Soil physical properties and root concentrations in an irritated peach orchard

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Richards ◽  
B Cockroft
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Orchard ◽  
Made In

The root concentrations of irrigated peach trees were measured under three soil management treatments (cultivation, bare soil, and straw mulch) and at three different sites across the tree rows. The study was made in a typical Goulburn Valley soil where roots mass in the shallow A horizon above the heavy clay of the B horizon. Root concentrations were related to soil water suction, aeration, and mechanical resistance. The root concentration was influenced by the site rather than soil management treatment. The treeline bank contained 60 per cent of all surface soil roots, apparently due to its open, stable structure. In contrast, the hard traffic line supported very few roots. The inter-row contained less roots than the tree line for reasons which differed according to soil management treatment.

Soil management of peach trees in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (20) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Cockroft
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Horticultural Research ◽  
Bare Surface

A soil management trial on peach trees at Tatura Horticultural Research Station included four treatments that were cultivated, three permanent sods, a bare surface, and a straw mulch. The trees under straw mulch grew the largest and produced the highest yields (11.4 tons an acre a year over five years). Yields of all other treatments were similar (7.8 tons an acre a pear over five years) although the trees under clean cultivation and bare surface tended to be larger than the rest. The results are discussed in terms of competition from summer covers, tree root growth in the surface soil, and the utilization of irrigation water.

Root distribution of orchard trees

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Cockroft ◽  
JC Wallbrink
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Deep Soils ◽  
Made In

A survey of root distribution of peach and pear trees has been made in shallow, medium, and deep soils in Goulburn Valley orchards. Root patterns were similar in both species, and shallow (less than 36 in.) in all soils. A further survey in soil management trials showed that the influence of soil management treatments was on roots in the surface soil. Roots grew as close to the actual ground surface as was allowed by such factors as cultivation depth, competition, and soil temperature.

COMPUTER ASSISTED MAPPING OF SOIL EROSION POTENTIAL

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. VOLD ◽  
M. W. SONDHEIM ◽  
N. K. NAGPAL
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Potential Map ◽  
Fraser Valley

Soil erosion potential maps and summary statistics can be produced from existing information with relative ease with the aid of computers. Soil maps are digitized and survey information is stored as attributes for each soil. Algorithms are then prepared which evaluate the appropriate data base attributes (e.g. texture, slope) for each interpretation. Forty surface soil erosion potential maps were produced for the Lower Fraser Valley which identify the most erosion-prone areas and indicate average potential soil losses to be expected under assumed conditions. The algorithm developed follows the universal soil loss equation. Differences across the landscape in the R, K, and S factors are taken into account whereas the L factor is considered as a constant equal to 1.0. Worst conditions of bare soil (no crop cover, i.e. C = 1.0) and no erosion control practices (i.e. P = 1.0) are assumed. The five surface soil erosion potential classes are determined by a weighted average annual soil loss value based both on the upper 20 cm of mineral soil and on the proportion of the various soils in the polygon. A unique polygon number shown on the erosion potential map provides a link to computer tables which give additional information for each individual soil within that polygon. Key words: Erosion, computer mapping, USLE

scholarly journals Possibility to use waste tire waste in the composition of mixtures for the manufacture of cement blocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e69996773
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela Araujo Ranieri ◽  
Maria Auxiliadora de Barros Martins ◽  
Patrícia Capellato ◽  
Mirian de Lourdes Noronha Motta Melo ◽  
Adilson da Silva Mello
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Structural Function ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Made In

The modern lifestyle has led to an increase in the amount of solid waste in the world, and waste tires are one of the most generated. Annually billions of tons of waste tires are produced, so in this study, we sought to reuse them to make materials for civil construction. For this, a laboratory research was carried out where samples were made in 50 x 100 mm cylinders with traces of 0, 10, 15 and 20% (by weight) of waste, in addition to cement, natural sand and water. The granulometric distribution of waste tires and sand was also carried out. And, with the samples in cylinders, the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated, such as water absorption and apparent density, in addition to the analysis of the mechanical resistance to compression and the modulus of elasticity. The results showed that the granulometric distribution of the tire residue fits as a fine aggregate, similar to the sand granulometry. The water absorption rate of the waste specimens was less than 10%. However, the mechanical resistance decreases proportionally as the amount of tire waste has increased. However, when analyzing the behavior of the stress x strain curves, the specimens containing residues, became more flexible, as they are capable of supporting loads beyond the maximum stress. In this way, the resistance and the ability to absorb energy were increased. We concluded that it is possible to incorporate certain quantities of waste tires in blocks for civil construction, but without a structural function.

scholarly journals Diatoms - nature materials with great potential for bioapplications

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje Medarevic ◽  
Dusan Losic ◽  
Svetlana Ibric
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Nanoporous Structure ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Diatom Frustule ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Made In

Diatoms are widespread unicellular photosynthetic algae that produce unique highly ordered siliceous cell wall, called frustule. Micro- to nanoporous structure with high surface area that can be easily modified, high mechanical resistance, unique optical features (light focusing and luminescence) and biocompatibility make diatom frustule as a suitable raw material for the development of devices such as bio- and gas sensors, microfluidic particle sorting devices, supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, electroluminescent devices and drug delivery systems. Their wide availability in the form of fossil remains (diatomite or diatomaceous earth) as well as easy cultivation in the artificial conditions further supports use of diatoms in many different fields of application. This review focused on the recent achievements in the diatom bioapplications such as drug delivery, biomolecules immobilization, bio- and gas sensing, since great progress was made in this field over the last several years.

Forest ecosystem responses to artificially induced soil compaction. I. Soil physical properties and tree diameter growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Donnelly ◽  
John B. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Resistance Surface ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Induced Changes

Soil and vegetation responses to artificially imposed surface compaction and the effects of bark mulch on these responses were monitored for a 5-year period within a Quercusalba L. – Quercusvelutina Lam. – Quercusrubra L. forest growing on a loamy sand in northwestern Vermont. Compaction resulted in significant changes in vegetation and soil physical properties. Soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, surface soil moisture, and soil temperature increased following compaction; infiltration capacity and the radial growth of Acerrubrum L. and Q. velutina decreased. Application of bark mulch prior to compaction tended to reduce compaction effects. Postcompaction additions of bark mulch did not result in noticeable amelioration of compaction-induced changes 2 years after application.

EFFECTS OF SEVIN ON PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES AND PREDATORS IN AN ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARD

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. L. Putman ◽  
D. C. Herne
Keyword(s):  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Predacious Mite ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Orchard ◽  
Stethorus Punctillum

Numbers of the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) increased but those of the brown mite (Bryobia arborea Morgan & Anderson) and the peach silver mite (Vasates cornutus Banks) decreased after sprays of Sevin (N-methyl-1-naphthyl carbamate) were applied to peach trees. Sevin practically eliminated the predacious mite Typhlodromus rhenanus Oudms., and larvae and pupae of Stethorus punctillum Weise, and greatly reduced the numbers of adults of S. punctillum, chrysopid larvae, and spiders.

scholarly journals Thinning Improves Surface-Soil Physical Properties of Coniferous Forest Plantations

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe ◽  
Venecio U. Ultra ◽  
Osamu Kobayashi ◽  
Mitsuo Fujiwara ◽  
Shoji Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Forest Plantations

scholarly journals Environmental effectiveness of GAEC cross-compliance Standard 1.1a (temporary ditches) and 1.2g (permanent grass cover of set-aside) in reducing soil erosion and economic evaluation of the competitiveness gap for farmers

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bazzoffi ◽  
Rosa Francaviglia ◽  
Ulderico Neri ◽  
Rosario Napoli ◽  
Alessandro Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Rusle Model ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Soil Erosion By Water ◽  
Cross Compliance ◽  
Made In

<p>This paper shows the results of the monitoring carried out in three hilly farms of the MONACO project in order to verify the effectiveness of the Standard 1.1 <sub>(commitment a)</sub> (temporary ditches) and Standard 1.2 <sub>(commitment g)</sub> (Vegetation cover throughout the year in set-aside land) in the reduction in soil erosion, contained in Rule 1: ‘minimum land management that meets specific conditions’ of the decree Mipaaf 2009 and following modifications, until the recent decree No. 180 of January 23, 2015. In addition, the assessment of the competitiveness gap was done. That is the evaluation of the additional costs borne by the beneficiary of the single payment determined from agronomic commitments. Monitoring has also compared the erosion actually observed in the field with that predicted by RUSLE model (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) (Renard et al., 1997) in the two situations: with and without the presence of temporary ditches, i.e. assuming Factual (compliance rules) and in that Counterfactual (infringement). This comparison was made in view of the fact that the RUSLE model was chosen by the 'European Evaluation Network for Rural Development (EEN, 2013) as a forecasting tool for the quantification of' Common Indicator ‘soil erosion by water’. The results of soil erosion survey carried out by using a new  UAV-GIS methodology  on two monitoring farms in two years of observations have shown that temporary ditches were effective in decreasing erosion, on average, by 42.5%, from 36. 59 t ha<sup>-1</sup> to 21.05 t ha<sup>-1</sup> during the monitoring period. It was also evaluated the effectiveness of grass strips (at variance with the commitment of temporary ditches). The results showed a strong, highly significant, reduction in erosion by about 35% times respect soil erosion observed in bare soil and also a significant reduction in the volume of runoff water.  With regard to Standard 1.2 <sub>(commitment g)</sub> the statistical analysis shows a strong and highly significant decrease in the erosion due to the vegetation cover of the soil compared to bare soil. The economic competitiveness gap of  Standard 1.1<sub>(commitment a)</sub> stood at € 4.07±1.42 € ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>, while CO<sub>2</sub> emissions due to execution of temporary ditches was 2.58 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>year<sup>-1</sup>. As for the Standard 1.2 <sub>(commitment g) </sub>the average differential competitiveness gap amounted to  50.22±13.7 € ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> and an output of CO<sub>2</sub> equal to 31.52  kg ha<sup>-1</sup> year.</p>

scholarly journals Nutrient element variability of peach trees and tree mortality in relation to cultivars and rootstocks

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Tsipouridis CG ◽  
Simonis AD ◽  
S. Bladenopoulos ◽  
Issakidis AM ◽  
Stylianidis DC
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Nutrient Element ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Peach Orchard ◽  
Leaf N

Leaf samples from 12 peach cultivars (Prunus persica [L.] Batsch.) (Early Crest, May Crest, Flavor Crest,Sun Crest, Fayette, Katherina, Loadel, Andross, Everts, May Grand, Firebrite and Fairlane) grafted on four peach root-stocks were analyzed for their nutrient content. The analysis of variance for leaf nutrient concentrations indicated very significant effects and interactions among cultivars and rootstocks. The rootstock effect on the absorption of nutrient elements was higher for Ca, K, P, Mg, N, and lower for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and B. Generally cultivars grafted on GF 677 had higher N, K, Fe, Cu and lower Zn, Mn, and B, while leaves from cultivars grafted on wild seedlings were found to contain higher Mg and lower P, K, Fe concentrations. Leaf B and Ca were higher for cultivars grafted on Sant Julien GF 655/2, while cultivars on Damas GF 1869 had higher P, Zn, Mn and lower N, B, Ca, Cu concentrations. Leaf N was lower for Fayette on all four rootstocks and significantly different from all other cultivars. Leaf P was lower for Everts and higher for Katherina. Lower concentrations were observed in Early Crest for Fe and Zn, in Andross for Mn, and in Loadel for B, while Flavor Crest had higher concentrations of all these elements. Leaf Zn was the highest for Sun Crest on wild seedling and the lowest for Early Crest on the same rootstock. Similarly leaf N was the highest for Katherina on Damas and the lowest for Fayetteon the same rootstock. Also leaf Mg was the highest for Fayette on Damas and the lowest for Fairlane on Damas. Peach tree mortality was the highest for Damas 1869 and lowest for Sant Julien. Also tree mortality was highest for Early Crest and Sun Crest and lowest for May Grand, Firebrite, and Katherina. The observed trends in the leaf nutrient composition, as regards the cultivars, rootstocks and their interactions, emphasize the importance of these factors on a new peach orchard establishment and macro-microelement fertilization. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;

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