Ammonia fumigation for reducing green mould wastage in oranges during ethylene degreening

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (13) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Leggo ◽  
JA Seberry
Keyword(s):  
Convenient Method ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Extensive Experiment ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Green Mould

The addition of ammonia to experimental cabinets reduced the development of green mould (Penicillium digitatum) wastage in oranges during ethylene degreening. The treatment consisted of introducing ammonia at a concentration of 6000 p.p.m. (v/v) three times every 24 hours throughout the three or four day degreening period. Ammonia gave excellent control of green mould wastage in wound inoculated oranges in preliminary laboratory tests. In an extensive experiment with Valencia oranges, surface inoculated with spores of P. digitatum, ammonia reduced green mould wastage when fruit was degreened at chamber loads of 25 and 50 per cent. These loads would represent the limits likely to be encountered commercially. The ammonia treatment did not cause rind damage to treated fruit. The evaporation of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution is a practical and convenient method of adding ammonia to the degreening chamber.

The stability of uric acid in ammonium hydroxide.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2280-2282 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ellerbe ◽  
A Cohen ◽  
M J Welch ◽  
E White
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Decomposition Curve

Abstract We examined the stability of uric acid in dilute aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution by mass spectrometry. Uric acid decomposes in ammonium hydroxide even as dilute as 15 mmol/L when the mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid is 50:1. There are at least four products of the decomposition, two of which have been identified as allantoin and urea. The slope of the decomposition curve indicates that uric acid is destroyed at an initial rate of 2-3% per hour. In ammonium hydroxide at a concentration of 1 mmol/L and a mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid of less than or equal to 3.4, uric acid is not detectably decomposed. Evidently, any method for determination of uric acid that involves treating the analyte with ammonium hydroxide before analysis may destroy it. Therefore, a published method described as being "definitive" for uric acid (J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985; 23:129-35) could produce incorrect results because it involves storing the uric acid in 15 mmol/L ammonium hydroxide at a mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid of greater than 120:1.

The Sorption of Thorium and Americium onto Fresh and Degraded Ordinary Portland Cement and onto Green Tuff

2006 ◽  
Vol 932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Cowper ◽  
Sarah Baker ◽  
Adam V. Chambers ◽  
Timothy G. Heath ◽  
Morihiro Mihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Aqueous Conditions ◽  
Sodium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Simulated Seawater

ABSTRACTThe sorption of thorium and americium has been measured onto crushed samples of freshordinary Portland cement (OPC), degraded OPC (DOPC) and green tuff under a range of aqueous conditions as part of research into the disposal of TRU waste in Japan. Sorption onto OPC was measured from deionised water,3 mol dm−3 sodium nitrate solution and simulated seawater, and onto DOPC from demineralised water; all solutions were pre-equilibrated with the relevant cement. Sorption onto tuff was measured from pre-equilibrated deionised water, 3 mol dm−3 sodium nitrate solution, simulated seawater, OPC leachate and 1 mol dm−3 ammonium hydroxide solution. RD values were determined from the amount of thorium or americium remaining in solution after centrifugation, 0.45 μm filtration and 10,000 nominal molecular weight cut-off (NMWCO) filtration. Centrifugation gave lower RD values than filtration. MeanRD values for sorption onto OPC and DOPC were in the range 4 × 104 to ≥1 × 106 cm3g−1 for thorium, and 3 ×103 to ≥1 × 105 cm3g−1 for americium, after filtration through 10,000 NMWCO filters. Mean RD values for thorium sorption onto tuff increased from2 × 103 cm3g−1 in tuff-equilibrated deionised water, to ≥ 4 × 106 cm3g−1 from ammonium hydroxide solution (10,000 NMWCO-filtration). A similar trend was seen for10,000 NMWCO-iltered americium samples where mean RD values increased from 4 × 103 cm3g−1 in deionised water to 1 × 105 cm3g−1 in ammonium hydroxide solution.

The effect of different nitrogenous fertilizers, applied as solids or solutions, on the yield and nitrate-N content of established grass and newly sown ryegrass

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
N Content ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Solid Form

Experiments on permanent grass and newly sown Italian ryegrass compared ammonium hydroxide solution, with ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea, applied at 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as solids, and also when dissolved in water to give a final N content of 5 %. Ammonium hydroxide solution containing 5% N damaged established grass severely and did not increase drymatter yields; when applied to the seed-bed before sowing Italian ryegrass, ammonium hydroxide solution did not affect germination but yields were lower than with other N fertilizers.On permanent grass all fertilizers significantly increased dry-matter yields and N uptake at both cuts. The form of N fertilizer did not significantly affect dry-matter yields or N uptake of grass of the first cut. The method of application (i.e. solid or liquid) did not affect dry-matter yields, except that ammonium nitrate in solution gave a significantly higher yield than did the solid form at the second cut; the grass had higher N content with solid forms than with solutions. The grass took up more N from solid forms than from solutions except with ammonium nitrate at the second cut. Delaying the N application by 20 days decreased dry-matter yields considerably and increased the N content of the grass.

scholarly journals Copper recovery from chalcopyrite flotation plant tailings acid leach using ion exchange resin dowtm XUS 43578.00

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.23) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Melvin M. Mashingaidze ◽  
Catherine N. Shifotoka
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Leach Solution ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Acid Leach

This study examined the feasibility of recovering copper from a sulphuric acid leach solution of chalcopyrite flotation plant tailings assaying 0.18 % copper and 0.19 % zinc using DOWTM XUS 43578.00 ion exchange resin. Zn2+cations are counter ionsto Cu2+cations during the ion exchange process. Adsorption and desorption tests were conducted on the resin with a leach solution containing26 mg Cu/L and 225 mg Zn/L,under various conditions of pH, DOWTM XUS 43578.00resin dosage, agitation time and eluant(ammonium hydroxide solution) concentration. The DOWTM XUS 43578.00resindemonstrated a high selectivity for copper over zinc, with a separation factor of 30.26 mg/g. The highcopper distribution coefficient of65L2/g2suggeststhe resin can effectively concentrate copper in leach solutions of these particular tailings.A 4M ammonium hydroxide solution yielded the highest copper recoveryat pH 3and0.6gresin dosageafter3hours of agitation. These results can be improved by a pre-treatment step to remove the zinc before the copper ion exchange process, and modifying the experiments to simulate industrial practice by having multi-stage sorption and desorption phases. 

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