Influence of level of concentrate feeding on milk production and pasture utilization by Friesian cows grazing tropical grass-legume pasture

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (86) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Cowan ◽  
TM Davison ◽  
P O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Friesian Cows

Four groups of four Friesian cows grazed green panic (Panicum maximum var. trichog1ume)- glycine (Glycine wightii cv. Tinaroo) pastures at 4 cows ha-1 for 36 weeks from January to October 1975. Cows were individually fed 0, 2, 4 and 6 kg cow-1 day-1 respectively of a maize-soybean meal concentrate. Fat corrected milk (FCM) response to concentrate was linear and was related to the total concentrate intake (X) by the equation, FCM = 1992 + 1.03 X (R.S.D. � 23; P < 0.001) Persistency of lactation decreased with decreasing levels of concentrate feeding (P < 0.01) and lactation length was reduced for cows receiving low levels of concentrates (P < 0.05). Milk fat content was reduced (P < 0.05) and solids-not-fat and casein contents increased by concentrate feeding (P < 0.05). Cows fed 6 kg concentrate cow-1 day-1 were 50 kg cow-1 heavier at drying off than cows fed no concentrate (P < 0.05). Pasture yield on offer to cows was increased linearly with increased concentrate feeding (P < 0.05) and pasture intake by cows was estimated to decrease by 0.9 kg for each kg of concentrate fed (P < 0.05). FCM response to concentrate appeared to increase markedly when pasture on offer fell below 2500 kg DM ha-1. We conclude that FCM response to concentrate will usually be linear for cows grazing tropical pastures, and the size of this response will be strongly influenced by the period of feeding and the yield of pasture on offer to cows.

A comparison of four patterns of allocating maize during lactation to Friesian cows grazing tropical pastures

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
WD Jarrett ◽  
P Martin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk yields were compared over a 280-day lactation using four patterns of allocation of a fixed amount of grain. Four groups of four Friesian cows grazed a mixed tropical grass (Panicum maximum) and legume (Neonotonia wightii cv. Tinaroo) pasture at 1.1 cows/ha from January to December 1980. The lactation was split into four feeding periods: days 1 - 10,11- 100,10 1 - 190, 191-280. All cows were fed a total of 610 kg hammermilled maize, with 10 kg grain fed during the initial covariate period. The four feeding patterns were: (i) flat rate (FR), where cows received 2.22 kg grain/day; (ii) all early (AE), where cows received 600 kg grain between days 11 and 100; (iii) high early, low late (HELL), where cows were fed 3.5, 2.17 and 1.0 kg/day for periods 11-100,101-190and 191- 280 days of lactation; and (iv) low early, high late (LEHL), where cows were fed in the reverse pattern to HELL. Milk yields per cow over 280 days were 4145, 3942, 3794 and 3630 kg [l.s.d. (P=0.05)= 436 kg] for HELL, FR, LEHL and AE respectively. There was very poor utilization of grain by cows fed AE. The relation between milk yield and grain intake in days 1 1-100 of lactation was described by the equation: Y= 13.9+ 1.77X-0.18X2 (P<0.01, s.e.b1= 0.48, s.e.b2 = 0.06), where Y = milk yield (kg/cow.day) and X = grain intake (kg/cow.day). Apportioning more grain to late lactation, when pasture on offer was low, did not compensate for the loss of milk production in early lactation by cows fed LEHL. Cows fed LEHL lost more liveweight in early lactation than all other treatments, but regained this weight in late lactation. Cows in all treatments had similar liveweights (mean 518 kg) at 280 days. Milk butterfat and solids-not-fat yields over 280 days were not significantly different (P>0.05) for any of the four treatments.

Management practices for tropical grasses and their effects on pasture and milk production

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (109) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
RT Cowan ◽  
PK O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Yield ◽  
Friesian Cows

Two experiments examined the effect different pasture management strategies had on individual cow milk yield during the summer wet season. In control treatments pasture was continuously grazed. In managed pastures the aim was to produce swards with a high leaf and low stem content. The grasses Panicum maximum cv. Gatton and Brachiaria decumbens were used in both experiments. Experiment one consisted of three pasture treatments; the stock were 1 8 Friesian cows. The control treatment was grazed continuously with no pasture management and was compared with two subjectively applied management treatments in which pasture was either slashed or stocked at variable rates in an attempt to increase pasture quality. The experiment lasted 17 weeks. Each time pastures were slashed or extra cows were added milk yield per cow fell. The lower each grass was slashed or the greater the number of cows added to a paddock the greater the fall in milk yield. Measurements of pasture yield, height and structural composition showed that slashing and variable stocking could increase the leaf percentage in the pasture, but not without seriously decreasing total leaf yield. In experiment two, 24 Friesian cows were used to compare the following treatments over a 10-week period (a) control-continuous grazing, (b) rotational grazing using a 2-week grazing, 2-week spelling regime and (c) rotational grazing with slashing after each grazing period. Milk yields averaged 10.6, 9.8 and 9.6 kg/cow day1, respectively (P> 0.05), and 10.1 and 9.9 kg/cow day-1 for B. decumbens and P. maximum pastures (P> 0.05). As in the first experiment, leaf percentage was increased by management treatments, but not without decreasing total pasture yield to the level where it limited milk production. Leaf yields could only be increased with an associated increase in total pasture yield. It was concluded that grazing management decisions should be based on total pasture on offer rather than any percentage component of total yield.

Milk production from cows grazing on tropical grass pastures. 2. Effects of stocking rate and level of nitrogen fertilizer on milk yield and pasture-milk yield relationships

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Davison ◽  
RT Cowan ◽  
RK Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Friesian Cows

The effects of stocking rate and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application on milk yield from a Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton) pasture were studied over 3 years at Kairi Research Station on the Atherton Tablelands. Thirty-two Friesian cows were used in a 4x2 factorial experiment with treatments 2.0,2.5,3.0 and 3.5 cows/ha, each at 200 and 400 kg N/ha.year. Fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield per cow decreased (P<0.05) with increasing stocking rate according to the equation (� s.e.): Y=3476-276 ( � 111) X (P<0.05), where Y is FCM yield per cow (kg), and X is the stocking rate (cows/ha). FCM yield per hectare increased linearly (Pt0.01) with increasing stocking rate in each year and was represented by the following equations ( � s.e.) for nitrogen applications of 200 and 400 kg/ha.year, respectively: Y = 1584 + 1967 (� 289) X Y = 2366 + 1967 (�289) X (P<0.01), and where Y is FCM yield per hectare (kg) and X is the stocking rate (cows/ha). Milk yield per cow and per hectare were significantly increased by the higher rate of fertilizer application (P<0.01) in year 3, but not in years 1 and 2. Mean FCM yields per cow across years were 2574 and 2858 kg from 200 kg N and 400 kg N pastures respectively (P<0.05). The pasture parameters which were most closely correlated with milk yield were green dry matter (GDM) on offer or its components, namely green leaf and green stem. The relations between FCM yield per cow and green dry matter on offer per cow and per hectare were represented by the equations ( � s.e.): Y = 2211 +0.43 (� 0.12) X1 (P<0.01), And Y= 1656 + 0.35 (�0.08) X2 (P<0.01), where Y is FCM yield per cow (kg/lactation), X1 is GDM per cow (kg) and X2 is GDM per hectare (kg). For this environment, it is concluded that a stocking rate of 2.5 cows/ha with 400 kg N/ ha.year can be safely employed to maintain cows on a pure grass pasture from the opening rains in summer until the end of winter.

EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS FEEDING OF RAPESEED MEAL ON GROWTH OF DAIRY CALVES AND SUBSEQUENT FIRST LACTATION YIELD

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
M. E. SEALE
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Continuous Feeding

Thirty dairy heifer calves were reared from birth to calving on rations containing 0, 6.8 or 13.7% rapeseed meal in substitution for soybean meal. The level of rapeseed meal did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect feed intake, weight gain or feed efficiency of heifers up to breeding weight (330–340 kg). The level of rapeseed meal did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect reproduction or milk production during the first lactation. However, there may have been a trend for lower conception rate and milk fat production during first lactation with the higher level of rapeseed meal.

Effect of timing of protein supplementation on the performance of lactating dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
B. C. Granzin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
And Control ◽  
Friesian Cows

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of timing of protein supplementation on performance of grazing, lactating Holstein–Friesian cows fed maize silage and grain-based concentrate. In experiment 1, 36 cows were fed 0.8 kg DM/day of solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) either as 1 meal at 1200 hours with maize silage (CSM 1200) or at 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 1530), or in 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours with concentrate (CSM 600 + 1530). In experiment 2, 36 cows were either fed no CSM (control) or fed 1.0 kg DM/day as either CSM 1200 or CSM 600 + 1530. In experiment 1, daily yields of 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat for CSM 600 + 1530 were significantly higher than for CSM 1530 with respective means of 22.8 v. 20.7 L and 895 v. 804 g. Daily yields of FCM and milk fat for CSM 1200 were intermediate (21.7 L and 841 g/cow, respectively). A similar trend for daily protein yield per cow was noted (712, 695 and 666 g for CSM 600 + 1530, 1200 and 1530, respectively). In experiment 2, milk yield differed numerically between CSM 600 + 1530 and other treatments, with means (± s.e.d.) of 24.7 ± 0.78, 22.9 ± 0.78 and 22.9 ± 0.78 L/cow.day for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and control, respectively. Mean (± s.e.d.) net energy requirements for milk production and liveweight change tended to be lower for the control (68 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) as opposed to CSM 600 + 1530 (79 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day) and CSM 1200 (76 ± 3.6 MJ/cow.day). Cumulative time where rumen degradable nitrogen:rumen degradable dry matter was less than 22 g/kg were 2, 2 and 3 h for CSM 600 + 1530, CSM 1200 and CSM 1530, respectively, in experiment 1, and 6, 4 and 2 h for the control, 1200 and CSM 600 + 1530, respectively, in experiment 2. No differences in rumen ammonia-N concentrations were noted between treatments in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a significantly lower mean (± s.e.d.) rumen ammonia-N concentration was recorded for the control at 1530 hours (62 ± 14.1 mg/dL) in comparison to CSM 600 + 1530 (114 ± 14.1 mg/dL) and CSM 1200 (119 ± 14.1 mg/dL). These experiments show that for grazing dairy cows supplemented with maize silage and grain-based concentrate, feeding a daily aliquot of CSM as 2 meals at 0600 and 1530 hours rather than 1 meal at 1200 or 1530 hours improves milk production.

scholarly journals Effect of concentrate supplementation during pre-kidding on the productive and reproductive performance of goats raised on Guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã) pasture

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Raquel Ornelas Marques ◽  
Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves ◽  
Paulo Roberto De Lima Meirelles ◽  
Gil Ignacio Lara Cañizares ◽  
Giuliana Micai de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Boer Goats

Sixty goats (20 Alpine, 18 Anglo-Nubian, and 22 crossbred Boer), with average body weight 49.33 ± 1.41 kg, were raised on Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã pasture with two different levels of concentrate supplementation, 300 (SL30) and 600 g kg-1 (SL60) of the daily requirements, and evaluated from the pre-mating season until an average of 110 days of lactation. Milk controls were performed every 14 days. The following milk production curve parameters were estimated: time to reach peak milk production (TP), peak milk production (PP) and milk production during the first 110 days of lactation (MP). The following milk components were determined: fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS), defatted dry extract (DDE), urea nitrogen (UN) concentrations, and somatic cell count (SCC). Goat prolificacy and birth weight of the kids were also determined. Breed affected the lactation curve, with Alpine and Anglo- Nubian goats presenting higher TP, PP, and MP. Protein, TS, and DDE concentrations were also affected by breed, being higher for crossbred Boer goats. Milk fat, lactose concentrations, and the log of SCC were affected by the concentrate supplementation level, being higher for SL30, as well as by the breed, with crossbred Boer goats presenting higher fat concentrations and log of SCC, and crossbred Boer and Alpine goats presenting higher lactose concentrations. UN was affected by the stage of lactation. Prolificacy and birth weight were affected by breed and concentrate supplementation level, being higher for Anglo-Nubian and crossbred Boer goats with SL60. Kids from single births presented higher birth weights. The Anglo-Nubian breed presented good milk production and the best body condition, which might indicate the effectiveness of this production system, SL60 supplementation resulted in higher birth weight and prolificacy.

scholarly journals Supplementation strategies for dairy cows kept in tropical grass pastures

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelson Antonio Silva ◽  
Camilla Gabriela Miranda Silva ◽  
Daniel De Paula Sousa ◽  
Nelcino Francisco de Paula ◽  
Ana Paula Da Silva Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Tropical Grass

This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation strategies on forage intake and nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, milk production and composition, feed efficiency, nitrogen balance and body weight change of dairy cows kept in Tanzania grass pastures (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania) in the dry season. We used eight crossbred Holstein and Zebu cows in the final third of lactation, with an average weight of 505±44 kg and initial milk production of 9.0±1.44 kg day-1, in a double 4X4 Latin square design. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 17 days each, with nine days for initial adaptation and eight days to collect data. Treatments consisted of mineral mix and supplements (energy, protein or multiple) provided in the amount of 2 kg per cow day-1. Supplements promoted increased consumption of dry matter and nutrients (P < 0.05), without changing the forage intake in relation to the mineral mixture. The treatments did not affect the feeding behavior of animals (P > 0.05). There was an increase (P < 0.05) of 19.51% in milk production in the supplemented animals and productive responses approximate marginal 0.64 kg of milk for each kg of supplied supplement, however, the different supplements promoted a drop in the milk fat. There were higher net energy values of animal lactation for protein-energy supplementation and mineral mixture, but no change was observed in feed efficiency and energy efficiency. The performance of dairy cows kept in tropical grass pasture can be improved with the use of a concentrate supplementation of 0.40% of body weight per day-1 without compromising the forage intake of animals.

scholarly journals L-selectin gene polymorphism and its association with clinical mastitis, somatic cell score, and milk production in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dusza ◽  
J. Pokorska ◽  
J. Makulska ◽  
D. Kulaj ◽  
M. Cupial
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Somatic Cell Score ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Bovine mastitis is a widespread disease of the mammary gland, highly contributing to the increase in veterinary costs in dairy industry. In the present study, the genetic polymorphism within bovine L-selectin gene was analysed and its impact on clinical mastitis occurrence, somatic cell score (SCS), and milk production traits in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows was examined. Polymorphism within L-selectin gene, molecule responsible for neutrophil attachment to endothelium, might have a potential role in immune response to bacterial infections and udder health. Two hundred and six Polish Holstein-Friesian cows were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms mutations within the coding sequence of L-selectin gene were identified (c.165G&gt;A and c.567C&gt;T). The effect of c.165G&gt;A and c.567C&gt;T mutations on SCS was highly significant (P = 0.0019 and P = 0.0003, respectively). Strong associations (P ≤ 0.0001) were also observed between L-selectin polymorphism and milk production traits (milk yield, milk fat percentage, and milk protein percentage). However, the polymorphism in the analysed gene had no influence on the resistance or susceptibility of cows to clinical mastitis (only the tendency toward significance, P = 0.06 for c.567C&gt;T mutation was found). Potential exploitation of the information on the identified associations in genetic selection needs to confirm the obtained results in further investigations.

Short-term effects of herbage allowance on milk production, milk composition and grazing time of cows grazing nitrogen-fertilized tropical grass pasture

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Effects

The short-term effects of varying the quantities of herbage allocated (15, 25, 35, 55 kg DM cow-1, day-1) to lactating Jersey cows strip grazing 3-week regrowths of nitrogen-fertilized Panicum maximum cv. Gatton panic pastures, upon the diet selected, milk production, milk and milk fat composition and grazing time, were measured. Sixteen cows were used in a latin-square design with experimental periods of 1 4 days. With increasing herbage allowance milk yields rose, averaging 8.9, 9.9, 10.4 and 10.6 kg milk cow-1, day-1 respectively. A lower solids-not-fat percentage in milk from cows receiving 15 kg DM cow-1, day-1 and a lower percentage protein from cows receiving 15 and 25 kg DM cow-1 day-1 indicated a lower intake of digestible energy by cows at these lower herbage allowances. Molar percentages of short-chain fatty acids in milkfat (C6, C8, C10, C14) increased linearly and oleic acid (C18:1) decreased linearly as herbage allowance increased, showing that a higher proportion of the milk fat was coming from energy in the feed and a smaller proportion from body reserves. Cows selectively grazed leaf from the uppermost layers of the swards. As herbage allowance was restricted, a higher proportion of pasture was eaten and this came mainly from pasture growing 10 cm or more above ground level. Total time spent grazing was similar for all herbage allowances but the proportion of night grazing was consistently lower at the higher intensities of grazing.

Milk production, milk composition, rate of milking and grazing behaviour of dairy cows grazing two tropical grass pastures under a leader and follower system

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (90) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Bite Size ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Jersey Cows ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

Milk production, milk composition, rate of milking and grazing behaviour were measured for lactating Jersey cows having both the first opportunity to graze (leaders) and also when offered the remaining herbage (followers) from 3-week regrowths of two nitrogen-fertilized tropical pastures, Rhodes grass (Choris gayana cv. Pioneer) and Gatton panic (Panicum maximum cv. Gatton). Twenty-four cows were used in a latin-square design with experimental periods of 14 days. Both leaders and followers were allocated 40 kg DM cow-1 day-1. Leader cows produced 8.0 kg milk cow-1 day-1 compared with 5.8 kg milk cow-1 day-1 for followers, a difference of 38 per cent. Both leader and follower cows grazing Gatton panic produced more milk than cows grazing Rhodes grass. Milk from leader cows contained a higher percentage of solids-not-fat and protein and a lower butterfat percentage indicating a higher intake of digestible nutrients. Cows showed a preference for leaf, and after easily accessible leaf was removed by leader cows the follower cows had a small bite size. Follower cows partially compensated by increasing grazing time, mainly at night. Follower cows had a longer let-down time and a longer milking time per kilogram of milk produced. Milk production was linearly related to bite size and availability and accessibility of leaf were considered to be the main factors influencing production.

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