Alkali effects on agricultural wastes and their cell wall fraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (91) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Organic Fraction

Five experiments are reported which examine the effect of alkalis (NaOH, 0-1 4 g/100 g DM ; NH,OH, 0-2.9 g/l00 g DM), reaction time and temperature upon dry matter (DM) digestibility and related properties of mature forage waste materials. Digestion was assessed by microdigestion of test samples in the rumens of fistulated sheep fed lucerne base diets. Digestion of the DM of brewer's grains was increased from 50.2 per cent to 58.5 per cent by application of 2.9 per cent NaOH or NH4OH at room temperature for 24 hours, and to 81.9 per cent when heated to 80�C for 24 hours. Heating at 150�C for 1 hour produced no improvement over heating at 80�C for 24 hours. Average DM digestion of a range of mature grasses was improved by 6.9 per cent by applying 1.5 g NH4OH/100 g DM at room temperature for 17 hours and by 13.7 per cent when heated to 80�C for the same period. The DM digestion of mature legumes did not increase due to these treatments, but when heated with 1.5 g NH4OH/100 g DM to 130�C for 4 hours increased DM digestibility by 16.6 per cent. The digestion of unashed cell wall (CW) and acid detergent (AD) residues in mature grasses was increased by a prior extraction with neutral detergent and acid detergent. In mature legumes these pretreatments had no effect upon digestibility. The unashed (KmnO4 extracted) cellulose residues of grasses and legumes were incompletely digested compared with pure cotton. Both NaOH and the chelating agent EDTA eventually remove the CW-ash fraction and this is associated with increases in CW digestion with increasing level of their application. These chemicals also initially increase and then decrease the organic fraction of the mature forage CW, its ADF and lignin. The digestibility of cell walls of lucerne hay is increased from 24.3 per cent to 43.3 per cent by application of NaOH (9 g /100 g DM) for 2 hours at room temperatures; the corresponding increase for cell walls of wheaten chaff is from 33.9 per cent to 72.3 per cent. It is shown that alkalis induce increases in DM digestion by degrading cell walls and that the cell walls of mature grasses are more easily degraded than are the cell walls of mature legumes.

Selection of alfalfa for a lower initial rate of digestion and corresponding changes in epidermal and mesophyll cell wall thickness

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Goplen ◽  
R. E. Howarth ◽  
G. L. Lees
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Selection Of

A modified nylon bag technique, described in detail in this paper, appears to be an effective method of selecting for a lower initial rate of digestion (IRD) in alfalfa. Breeding for reduced IRD in alfalfa resulted in a 15% reduction in 4-h dry matter disappearance (DMD) after three cycles of selection (ultimate goal of 25–30 % reduction for a bloat-safe alfalfa). No further reduction in IRD occurred with a 4th cycle of selection. The IRD characteristic appears to be expressed at early stages of vegetative growth (pre-bud to early bud) and not at a more advanced stage of maturity (mid-bud to early bloom). The IRD characteristic also appears to be subject to environmental influence. Alfalfa plants selected for reduced IRD have consistently thicker cell walls compared to the unselected alfalfa check cv. Beaver. The advanced cycle 4 LIRD synthetic is being increased for subsequent pasture trials and assessment of bloat reduction. Key words: Nylon bag technique, cell rupture, pasture bloat, initial rate of digestion, cell wall thickness

The cell-wall constituents of Apjohnia laetevirens Harvey

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Stewart ◽  
CJ Dawes ◽  
BM Dickens ◽  
JWP Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Crystalline Aggregates

Cells of the green alga, Apjohnia laeterivens Harvey, have been ruptured in a Waring blendor in order to remove the majority of the protoplast from the cell-wall substances. The cell walls have been shown to contain, apart from extraneous protoplasmic constituents and some encrusting bryozoa, framework microfibrils of cellulose 1 which seem to be associated with pectin-like materials, arabinogalactan matrix substances and, perhaps, a polysaccharide-protein complex; these components appear to represent about 90% of the organic substances in the original organic-solvent extracted cell walls. Less than 25 % of the initial cellulose 1 was converted to cellulose 11 during treatments of several hours' duration at room temperature with aqueous solutions of 24% KOH and 17.5 % NaOH. The low degree of conversion is attributed to the presence of highly ordered and/or large "crystalline" aggregates of �-1,4'-glucan molecules in the cellulosic micelles of the framework microfibrils of the cell walls.

Effects of lasalocid and cationomycin on the digestion of plant cell walls in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Bogaert ◽  
L. Gomez ◽  
J. P. Jouany
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Flow Measurements

The effect of lasalocid and cationomycin on plant cell wall digestion was tested in a Latin square design experiment over three periods on six adult sheep fed three diets: a control diet (T) without antibiotics, a diet (L) with 33 mg kg−1 of lasalocid, and a diet (C) with 33 mg kg−1 of cationomycin. The dry matter and plant cell wall digestibilities were not affected by the addition of antibiotics. The digestive flow measurements at the duodenum showed that the antibiotic had no effect on the apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter and plant cell walls along the digestive tract. This was confirmed by the in sacco feed and pure cellulose rumen degradation measurements. Lasalocid, however, decreased the true digestion of feed dry matter in the rumen, as shown by the duodenal flow measurements after being corrected for microbial dry matter. Compared with the control diet, diets (L) and (C) increased the propionate percentage in the rumen VFA mixture (T = 14.9, L = 19.4, C = 18.9) and decreased acetate (T = 66.1, L = 63.8, C = 65.7) and butyrate (T = 14.1, L = 12.7, C = 11.7) percentages. The addition of antibiotics decreased the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration by 14%. The CO2 to CH4 ratio in the gas mixture was, however, not statistically modified, and no ionophore effect was observed on the protozoa mean population. Key words: Lasalocid, cationomycin, digestion, cell wall carbohydrates, sheep, rumen

A note on digestibility in sheep as influenced by level of intake

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Robertson ◽  
P. J. Van Soest
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Cell Wall Digestibility ◽  
Matter Energy

SUMMARYDigestibility of dry matter, energy and cell wall was measured in two series of digestibility trials in which sheep were fed on pelleted mixed rations containing either 32·0 or 22·6% cell wall at various levels of intake. There were significant depressions in digestibility of all nutritive components as the level of intake increased. The ration lower in cell wall showed smaller declines in dry matter and energy digestibility but a greater decline in cell wall digestibility. The results indicate that the cell wall fraction of concentrate-supplemented rations for sheep is a primary factor in the decline in digestibility observed with increase in level of intake.

scholarly journals The Effect of 3-Indolylacetic Acid on the Binding of Pectin Methylesterase to the Cell Walls of Tobacco Pith

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Glasziou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Indolylacetic Acid ◽  
A Cell

3-Indolylacetic acid (IAA) was found to promote the binding of pectin methylesterase (PME) to a cell wall fraction prepared from tobacco pith, the effect being increased by increasing concentration of IAA to a peak of activity, after which inhibition occurred.

Structure and composition of the alkali-insoluble cell wall fraction of Coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey B. Bottom ◽  
Donald J. Siehr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The alkali-insoluble (R-) fraction from the cell walls of Coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus is a highly branched glucan, containing α-(1 → 4), β-(1 → 3), and β-(1 → 6) linkages as shown by methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and enzymic hydrolysis. The α-(1 → 4)-linked segments are joined by occasional β-(1 → 3) links as suggested by the identification of 2-O-α-glucopyranosyl erythritol in the hydrolysate of the reduced, periodate-oxidized glucan. Hydrolysis of the permethylated glucan gave nearly equimolar amounts of 2,4-di- and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose. Methylation analysis of the residue from enzymic hydrolysis, the "CORE-fraction," indicated the presence of glucose residues in this fraction linked through positions O1, O3, O4, and O6. Hydrolysates of the R-fraction contained mannose, glucosamine, and amino acids in addition to glucose.

HIGH-ROUGHAGE RATIONS WITH OR WITHOUT MONENSIN FOR VEAL PRODUCTION. II. RATION DIGESTIBILITY

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. POMAR ◽  
J. F. BERNIER ◽  
J. R. SEOANE ◽  
L. LATRILLE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-six calves 19–20 wk old (149 ± 17 kg) and forty-eight rams (46 ± 4 kg) were used in two experiments to study the effects of two ground roughages (alfalfa and timothy), their proportion in pelleted rations (20, 40 and 60%) and addition of monensin (0 and 33 ppm) on ration digestibility. Calves and rams were fed the test rations ad libitum for a period of 8 and 5 wk, respectively, before the digestibility trial. Dry matter (DM) digestibility in both species and energy digestibility in calves were significantly higher for the rations containing alfalfa than for those containing timothy; however, digestibility of crude protein (CP) in both animal species and of cell walls (NDF) in calves was lower in alfalfa rations. The two trials revealed an increase in digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and of cell wall (NDF) fractions but a reduction in DM digestibility when the roughage content in the rations increased; the reduction in DM digestibility was larger with timothy than with alfalfa. Addition of monensin did not affect digestion coefficients of DM, ADF and NDF in calves and rams on average. However, a monensin × roughage level interaction indicated a decrease of ADF and NDF digestibility in calves fed 20% roughage and an increase of ADF and NDF digestibility in calves fed 60% roughage. Key words: Alfalfa, timothy roughage level, monensin, calf, sheep

Comparison of Substructures Between Uniaxial and Biaxial Deformation in 1100-0 Aluminum

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
D. L. Rohr ◽  
S. S. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Biaxial Tension ◽  
Initial Deformation ◽  
Uniaxial Deformation ◽  
Biaxial Deformation ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Comprehensive Study

As part of a comprehensive study of microstructural and mechanical response of metals to uniaxial and biaxial deformations, the development of substructure in 1100 A1 has been studied over a range of plastic strain for two stress states.Specimens of 1100 aluminum annealed at 350 C were tested in uniaxial (UT) and balanced biaxial tension (BBT) at room temperature to different strain levels. The biaxial specimens were produced by the in-plane punch stretching technique. Areas of known strain levels were prepared for TEM by lapping followed by jet electropolishing. All specimens were examined in a JEOL 200B run at 150 and 200 kV within 24 to 36 hours after testing.The development of the substructure with deformation is shown in Fig. 1 for both stress states. Initial deformation produces dislocation tangles, which form cell walls by 10% uniaxial deformation, and start to recover to form subgrains by 25%. The results of several hundred measurements of cell/subgrain sizes by a linear intercept technique are presented in Table I.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

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