The performance of laying hens fed various dietary protein levels in the growing period and first laying year

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Connor ◽  
HW Burton
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Protein Layer ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Laying Performance

Two experiments examined the effects of protein restriction in the growing period on the production of egg type pullets. The protein levels of diets fed in the growing period were 15, 13, and 11 per cent. The treatments were incorporated in factorial designs with nutritional treatments in the laying period involving diet protein levels of 17, 15, and 13 per cent and, for one of the experiments, with housing densities of either 4 sq. ft. or 2 sq. ft. per bird. Restriction of protein during the growing period retarded growth and delayed sexual maturity, but neither of the levels of restriction examined increased subsequent laying performance. Eggs lost due to delays in the onset of production were not compensated for by increases in subsequent production and egg weight was generally depressed by protein restriction. The pattern of egg production was altered by restriction. A 13 per cent protein layer diet introduced at point of lay also reduced bodyweight gain and delayed age at sexual maturity. Interactions between nutritional and housing treatments in the growing and laying periods were apparent in egg production and egg weight.

Effect of constant photoperiods on the laying performance of broiler breeders allowed conventional or accelerated growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. LEWIS ◽  
D. BACKHOUSE ◽  
R. M. GOUS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Broiler Breeders ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Laying Performance ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Accelerated Growth

An experiment was conducted at the University of KwaZulu–Natal to assess the effect of constant photoperiods on sexual maturity and egg-laying performance in broiler breeders given two levels of control-feeding during the rearing phase. Cobb broiler breeder females were grown to reach 2·1 kg body weight at 17 or 21 weeks, and maintained on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 16-h photoperiods from 2 days to 68 weeks of age. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and growth rate for any production parameter. The time required reaching 2·1 kg increased proportionally with photoperiod but, because of delayed sexual development, birds on longer photoperiods consumed more feed to, and were heavier at, sexual maturity than shorter daylengths. The longer-photoperiod birds also had inferior rates of lay in the first half of the cycle, but superior in the second, which, together with the photoperiodic effects on maturity, resulted in birds on 11, 13 or 14 h producing most eggs to 68 weeks, and those on 16 h fewest. It is possible that the pattern of egg production was due to some of the birds on [ges ]13-h photoperiods becoming photorefractory, having a mid-cycle pause, and then spontaneously resuming egg production in the latter half of the cycle. However, a hinge-analysis of current and other data to the more usual depletion age of 60 weeks showed that the combined effects of photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production resulted in constant 10-h birds producing the highest number of eggs, with numbers decreasing by 3·6 eggs/h of photoperiod above the hinge and 7·8 eggs/h of photoperiod below it. Mean egg weight increased by 0·4 g/h of photoperiod, but the proportion of abnormally large and floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were unaffected by daylength. For each photoperiod, accelerated growth resulted in body weights being heavier than controls at sexual maturity, despite the mean age at maturity being 10 days earlier for the faster-growing birds. Body weights for the two growth groups were not significantly different at 68 weeks. Faster-growth birds consumed 1 kg less feed to 2·1 kg body weight, but 1·3 kg more feed to sexual maturity and 2·7 kg more to 68 weeks, and produced 6 more eggs than, but had similar patterns of egg production to, the conventionally managed controls. Mean egg weight, the proportion of floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were similar for both groups. Notwithstanding that the overall production of abnormally large eggs was low (1·1 eggs per bird); the faster-growing birds produced significantly more than the controls. Egg weight was positively influenced by age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and photoperiod, but was unaffected by rate of growth to 2·1 kg per se.These findings show that there are differences between broiler breeders and egg-type pullets in their response to constant photoperiods. It is likely that the factors responsible for these differences, particularly in terms of sexual development, are the exhibition of photorefractoriness by, and the retardational effects of controlled feeding on, broiler breeders.

Effect of flame roasting of dietary grains on the performance of leghorn hens

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M.G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights

Two experiments examined the effect on the performance of Leghorn hens given diets containing flame-roasted grains from 140 to 490 d of age. In exp. 1, the inclusion of barley, corn and wheat roasted at 121, 119 and 149 °C, respectively, had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on productive performance. Experiment 2 contained a factorial arrangement of treatments that involved two sources of dietary barley (non-roasted or flame-roasted at 154 °C), two methods of milling (hammer or roller) and two dietary protein levels (15 or 18%). Hens given the diets that contained roasted barley had lower (P < 0.01–0.001) 490-d body weights, egg production, early egg weight (196 d) and number of extra large sized eggs, and higher (P < 0.05–0.01) feed conversion, monetary returns, interior egg quality and number of medium sized and grades B and C eggs than those fed the non-roasted barley control diet. Mortality, the number of large-sized eggs and egg weights, feed conversion and the occurrence of blood spots were higher (P < 0.05–0.001) while the number of medium-sized eggs was lower (P < 0.05–0.001) when the hens were fed roller compared with hammer-milled grains. Hens given the 18% protein-containing diets had higher (P < 0.05–0.01) 490 d body weight, egg production, monetary returns and numbers of small sized and grades B and C eggs, but lower (P < 0.05) mortality than those receiving the diets that contained 15% protein. Key words: Flame roasting, dietary grains, Leghorn hens

The influence of body weight at point-of-lay on the production responses of restricted-reared pullets

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Balnave
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Time Restriction

The food intake, age at sexual maturity, egg weight and daily egg mass output of pullets fed on a time restriction basis during growth were significantly influenced by body weight at 21 weeks of age. Egg production was not affected significantly when 21-week body weight varied between 1.3 and 1.8 kg. It is suggested that one of the major factors influencing the performance of a pullet flock during lay is the number of birds of abnormally low body weight present at the end of the growing period.

THE EFFECT OF FEEDING A DIET CONTAINING CANOLA MEAL ON THE INCIDENCE OF FATTY LIVER SYNDROME AMONG FOUR MATERNAL POULTRY MEAT BREEDER GENOTYPES TO 266 DAYS OF AGE

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. PROUDFOOT ◽  
H. W. HULAN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Performance data revealed that adult maternal meat breeders fed diets incorporating 15% canola meal experienced a significant increase in mortality attributed to Fatty Liver Syndrome (FLS) compared with maternal breeders receiving diets without canola meal. Dietary protein levels per se had no significant effect on the incidence of FLS (P > 0.05). Data to 266 d also provide useful information on general performance, particularly with regard to egg production, age at sexual maturity, feed efficiency, initial egg weight and egg specific gravity. Key words: Maternal, meat breeders, hens, canola meal, Fatty Liver Syndrome, poultry

HIGH-PROTEIN WHEAT IN DIETS FOR LAYING HENS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. GARDINER ◽  
S. DUBETZ
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Weights

High-protein wheat (21.0%) and regular-protein wheat (14.5%) were compared at two dietary protein levels with and without supplementary L-lysine. The diets were fed to White Leghorn laying hens maintained in floor pens for 44 wk. The addition of 0.3% L-lysine increased egg production from all diets, although the increase with the 17.4%-protein diet was not significant. L-lysine supplementation increased egg weight with the high-protein wheat diets but not with the regular wheat diets. Feed consumed per dozen eggs was lowest when hens were fed regular-protein wheat supplemented with L-lysine. L-lysine supplementation of the high-protein wheat in the 16%-protein diet reduced the amount of feed required per dozen eggs. Body weights of hens were not affected by L-lysine supplementation of the regular wheat diet; however, supplementation of the high-protein wheat diets resulted in increased body weights. The use of high-protein wheat in the diets that were not corrected for protein (i.e., 17.4%-protein diet) did not support high rates of lay, egg size, and body weight unless supplemented with L-lysine.

scholarly journals Heterosis effect in hybrid laying hens

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hristakieva ◽  
M. Oblakova ◽  
M. Lalev ◽  
N. Mincheva
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Group V ◽  
Paternal Line ◽  
Group I ◽  
Heterosis Effect

The new original egg laying lines T, P and N selected at the Institute of Agriculture - Stara Zagora were used. Hybrid ?? ? ??, ?? ? ?? crosses were obtained and used for paternal line. Thereafter, the following breeding schedule of paternal and maternal lines was applied: Group I - (?????)? ?N?; group ?? - (?????)? ?N?; group ??? - ???N?; and group ?V - ???N?. The production traits of original and hybrid birds were recorded: live weight at the age of 8 and 18 weeks, age of sexual maturity in days, 150 days egg production, average egg weight - at 2-week intervals until end of lay; livability, heterosis effect. The live weights of hybrids at 8 and 18 weeks of age were statistically significantly lower compared to original lines. The values of heterosis for this parameter were negative for all four hybrid combinations. The earliest beginning of egg lay occurred in (?????) ? ?N? (162.08 days of age) and ???N? (163.11 days of age). The relative (%) heterosis for age of sexual maturity of studied hybrid combinations had moderate to low negative values. Average egg weights of hybrids were higher and the values of heterosis - positive for all four groups varying from 0.97% to 1.63%. The average 150 days egg production was lower in purebred lines compared to hybrids. The highest average 150 days egg production was determined in ???N? hybrids - 142 eggs. The heterosis effect for egg production in hybrids was significant.

scholarly journals FEEDING FREQUENCY AND DENSITY OF MICROALGAE PASTE (CHLORELLA VULGARIS) IN THE DIET OF DEKALB UNDER BATTERY CAGE SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Author(s):  
Hannah F. Gan ◽  
◽  
Ken N. Falculan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Laying Performance

Poultry products are the major source of animal protein for most people throughout the world and egg production is the major index of performance of commercial layer business and the avenue in the potential increase ofincome from the enterprise which focuses onegg yield, weight of eggs, and increasing their quality production to enhance economic performance.Microalgae is certainly an interesting solution, it aims to increase its value as an animal feed additive in new commercial applications. The experimental research was used in this study to evaluate the laying performance and egg quality of DeKalb under two feeding regimen such as feeding density andfrequency of microalgae paste Chlorella vulgaris under battery type cage system. The experiment was conducted in acompletely randomized designwith a period of 30 days with 81 Dekalb of the same age. The experimental diet used were commercial feeds,microalgae paste and feeding frequencies of 4 times, 3 times and 2 times.Egg characteristics such as total number of eggs, egg weight (g), egg length (mm), egg width (mm) and shape index (%) were computed based on the data from feeding frequency and density. The costs of feeds and price of grown Dekalb and some material used were used in the computation of return on investment. Based on the result, the effect on the external quality of eggs fed under different feeding densities and frequencies on egg production, egg width, egg weight, egg length and shape index resulted to not significantthe null hypothesis was accepted. The internal quality, the effect of different feeding densities on albumen height, albumen weight and yolk width also statistically not significant. Supplementation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris on hen diet can be included as a dietary supplement for laying hens up to 80% of the diet to produce quality eggs.

Responses of IsaBrown laying hens to a pre-layer diet containing additional calcium and to dietary protein and lysine concentrations during lay

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Balnave ◽  
R. J. Gill ◽  
X. Li ◽  
W. L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Grower Diet

IsaBrown pullets were obtained from a commercial breeder at 15 (Expt 1) and 16 (Expt 2) weeks of age and housed in either single-bird or multiple 5-bird cages in a high rise, windowless layer house in which temperatures were maintained below 30˚C by computerised control of fans and evaporative cooling pads. In Expt 1, they were fed either a grower diet or a pre-layer diet consisting of the grower diet containing additional calcium to 18 weeks of age and then maintained during lay to 56 weeks of age on diets containing either 160 or 180 g crude protein (CP)/kg. In Expt 2, they were fed the grower diet to 19 weeks of age and then 1 of 5 diets similar in all ingredients except that the lysine concentration varied between 7.35 and 8.95 g/kg in increments of 0.4 g/kg. The L-lysine HCl supplements were added in lieu of solka floc, an inert cellulose supplement. In Expt 1, mortality was low (2.25%), peak egg production was high (95–98%), and the mean rate of lay at 56 weeks of age was above 88%. The diet fed prior to lay had no significant effect on production during lay. Feed intake and egg production were similar for hens fed both dietary protein levels during lay, and egg weight and egg mass output were greater for hens fed the diet containing 180 g CP/kg. Hens in multiple-bird cages ate significantlyless feed for a significantly smaller daily egg mass output. In Expt 2, increasing the dietary lysine concentration significantly reduced feed intake and significantly increased lysine intake, egg shell breaking strength, and albumen height. Multiple-caged hens had a significantly lower hen-housed egg production as a result of a 7-fold increase in mortality compared with hens in single cages, due mainly to cannibalism. The daily lysine requirement formaximum egg production approximated 940 mg for hens in single cages and 975 mg for hens in multiple-bird cages.

The effect of feed restriction on sexual maturity and initial reproductive performance of broiler pullets under different light treatments

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAE Pym ◽  
R Sledge
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Laying Performance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lighting Systems

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of restricted feeding under two lighting systems during the rearing period on the initial laying performance of broiler type pullets. The rearing treatments were imposed at nine weeks of age, removed at 22 weeks and the trial was discontinued at 36 weeks of age. The feeding treatments (restricted versus ad lib.) were arranged factorially with the lighting treatments (decreasing versus increasing). Birds reared on restricted feeding reached sexual maturity 16 days later than full fed birds, ate 17 per cent less feed to 22 weeks and gained seven per cent less in body weight to 24 weeks of age and ten per cent less to 36 weeks. Birds reared under the decreasing lighting regime reached sexual maturity at the same age as those reared under increasing lighting, ate five per cent more feed during the rearing and laying periods and gained five per cent more in body weight to 24 weeks. The mean weight of eggs laid between 24 and 34 weeks of age from pullets subjected concurrently to decreasing lighting and restricted feeding was approximately two grams heavier than that of the other three treatment combinations. Mean egg weight was one gram greater in the restricted than in the full fed group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Laying mortality was lower in the restricted fed group than in the full fed group.

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