The quality and quantity of forage oats sown at intervals during autumn: effects of nitrogen and supplementary irrigation

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (81) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
RA Spurway ◽  
DA Hedges ◽  
JL Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dead Leaf ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Senescent Leaf ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Dryland Crops

The quality and production of forage oats (Avena sativa cv. Acacia) sown on five occasions between late summer and late autumn was measured in an experiment near Armidale, New South Wales. Additional treatments were nil vs. 71 kg ha-1 nitrogen (N) and non-irrigated vs. supplementary irrigation. Nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect plant establishment, or the dry matter or digestible organic matter production from any sowing. Plant establishment declined linearly in association with reductions in the mean ambient temperature during the ten days after sowing. Crops sown on February 25 and March 13 produced at least 35 per cent more forage (P < 0.05) with irrigation than dryland crops but with all later sowings the effect of irrigation was not significant. Early sown crops contained up to 36 per cent senescent leaf and 44 per cent dead leaf in August. Organic matter digestibility contents of green and senescent forage differed little and always exceeded 69 per cent, but that of the dead leaf was at times as low as 45 per cent. Equations are presented relating digestible organic matter available in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments to the length and mean temperature of the growth period.

Effects of season of growth and digestibility of herbage on intake by grazing dairy cows

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Corbett ◽  
J. P. Langlands ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Strip Grazing

SUMMARY1. The intakes of herbage organic matter (OM) and digestible organic matter (DOM) by twenty dairy cows were measured during two periods of strip grazing on one pasture, in spring and late summer of the same year.2. Results from the first 5-day measurement period in the spring suggested that intakes at this time were restricted primarily because the cows had difficulty in gathering the short herbage. Measurements on ten of the cows continued during a further 5 weeks while the digestibility of the OM of grazed herbage declined from about 80 to 68%. There was a fall of about 20% in DOM intake by the cows during this period; one-quarter of the fall could be ascribed to a reduction in OM intake and the remainder to the decline in digestibility as such.3. Intakes were measured during two weeks in late summer and were compared with those measured during two weeks in the spring when the digestibility of the grazed herbage was similar. Intakes of DOM expressed as lb./lb. live-weight0·73 were the lower by about 10% in the late summer, or by from 10 to 20% in terms of DOM available for production when allowance had been made for maintenance requirements. This finding is discussed in relation to practical experience of the feeding value of autumn grass.

Intake, digestion, and nitrogen and sulfur retention in Angora goats and Merino sheep fed herbage diets

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle ◽  
JK Egan ◽  
AJ Thalen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Limiting Nutrients ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Angora Goats

The voluntary intake and digestion of three pasture hays of varying quality by Angora goats was compared with that by Merino sheep. The excretion and retention of nitrogen and sulfur were also measured. When a high quality hay was given, there were no differences between goats and sheep in the intake of organic matter (68 vs 61 g/kg0.75.d) or in organic matter digestibility (digestible organic matter intake) (72 vs 7 1 %). However, the goats appeared to utilize nitrogen less efficiently than the sheep as evidenced by nitrogen retention (673 vs 794 mg/100 g digestible organic matter intake.d), and there was a tendency for sheep to use absorbed energy more efficiently for body tissue synthesis. The apparent digestion of organic matter (65 vs 57%), plant cell wall constituents (67 vs 59%), nitrogen (29 vs 19%) and sulfur (40 vs 33%) in a medium quality hay low in nitrogen was greater in goats than in sheep. There were no differences in intake, but the goats were more efficient at conserving nitrogen (nitrogen retention -87 vs -200 mg/ 100 g digestible organic matter intake.d). Similar trends occurred when a poor quality hay with a higher nitrogen content was given. Goats have apparent advantages over sheep in their ability to digest fibrous feeds and conserve limiting nutrients from such feeds. Consequently, they may require less supplementary feeding than sheep in temperate areas during late summer and autumn when animals graze mature pastures.

Herbage as a source of digestible organic matter and digestible nitrogen for the grazing sheep.

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe ◽  
DE Tribe ◽  
GR Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Summer Minimum ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

An experiment is reported in which the digestible organic matter and digestible nitrogen intakes of Corriedale wethers grazing on improved pastures in a Mediterranean- type environment 1%-ere measured by the faecal index method from August 1957 to August 1958. The mean digestible nitrogen intake fell from a maximum of 50 g/clay in the spring to a minimum of 6 g/day in the late summer, and reached an autumn maximum of 13 g/day before falling to a winter minimum of 8 g/day. The mean digestible organic matter intake fell from a maximum of 1500 g/day in the spring to a summer minimum of 600 g/day, rose again to an autumn maximum of 1000 g/day, and fell again to a winter minimum of 600 g/day. The results are discussed in relation to the theoretical maintenance requirements of the sheep and the nutritional value of herbage.

A comparison of the forage value for sheep of buckwheat and sorghum stubbles grown on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (98) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Value ◽  
Stocking Rates

Two grazing experiments were conducted to evaluate buckwheat and sorghum stubbles as forage for sheep. The stubbles were stocked by young crossbred wethers at 10 and 20 ha-1 for 55 days on the buckwheat and 81 days on the sorghum. Measurements were made at regular intervals of the availability and composition of plant material, diet selection, the intake of digestible organic matter (DOM) and liveweight change, while wool production was measured over each experimental period. More than one-third of the sheep grazing buckwheat stubble were affected by fagopyrism (buckwheat poisoning) and this probably reduced both liveweight gain and wool production. Buckwheat residues had a similar nitrogen content to sorghum (1 .0% vs 0.87%), but a lower organic matter digestibility (43.7% vs 57.1%). Mature buckwheat plants were not eaten readily. Mean liveweights of sheep on buckwheat stubble declined throughout the experimental period and overall changes were -3.8 and -7.0 kg for the low and high stocking rates, respectively. Corresponding values for sheep on sorghum stubble were 0.3 and -4.6 kg, although weight losses at the higher stocking rate did not occur until after 40 days grazing. For the same length of grazing as the buckwheat (55 days) the liveweight changes for sorghum were 0.2 and -1.2 kg, respectively. Wool growth rate was low for both stubbles but was more than 60% higher for sheep on the sorghum. Values for each stocking rate were 3.86 and 2.67 (g clean dry wool day-1) for the buckwheat, and 5.39 and 4.33 for the sorghum. It was concluded that sorghum stubble is a useful source of grazing for sheep on the Southern Tablelands but buckwheat stubble, because of its low acceptability, poor nutritional value and the risk of fagopyrism, is of very limited value.

Cottonseed meal and molasses as sources of protein and energy for cattle offered low quality hay from pastures of the North Coast of New South Wales

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (116) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
RD Murison
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
New South ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Basal Ration

Cottonseed meal and molasses, regarded as sources of protein and energy for cattle, were included with a basal ration of low quality pasture hay and fed to beef cattle in an experiment that contained two periods of 50 d each. The hay was made from a pasture consisting predominantly of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). The pasture site was on the North Coast of New South Wales with a subtropical climate and an area where cattle lose liveweight during the winter or cool-dry season. The experiment aimed at determining whether the intake of hay, and liveweight of cattle, could be increased by supplements of either cottonseed meal or molasses or both. The experimental design was based on a response-surface with 12 treatment combinations. Twenty-four Hereford steers, aged about 26 months and having a mean liveweight of 315 � 28 kg were used. They were offered the low quality hay (435 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg dry matter (DM); 7.3 g nitrogen (N)/kg DM) in amounts expected to be 15% greater than that eaten. Fixed amounts of the energy supplement (undiluted molasses) were offered in separate containers at 0,0.5, 1.3 and 2.1 kg/d. Cotttonseed meal (930 g organic matter (0M)lkg DM) was added to the hay to raise the N content of the ration from the 7.3 g N/kg DM of the basal ration (A) to 14.1 (B), 19.4 (C) and 25.7 (D) g N/kg DM. Steers on ration C ate 19.3% more hay (P c 0.05) than steers on ration A; steers on rations B and D ate 11.0 and 14.5%, respectively, more hay than steers on ration A ( P < 0.10). Molasses had no significant effect on hay intake, but as did cottonseed meal, it increased steer liveweight. Final liveweight (LW: kg) was a function of the initial liveweight (IW: kg) and of the amount of supplements eaten (kg/d) for both cottonseed meal (CSM) and molasses (Mol). LW = 16.7(+ 11.0) + 5.9(+ 2.0)Mol + 38.3(� 5.6)CSM - 9.2(� 2.0)CSM2 + 0.88(� 0.03)IW; Residual standard deviation � 8.7. N balance, and excretion of N in faeces and urine, were increased (P < 0.05) by cottonseed meal but not by molasses supplements. Liveweight change (LWC: g/d) was a function of N balance (NB: g/d). LWC = - 1 08.3(� 48.0) + 19.7(� 2.1 4)NB; Residual standard deviation � 243. Liveweight change was also a function of the digestible organic matter intake (D0MI:gld) from the total ration. LWC = - 996(� 104) + 0.364(� 0.032)DOMI; Residual standard deviation � 182. The results highlight the limitation to cattle growth imposed by the low N intake from the pasture hay, and a consequent low intake of DOM. They suggest that cottonseed meal is a suitable source of protein for cattle on the North Coast although in districts growing sugar cane economics may favour the use of molasses as an energy source provided that some protein is added to it

Soil organic matter and microbiological development of technosols in the South Wales Coalfield

CATENA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
pp. 105203
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Filcheva ◽  
Mariana Hristova ◽  
Martin Haigh ◽  
Boika Malcheva ◽  
Maya Noustorova
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
The South ◽  
South Wales

scholarly journals Effect of Sewage Sludge Compost Usage on Corn and Faba Bean Growth, Carbon and Nitrogen Forms in Plants and Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Hassan E. Abd Elsalam ◽  
Mohamed E. El- Sharnouby ◽  
Abdallah E. Mohamed ◽  
Bassem M. Raafat ◽  
Eman H. El-Gamal
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Nitrogen Forms ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Nitrogen Levels

Sewage sludge is an effective fertilizer in many soil types. When applied as an amendment, sludge introduces, in addition to organic matter, plant nutrients into the soil. When applied for cropland as a fertilizer, the mass loading of sewage sludge is customarily determined by inputs of N and/or P required to support optimal plant growth and a successful harvest. This study aims to examine the changes in organic matter contents and nitrogen forms in sludge-amended soils, as well as the growth of corn and faba bean plants. The main results indicated that there were higher responses to the corn and faba bean yields when sludge was added. Levels of organic carbon in soil were higher after maize harvest and decreased significantly after harvesting of beans, and were higher in sludge amended soils than unmodified soils, indicating the residual effect of sludge in soil. NO3−-N concentrations were generally higher in the soil after maize harvest than during the plant growth period, but this trend was not apparent in bean soil. The amounts of NH4+-N were close in the soil during the growth period or after the maize harvest, while they were higher in the soil after the bean harvest than they were during the growth period. Total nitrogen amounts were statistically higher in the soil during the growth period than those collected after the corn harvest, while they were approximately close in the bean soil. The total nitrogen amount in corn and bean leaves increased significantly in plants grown on modified sludge soil. There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen levels of the maize and beans planted on the treated soil.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

Effect of age, abomasal cannulation and rumen catheterization on intake and site of digestion by early-weaned lambs

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Cruickshank ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. S. Familton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Cumulative Intake

SUMMARYThe voluntary food intake, in vivo digestibility and site of nutrient digestion was measured in 12 Polled Dorset ram lambs, from 6 to 24 weeks of age, offered clover hay. Lambs were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Six were fitted with a permanent T-shaped cannula in the abomasum and a temporary rumen catheter during the periods of digesta flow measurement.Surgical modification of lambs did not influence intake (g/kg live weight (W) per day), in vivo digestibility or marker retention time in the rumen. However, intact lambs grew significantly faster than cannulated lambs (139 v. 109g/day, P < 0·05) apparently because of an overall higher cumulative intake over the whole experimental period rather than any change in efficiency of use of nutrients or maintenance requirement.Relative to live weight, intake increased rapidly until c. 10 weeks of age and remained relatively constant at c. 37 g DM/kg W per day for the remainder of the experiment. Age had no effect on in vivo digestibility of organic matter (OM) or neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (average 0·69).The proportion of digestible organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (DOMADR) decreased from 0·63 to 0·47 between 8 and 24 weeks of age whilst intake between these measurement periods increased. Nonammonia N (NAN) flow past the abomasum was similar at all ages in relation to digestible organic matter intake (55·1 g NAN/kg DOMI) but was higher at 16 and 24 weeks of age than at 8 and 12 weeks of age, respectively, in relation to organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR) (116 and 85 g NAN/kg OMADR, respectively, P < 0·05).Fractional outflow rate of digesta markers from the rumen, when estimated from abomasal digesta, was significantly higher than when estimated from faeces (103Ru-p 0·121 v. 0·09; 51Cr-EDTA 0·169 v. 0·111/h; P > 0·05).It was concluded that cannulation did not affect intake and digestion characteristics in these young lambs. The changes in the site of nutrient digestion as the animals aged may have been due to agerelated changes in digestive function but appeared to be associated with the increase in intake that occurred between measurement periods of the cannulated lambs.

Effect of starch on the utilization by sheep of a straw diet supplemented with urea and minerals

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG Mulholland ◽  
JB Coombe ◽  
WR McManus
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Individually penned Border Leicester x Merino wethers, aged 11 months, were fed ad lib. for 16 weeks on a basal ration of ground, pelleted oat straw, urea and minerals, supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40% starch. The diets contained equal percentages of nitrogen and minerals. Dry matter intake reached a maximum of 2000 g/day with 30% starch; above this starch level, digestive disturbances were observed. Organic matter digestibility was increased by the addition of starch, but cellulose digestibility was depressed by as much as 18 units with the addition of 30% starch. Up to 10% the starch level had little effect on cellulose digestibility. Liveweight change was significantly correlated with digestible organic matter intake, mean daily weight gains varying from 22 g with no starch to 104 g with 30% starch. However, a large percentage of the liveweight gain was as total body water, and body energy storage increased appreciably only when the diet contained at least 20% starch. The inclusion of 5% starch slightly depressed both intake and liveweight gain. Daily clean wool production was significantly increased at starch levels higher than 20% and ranged from 5.3 to 7.5 g/day with 0 and 40% starch respectively. Increasing levels of starch had little effect on apparent nitrogen digestibility, but resulted in a substantial increase in nitrogen retention through a reduction in urinary nitrogen excretion. Serum urea levels fell from a mean of 42 mg/100 ml during the first week to 31 mg/100 ml during subsequent periods, with no significant differences between diets. With the general exception of potassium, mineral balances were positive or close to zero throughout the experiment.

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