Wheat yield responses to various phosphate fertilizers in South Australia

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (54) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL Rudd
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Calcium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Calcined Phosphate ◽  
Yield Responses

A number of phosphate fertilizers were tested as a source of phosphorus for wheat during three seasons (1967-1969) in the cereal growing areas of South Australia. The fertilizers were standard superphosphate, double superphosphate, calcium phosphate, two forms of calcined phosphate, a mixture of calcined phosphate with superphosphate, and untreated rock phosphate. Nine experiments were sown on a range of soils (pH 6.2 8.4) during the three years.At equivalent rates of total phosphorus, the water-soluble phosphates (superphosphate, double superphosphate) and the readily hydrolysed calcium pyrophosphate gave similar responses in all experiments. Water insoluble calcined and rock phosphates gave lower yields than superphosphate and, in most cases, the yields were not significantly greater than with no fertilizer.Uptake of phosphorus in the grain paralleled the grain yield differences between the fertilizers.

scholarly journals Field experiments on phosphate fertilizers: A joint investigation

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Basic Slag ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Joint Investigation

The results of over 400 field experiments testing different kinds of phosphate fertilizers are summarized and are discussed with special reference to the reactions of the soils used. The classifications were:‘very acid’ soils—pH below 5·5, ‘acid soils’— pH 5·6 to 6·5, neutral soils—pH over 6·5. All comparisons are made in terms of fertilizers supplying the same amounts of total phosphorus.In war-time experiments Gafsa and Morocco rock phosphates were about two-thirds as efficient as superphosphate for swedes and turnips grown on very acid soils. In 1951–3 experiments on very acid and acid soils Gafsa phosphate was practically equivalent to superphosphate for swedes, but for potatoes it was as effective as only one-third as much phosphorus supplied as superphosphate; on neutral soils Gafsa phosphate was useless. For establishing grassland on acid soils Gafsa and Morocco phosphate were equivalent to about onethird as much phosphorus supplied as high-soluble basic slag. Rock phosphates were somewhat more effective for promoting growth of established grassland but they remained inferior to high-soluble basic slags and to superphosphate. Curacao rock phosphate was roughly equivalent to Gafsa phosphate for swedes and grass. Florida pebble phosphate was much less effective and was judged unsuitable for direct application. Mixtures of rock phosphate with superphosphate were not more efficient than equivalent amounts of the separate components used correctly.Silicophosphate was practically as effective as superphosphate for swedes grown on very acid and acid soils; it was less efficient on neutral soils. For potatoes silicophosphate was nearly as effective as superphosphate on very acid soils; it was much less efficient on acid and neutral soils. Silicophosphate was roughly equivalent to high-soluble basic slag for grassland.Mixtures of superphosphate with lime, serpentine, and low-grade basic slag were prepared, most of the water-soluble phosphorus being converted to insoluble forms. In experiments on swedes and potatoes these basic superphosphates were not superior to untreated superphosphate. For establishing grassland on very acid soils, the mixtures were slightly superior to ordinary superphosphate.Dicalcium phosphate was practically equivalent to superphosphate for swedes on all groups of soils. For potatoes dicalcium phosphate was more efficient than superphosphate on very acid soils, on less acid and neutral soils it was inferior to superphosphate.

Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers: I. Immediate value of dicalcium phosphate, nitrophosphates, Gafsa rock phosphate basic slag and potassium metaphosphate for barley and ryegrass

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. G. Mattingly ◽  
A. Penny
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Basic Slag ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers

SUMMARYThree granular nitrophosphates containing 5, 26 and 50 % of their total phosphorus in a water-soluble form, granular potassium metaphosphate, Gafsa rock phosphate and basic slag (both as powders) were compared with granular superphosphate and powdered dicalcium phosphate as standards in two annual experiments with ryegrass and in three experiments with barley.In 1960 total yields of ryegrass during a whole season were similar with all fertilizers. Nitrophosphate-5, Gafsa rock phosphate and basic slag acted more slowly than granular superphosphate and grass grew less well and took up less phosphorus during the first 12 weeks. Over the whole growing season more phosphorus was taken up by grass from powdered dicalcium phosphate and from granular potassium metaphosphate (0.5–2.0 mm) than from granular superphosphate (1.0–4.0 mm).Powdered dicalcium phosphate was equivalent to about 60% as much phosphorus applied as superphosphate to barley. Rock phosphate was almost inert and percentage granular superphosphate equivalents of basic slag and potassium metaphosphate were 22 and 23% respectively. Percentage superphosphate equivalents of the granular nitrophosphates were 1, 25 and 53% and almost equal to the water-soluble phosphate they contained.

The effect of rock phosphate-enriched compost on the yield and phosphorus nutrition of rye grass

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Singh ◽  
A. Amberger
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soluble P

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of compost enriched with rock phosphate on the yield and phosphate nutrition of rye grass in a calcareous clay loam soil. Enriched compost was prepared by composting either Mussoorie rock phosphate (MP) or Hyper rock phosphate (HP) separately with wheat straw for up to 120 days. A significant amount of insoluble P was solubilized from both kinds of rock phosphates and converted to water soluble, organic, and formic acid soluble P fractions during composting. MP-enriched compost (MPEC) and HP-enriched compost (HPEC) contain 0.30% and 0.34% water soluble P205, 1.94% and 1.42% organic P2O5 2.82% and 3.28% formic acid soluble P2O5, and 1.76% and 1.18% insoluble P2O5, respectively. In a greenhouse study, the yield of ryegrass (three cuttings) with both enriched composts was not significantly different from that of single superphosphate fertilizer (SSP). Phosphorus fractions of soil before sowing and after harvesting the rye grass showed that fixation of P with native soil calcium was much higher with SSP than with enriched composts. No significant differences were observed between MRP and HRP.

The effect of rock phosphate properties on the extent of fertilizer dissolution in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Hughes ◽  
RJ Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Rate Of Dissolution

Two soils, a West Australian Petroferric Udipsamment (WA4) and a Colombian Typic Haplustox (SA21) were incubated for up to 31 days with 23 phosphate fertilizers. These comprised 18 apatitic rock phosphates, three calcined rock phosphates, monocalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate. The fertilizers were mixed through the soils at rates of addition between 0.37 and 37 mg g-' soil. The extent and rate of dissolution of fertilizers were measured by determining changes in Ca using the ACa technique. Most dissolution generally occurred within one day for all fertilizers. The proportion of fertilizer that dissolved decreased with increasing rate of addition, and this proportion differed greatly between fertilizers (1-43% in WA4, 2-72% in SA21). All fertilizers dissolved to a greater extent in the Colombian soil. Calcined (1500�C) Queensland rock phosphate was the most soluble of the rock phosphates, which is consistent with its high availability to plants. The calcined iron-aluminium rock phosphates (Calciphos, Phospal) dissolved to a smaller extent than most of the apatitic rocks. The CaO/P2O5 ratio of the apatitic rock phosphate fertilizers was a slightly better predictor of the extent of dissolution than the apatite unit cell a dimension, although neither explained more than 60% of the variance. The present results are consistent with the accepted reactivity scale for the apatitic fertilizers, but the amount of each fertilizer which dissolved depended greatly on the soil to which it was applied.

Defluorinated rock phosphate as a source of phosphorus for growing sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Hemingway ◽  
G. Fishwick
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Phosphorus Sources ◽  
Growing Cattle

Defluorination of rock phosphate by heat treatment is an important method of producing phosphates suitable for animal feed. A variety of such products have been evaluated as phosphorus sources for ruminants, e.g. Beeson et al. (1945) recorded that a material produced at a low temperature (600°C) was unsatisfactory for steers, but Ammerman et al. (1957) indicated that a calcined calcium phosphate acidified with either sulphuric or phosphoric acids was fully as satisfactory as dicalcium phosphate for steers, but not for growing sheep. Wise, Wentworth & Smith (1961) and O'Donovan et al. (1965) recorded that defluorinated rock phosphates (produced by unspecified methods) were as useful as dicalcium phosphate for growing cattle. Arrington et al. (1963) have reported that 32P contained in reagent grade dicalcium phosphate was better retained by growing cattle than when present as a defluorinated rock phosphate.

scholarly journals Influence of Various Phosphate Fertilizers on Yields of Red Spanish Pineapples in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
George Samuels ◽  
Héctor Gandía-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Pyrophosphate ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Phosphate Treatment

A Bayamón sandy clay was used to evaluate various phosphate sources for fertilizing Red Spanish pineapples. The phosphate sources utilized were simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, raw-rock phosphate, ammonium metaphosphate, diammonium phosphate, calcium metaphosphate, dicalcium metaphosphate, potassium calcium pyrophosphate, and potassium metaphosphate. The results on a plant and a ratoon crop indicated that: 1. There were no significant increases in yield of Red Spanish pineapple for any of the phosphate sources used as compared to the no-phosphate treatment. 2. Yields were significantly lowered over the no-phosphate treatment when diammonium phosphate (20-52-0) was used as a source of phosphate. 3. Mean weight, but not total weight of fruit per acre, was significantly reduced over the no-phosphate treatment when potassium metaphosphate (0-47-28) was used as a source of phosphate.

Soil fertility changes in the long-term experimental plots at Kybybolite, South Australia. II. Changes in phosphorus.

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 926 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Increased Retention

The fate of phosphorus applied as superphosphate and rock phosphate to grassland plots at Kybybolite established in 1919 on solonetzic soils has been studied by soil analytical techniques. The additional effect of the amendments lime and gypsum has also been examined. From past records of phosphorus added as fertilizer, the probable amounts of phosphorus removed in animal products, and present phosphorus levels of the surface 8 in. of soil, it has been possible to draw up a balance sheet of gains and losses. The results show that considerable penetration of phosphorus applied in the water-soluble form has occurred. Less than half the phosphorus applied as superphosphate can be accounted for in the surface 8 in. The remainder is presumed to have been leached to lower soil horizons. In contrasting these results with those of other areas of similar rainfall where little movement of applied water-soluble phosphate has occurred, it is believed that the greater penetration at Kybybolite can be explained on the basis of the coarse texture and the low fixing capacity of the surface soil. Where acid-soluble phosphate has been applied, less movement through the soil is apparent, and 75–89 per cent. of the residual phosphorus applied as rock phosphate can be accounted for in the surface soil, mostly in the top 2 in. Lime has resulted in an increased retention of phosphorus in the surface soil. Gypsum, on the other hand, has not resulted in increased retention. The need for a reappraisal of the present widespread practice of continuous mono-application of superphosphate to pastures after residual levels in the soil have been raised is discussed. In particular, the possible role of acid-soluble phosphate is examined.

Growth characters and yield of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) as affected by contents of water–soluble P in triple superphosphate/dicalcium phosphate and triple superphosphate/rock phosphate mixtures

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Govil ◽  
Rajendra Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Rock Phosphates ◽  
Phosphorus Application

SUMMARYA field experiment was made during the rainy seasons of 1968 and 1969 on a sandy loam soil to study the response of Sorghum hybrid CSH–1 to phosphorus in relation to content of water-soluble phosphate in fertilizers. Triple superphosphate, dicalcium phosphate, rock phosphate (200-mesh), nitrophosphate and mixtures of triple superphosphate with dicalcium phosphate and rock phosphate in 3:1, 2:2 and 1:3 ratios were studied. The amounts of phosphorus applied were 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha. Phosphorus application significantly affected dry matterproduced, plant height, days to 50% bloom, number of grains per ear, thousand-grain weight, stover and grain yield. Triple superphosphate and 3:1 triple superphosphate/dicalcium phosphate mixture were the most effective while rock phosphate and 1:3 triple superphosphate/rock phosphate mixture the least. Differences among sources were more marked in 1968 and at the higher amount i.e. 60 kg P2O5/ha. The response of sorghum to phosphorus was considerably lowered when the water solubility waa below 50% in triple superphosphate/dicalcium phosphate mixtures and below 75% in triple superphosphate/rock phosphate mixtures. Relative effectiveness was assessed by calculating ‘superphosphate equivalents’ and ‘multiple regressions’. Using superphosphate equivalents dicalcium phosphate, nitrophosphate and rock phosphates were 47–53%, 35–56% and 3–25%, respectively, as effective as triple superphosphate.

Applications of the herbicide sethoxydim increase wheat yield in the absence of weeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
ID Black ◽  
CB Dyson ◽  
AR Fischle
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Area North

In 11 experiments over 6 seasons the herbicide sethoxydim was applied to Machete, Spear and Blade wheat cultivars in the absence or near absence of weeds (10 sites) or where the weeds were controlled by selective herbicides (1 site), in the cropping area north of Adelaide, South Australia. The rates applied included 9-47 g a.i./ha at the 2-3 leaf growth stage and 9-74 g a.i./ha at early tillering. Except for the very long growing season of 1992, there was a highly significant positive linear correlation between the number of degree days in the growing season at each experimental site and relative mean yield increase of these sethoxydim treatments. Yield increases ranged from nil in growing seasons of about 1000 degree days to 32% in a growing season of 1480 degree days, with a median of 8% over the experiments.

scholarly journals Wheat yield responses to stomatal uptake of ozone: Peak vs rising background ozone conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Harmens ◽  
Felicity Hayes ◽  
Gina Mills ◽  
Katrina Sharps ◽  
Stephanie Osborne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Background Ozone ◽  
Yield Responses
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