Time of sowing and wheat production in southern NSW

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Kohn ◽  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Organic Nitrogen ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Moisture Potential

Wheat (CV. Heron) sown on clover-improved soils at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, over the period 1961 to 1965 showed a general reduction in yield and an increase in grain protein percentage with delay in sowing. Grain yield decreased by 3.7 per cent for each week's delay in sowing after the end of April and the rate of grain protein increase ranged from 0.09 to 0.56 per cent for each week's delay, depending on seasonal conditions. This grain protein increase was accompanied by a reduced kernel size which resulted in a decrease in grain protein yield of 12.5 lb an acre for each week's delay in sowing. The reduced grain yield with later sowings was associated with less efficient use of soil moisture the post-flowering period. Although the cumulative evapotranspiration of early sown crops was about two inches greater than that for late sown crops in mid-spring, all sowings reduced the soil moisture potential to -15 bars to a depth of four to five feet at maturity. However, the late sown crops matured more rapidly with a reduction in all yield components. Changes in soil mineral nitrogen concentration during the growing season indicated that there Was adequate nitrogen available for all sowings. In two years mineralization of soil organic nitrogen occurred under the crops and contributed significantly to the crops requirement. In a third year mineral nitrogen losses from the soil could not be accounted for by plant uptake.

The leaching of nitrogen and its uptake by wheat in a soil from southern New South Wales

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiencies ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The changes in nitrogen concentration in the profile of a red brown earth soil, containing the equivalent of 160 lb mineral nitrogen per acre 18 inches at sowing, and to which ammonium sulphate at 0, 50, 100, and 150 lb nitrogen an acre had been added in early July, were measured for two seasons. A slow rate of nitrification resulted in the presence of high concentrations of residual ammonia-nitrogen 33 months later, equivalent to 55 and 30 per cent of the nitrogen added at the highest rate in fallowed and cropped treatments respectively. This residual ammonia-nitrogen persisted until the spring of the second season, a period of 13 months. Nitrogen was leached into the deeper subsoil, in the autumn and winter, when soil moisture was high and rain frequent. This leached nitrogen was retained in the surface 30 inches of the soil and subsequently taken up by the wheat crop. This uptake was responsible for differences in mineral nitrogen concentration between fallowed and cropped plots of approximately 82 and 96 per cent in the 0-18 inch and 0-30 inch depths respectively. It is suggested that leaching in low fertility soils, following heavy autumn and winter rains, could result in short term nitrogen deficiencies for crops in the Wagga Wagga region.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variationin Dry Weight and Nitrogen Concentration of Wheat Plant Parts; Relations to Grain Yield and Grain Protein Concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hafeez Malik ◽  
Allan Andersson ◽  
Ramune Kuktaite ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub Mujahid ◽  
Bismillah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts

Fallowing and wheat production in southern NSW

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Kohn ◽  
RR Storrier ◽  
EG Cuthbertson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

The response of wheat to the length of fallow, to the number of cultivations, and to pre-planting chemical control of weeds on high fertility soils was determined under winter rainfall conditions at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, over four years commencing 1960-61. Length of fallow had little influence on the conservation of rainfall except in 1961-62, when approximately twice the average summer rainfall added 1.8 inches of soil moisture per acre 48 inches. Long fallow increased available nitrogen accumulation, but this did not increase yield over either the mechanically prepared shorter fallows, or pre-planting chemical weed control. This was due to losses during the autumn-winter period of some of the excess mineral nitrogen that accrued during the long fallow. High mineral nitrogen concentrations also occurred during the summer on weed-free, uncultivated soils. Grain yield after a single autumn cultivation was as high as after a long fallow except in 1961-62. In this year the long fallow (September to May) significantly increased yields over all other treatments. The absence of any positive yield response to the application of 60 to 80 lb nitrogen an acre to short fallows suggests that mineral nitrogen concentrations were generally adequate for grain production. The addition of nitrogen to long fallows often depressed yields. The dependence of grain yield on adequate weed control is illustrated by a highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.849 ; P<0.001) of grain yield with weed growth. It is concluded that in the Wagga Wagga environment weed control is more important than moisture conservation and mineral nitrogen accumulation through fallowing.

The availability of mineral nitrogen in a wheat soil from southern New South Wales

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
South Wales

In a red-brown earth soil from Wagga Wagga the fluctuations in the level of mineral nitrogen (ammonia plus nitrate-nitrogen) and its availability to wheat under growing period rainfalls of 6 inches and 16 inches were studied. Ammonia-nitrogen did not exceed 8 lb nitrogen per acre 6 inches but showed statistically significant short term fluctuations. Mineral nitrogen decreased steadily from the 4-5 leaf stage of plant growth, reaching minimum values in the ear-emergence period when a temporary nitrogen deficiency occurred. Following rainfalls of about one inch or more, conditions favoured biological activity and nitrogen was mineralized, absorbed by the crop and/or leached down the profile. In one season a release of mineral nitrogen about two weeks before flowering contributed an estimated 20-30 per cent of the total nitrogen uptake of the crop. Nitrogen uptake by the wheat crop ceased after flowering and subsequent changes in mineral nitrogen level reflect the net result of mineralization and demineralization processes, and nitrogen uptake by weeds, particularly skeleton weed. Absorption of nitrogen from the profile depended upon seasonal conditions, with the surface 18 inches suppling the greater part of the nitrogen absorbed by the crop. This indicates the need to sample regularly to at least a depth of 18 inches, particularly during the period from 4-5 leaf to flowering, when studying the relation between mineral nitrogen and crop growth. The data suggest that the response of wheat, as measured by grain yield and protein content, to the higher levels of mineral nitrogen in the improved soils of southern New South Wales is determined by soil moisture levels, particularly in the post-flowering period.

Effect of sowing rate on grain yield, kernel weight, and grain protein percentage of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in northern New South Wales

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Doyle ◽  
RW Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
South Wales

The effect of sowing rate (10-110 kg/ha) on the grain yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was determined from a total of 20 field experiments conducted in northern New South Wales from 1983 to 1986. Effects of sowing rate on kernel weight and grain protein percentage were also determined from 12 experiments conducted in 1985 and 1986. Two barley varieties were tested each year. In all years fallow plus winter rainfall was equal to or greater than average. Grain yield increased with higher sowing rates in most experiments, with the response curve reaching a plateau above 60-70 kg/ha. For 13 of the 40 variety x year combinations, grain yield fell at the highest sowing rates. Only in an experiment where lodging increased substantially with higher sowing rates was there a reduction in yield at a sowing rate of 60 kg/ha. The average sowing rate for which 5 kg grain was produced per kg of seed sown was 63 kg/ha. Grain protein percentage usually fell, and kernel weight invariably fell, with increasing sowing rate. Increasing sowing rates from the normal commercial rate of 35 kg/ha to a rate of 60 kg/ha typically increased grain yields by 100-400 kg/ha, decreased kernel weight by 0.4-2.0 mg, and decreased grain protein by up to 0.5 percentage points. In no case was the grain weight reduced to below malting specifications. It was concluded that sowing rates for barley in northern New South Wales should be increased to about 60 kg/ha.

Effect of lupin management on the yield of subsequent wheat crops in a lupin-wheat rotation

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Petch ◽  
RW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen

Wheat was grown in a series of 1:1 rotation cycles with sweet lupins over 8 years on three sites in Western Australia. Grain yield of wheat was the main test used to compare five lupin management treatments with a control treatment, 'no-lupins'. The lupins were cut as for silage, cut as for hay, or harvested as mature grain, the stubble being burnt or removed in summer, or turned into the soil the next autumn. Nitrogen taken up in the lupins and in the wheat was measured, as well as soil mineral nitrogen in the top 10 cm in the final year. Lupin yield and nitrogen content within any year were similar over all treatments. As much nitrogen was removed in hay and silage as in mature lupins, but wheat yielded most grain after the 'silage' and 'hay' treatments, and least after 'no-lupins' or after the 'remove' and 'turn-in' stubble treatments. Nitrogen uptakes in young wheat plants point to treatment effects due to differences in nitrogen availability, but the treatments also caused different weed populations which at least partially affected wheat yields. Herbicide control of encroaching weeds in the lupins raised soil nitrate levels the following summer and increased subsequent wheat yields.

Recovery of fertiliser nitrogen in wheat grain and its implications for economic fertiliser use

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Doyle ◽  
CC Leckie
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
Yield Responses

Grain yield, protein, and nitrogen uptake responses are reported for 6 wheat fertiliser experiments in northern New South Wales which were representative of sites that were highly responsive, moderately responsive, and non-responsive to nitrogen (N) fertiliser applied at sowing. Apparent recoveries of applied N of 33-57% in the grain were recorded where grain yield was steeply increasing in response to additional applied N. Where yield increases were smaller in response to increments of N fertiliser, N recovery was 22-3096, but where further N application increased grain protein content but not grain yield, apparent recovery of additional fertiliser N fell below 20%. Apparent recovery was less than 10% in experiments where there was no yield response to N fertiliser. The implications for fertiliser recommendations are discussed relative to potential premium payment for wheat protein levels. It was concluded that established premium payments are too low to make N application an economic proposition to increase grain protein levels in the absence of grain yield responses.

The long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on soil mineral nitrogen supply to wheat

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan ◽  
KY Chan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Percent Recovery ◽  
Direct Drilling

Wheat was grown as a monoculture or in rotation with lupin or subterranean clover in a long-term rotation, stubble and tillage experiment established in 1979, on a red earth (Gn 2 . 12) at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. The effect of rotation, tillage and stubble management on the supply of soil nitrogen, and amounts leached were studied by in situ sequential soil sampling during the wheat phase of the rotation in years 10 and 11. Of the rotations, grazed subterranean clover-wheat accumulated higher mineral nitrogen levels during the wheat phase than a lupin-wheat rotation, which in turn produced higher levels than wheat-wheat. The mean seasonal total of net soil nitrogen mineralized (0-15 cm) was 239 kg N ha-1 for subterranean clover-wheat, 165 kg N ha-1 for lupin-wheat and 99.5 kg N ha-1 for wheat-wheat. In a lupin-wheat rotation, retention of stubble increased the net amount of nitrogen mineralized in both seasons. Direct drilling also increased net mineralization in 1990 but the results were inconsistent in 1989. Losses from the surface 15 cm were closely related to the amounts mineralized, with the highest recorded in subterranean clover-wheat rotations. Percent recovery of soil mineralized nitrogen by the above-ground wheat crop following lupin ranged from 57% to 83%, with both direct drilling and stubble retention reducing recovery. While total plant uptake of nitrogen in a wheat-wheat rotation was low, percent recovery was high (77%), compared with that in a subterranean clover-wheat rotation (60%).

Influence of tillage systems and nitrogen management on grain yield, grain protein and nitrogen-use efficiency in UK spring wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. RIAL-LOVERA ◽  
W. P. DAVIES ◽  
N. D. CANNON ◽  
J. S. CONWAY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYEffects of soil tillage systems and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on spring wheat yield components, grain yield and N-use efficiency (NUE) were evaluated in contrasting weather of 2013 and 2014 on a clay soil at the Royal Agricultural University's Harnhill Manor Farm, Cirencester, UK. Three tillage systems – conventional plough tillage (CT), high intensity non-inversion tillage (HINiT) and low intensity non-inversion tillage (LINiT) for seedbed preparation – were compared at four rates of N fertilizer (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg N/ha). Responses to the effects of the management practices were strongly influenced by weather conditions and varied across seasons. Grain yields were similar between LINiT and CT in 2013, while CT produced higher yields in 2014. Nitrogen fertilization effects also varied across the years with no significant effects observed on grain yield in 2013, while in 2014 applications up to 140 kg N/ha increased yield. Grain protein ranged from 10·1 to 14·5% and increased with N rate in both years. Nitrogen-use efficiency ranged from 12·6 to 49·1 kg grain per kg N fertilizer and decreased as N fertilization rate increased in both years. There was no tillage effect on NUE in 2013, while in 2014 NUE under CT was similar to LINiT and higher than HINiT. The effect of tillage and N fertilization on soil moisture and soil mineral N (SMN) fluctuated across years. In 2013, LINiT showed significantly higher soil moisture than CT, while soil moisture did not differ between tillage systems in 2014. Conventional tillage had significantly higher SMN at harvest time in 2014, while no significant differences on SMN were observed between tillage systems in 2013. These results indicate that LINiT can be used to produce similar spring wheat yield to CT on this particular soil type, if a dry cropping season is expected. Crop response to N fertilization is limited when soil residual N is higher, while in conditions of lower residual SMN, a higher N supply is needed to increase yield and improve grain protein content.

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