shearing time did not reduce VM, but in particular areas such changes may be of considerable value in reducing contamination from individual species. Wools from the North-West Slopes and Plains, Central-West Slopes and Plains and Western Division were heavily contaminated with burr and seed, whereas in wools from the Tablelands and Southern Slopes, seed was the major contaminant.

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