Effects of increasing the inclusion level of Atriplex amnicola in the diet of sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
M. B. P. Kumara Mahipala ◽  
G. L. Krebs ◽  
P. McCafferty ◽  
K. Dods
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The effects of increasing the level of inclusion of fresh Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson foliage in an oaten chaff (Avena sativa L.) diet fed to sheep were investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain varying amounts [0, 161, 362, 496, 650 and 836 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)] of A. amnicola, and these diets were fed to individually penned sheep according to a Latin square design. Feed and faecal samples were analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, and ash contents. Mineral contents and 24 h in vitro gas production were measured in freeze-dried feed samples. As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola increased, digestibility of DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre increased (P < 0.05), reaching the peak at the 496 g/kg DM inclusion level and then decreasing (P < 0.05) thereafter. Acid detergent fibre digestibility followed a similar trend, but peak digestibility was at 362 g/kg DM inclusion level. Digestibility of crude protein continued to increase (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of A. amnicola. Gas production (24 h) from A. amnicola was lower (P < 0.05) than that from oaten chaff (24.4 v. 45.3 mL/200 mg DM) and also had lower metabolisable energy content (in vitro ME, 6.3 v. 8.6 MJ/kg DM). As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola in the diet increased, gas production and in vitro metabolisable energy content decreased (P < 0.05). The 496 g/kg DM inclusion level provided the optimum N : energy ratio for fermentation of dietary fibre. At this level of inclusion the diet was rich in Na, Ca, P, Mg, K, S, Mn and Zn. High inclusion levels improved the crude protein value of the diet but compromised fibre digestibility.

Effects of season and time since defoliation on the nutritive characteristics of three irrigated perennial pasture species in northern Victoria 1. Energy, protein and fibre

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The study reported here compared the nutritive characteristics of the 3 most common irrigated perennial pasture species grown in northern Victoria as they regrew after defoliation at various times during the year. In addition, the relative influence of changes to the proportions of morphological components and the nutritive characteristics of the individual components on the quality of whole plants was examined. The nutritive characteristics of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Ellet) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) were examined at weekly intervals on 4 occasions during spring–autumn, 1993–94. On each occasion, pastures were defoliated with a drum mower and allowed to regrow for up to 9 weeks; defoliation dates were 24 September, 26 November, 28 January and 25 March. The variation in estimated metabolisable energy [obtained from in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility], crude protein and detergent fibre concentrations within species was significantly (P<0.01) less than between clover and the grasses. White clover was consistently high in metabolisable energy (9.3–11.2 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (17.7–27.7% DM), and low in neutral detergent fibre (27.8–39.8% DM) in all periods. At the other extreme, paspalum had a metabolisable energy content that peaked at 9.3 MJ/kg DM, and fell as low as 7.4 MJ/kg DM. Paspalum also had low protein (7.5–14.7% DM) and very high neutral detergent fibre (61.9–69.9% DM) concentrations. Ryegrass varied greatly in metabolisable energy concentration between the 4 periods, being high in autumn (average of 10.2 MJ/kg DM) and low in summer–autumn (average of 8.4 MJ/kg DM). Metabolisable energy apart, there were few differences in the crude protein and detergent fibre contents of ryegrass and paspalum. Perennial ryegrass is generally considered a superior feed to paspalum, but the data indicate this is not always the case under irrigation in northern Victoria. The nutritive characteristics of the plant fractions (leaf, stem, dead, inflorescence) were analysed separately to give an indication of the limits to selection by grazing cows. Differences in metabolisable energy between leaf and stem in both white clover and perennial ryegrass suggested that grazing dairy cows could consume a pasture diet which is likely to be slightly higher in energy than that in the herbage on offer. With paspalum, this is unlikely to be the case because differences in energy content between plant parts were small. However, with all species, cows should be able to consume herbage that is significantly higher in protein, and lower in detergent fibre, than that on offer because of differences in their concentrations in leaf and stem. The nutritive characteristics of morphological components of each species remained relatively constant throughout the study. Therefore, it would seem that it is the proportions of these fractions in the plant, together with severity of grazing, that will largely determine the degree of selection that can occur.

In Vitro gas production assessement of Panicum maximum incubated with Leucaena leucocephala at varying proportions to predict the nutritional value for ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
O. O. Falola ◽  
O. O. Olufayo
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Tropics

The inclusion of multipurpose trees with grass such as Panicum maximum in the diet of ruminants may enhance productivity. Thus, the study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, in vitro gas production characteristics and parameters of Leucaena leucocephala and Panicum maximum at varying proportions. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Leucaena leucocephala at different ratio: T1 (100% Panicum maximum), T2 (100% Leuceana leucocephala), T3 (50% P. maximum + 50% L. leucocephala), T4 (75% P. maximum + 25% L .leucocephala) and T5 (25% P. maximum + 75% L. leucocephala). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. Values obtained for dry matter (34.43 –35.95g/100g) decreased with the increased inclusion of Leuceana leucocephala in the diets. The crude fiber values (14.33 – 30.75g/100g) also followed the same trend while crude protein (CP) content (10.70 – 26.78g/100g) increased the inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala in the diets. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the treatment means of organic matter digestibility (OMD 31.93 – 37.07%), Metabolisable energy (ME 3.62 – 4.33 MJ/kgDM), short chain fatty acids (SCFA 0.04 – 0.16mL) and methane (ME 1.00 – 2.50 mL).The values (2.00 – 4.67 ml/200mgDM) obtained for immediate soluble 'a' was significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The extent of gas production (a+b) ranged from 2.00 – 4.67 mL/200mgDM, T1 (100% Panicum maximum) recorded the lowest while highest was observed in T2 (100% Leucaena leucocephala). The insoluble but degradable fraction 'b'ranged from 2.67 – 5.67ml/200mgDM, while the rate of gas production 'c' ranged from 0.04 – 0.14ml/hr. In conclusion, the enhanced values of crude protein, OMD, SCFA, and ME in the Panicum maximum and Leucaena leucocephala mixture indicate that the diets is able to meet the nutrients requirements of small ruminants in the tropics especially during the dry season.

Chemical composition and metabolisable energy content of four aquatic plants for sheep

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
M. Sakarya ◽  
A. Kamalak ◽  
O. Canbolat ◽  
Y. Gurbuz ◽  
N. Tursun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aquatic Plants ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Although some aquatic plants have been used for ruminant diets in some parts of Turkey there is a lack of information about their nutritive values. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and metabolisable energy (ME) content of four different aquatic plants using in vitro gas production technique.

Cultivation of housefly larvae (Musca domestica L.) as a biological method to enrich rice straw and maximise its utilisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
F.M. Abo-Donia ◽  
U.A. Nayel
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Biological Technique ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

This study is aimed at presenting a new biological technique to enrich rice straw via the cultivation of Musca domestica (MD) and at evaluating the outcome of this technique using in vitro and in vivo studies. Rice straw was treated using molasses and water at 17.5: 0.375: 7.0 (w/v/v), respectively. The mixture was left in an open shaded area for 11 successive days to allow MD to lay eggs and produce larvae. During this time, the recorded temperature was 35.6±2.2 °C and the humidity was 49±5.7%. Rice straw treated with 4% urea (URS) and untreated rice straw (RS) were used for comparison with in vitro and in vivo MD maggot rice straw (MRS). The crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents gradually increased during the first 8 days, and then began to gradually decrease until the 11th day. In vitro studies were performed on RS, MRS and URS as a single substrate. Instead, in the in vivo studies, experimental RS was offered ad libitum to sheep, and a concentrate feed mixture was provided as pellets to cover the maintenance requirements. The volume of produced gas and the in vitro degradability of the organic matter (OM), ash-free neutral detergent fibre, and CP (P<0.05) increased with the fermentation of the mg of MRS, compared to URS, which in turn was (P<0.05) higher than that of RS incubation. The consumed MRS was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the consumed URS. At the same time, the URS consumption was highly (P<0.05) significant, compared to the RS consumption. The eating, ruminating and chewing time (min/head/d) was significantly (P<0.05) higher when RS was consumed, compared to URS and MRS. Eating a diet including MRS led to higher (P<0.05) dry matter, OM, CP, EE, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre digestibility, than the diet containing URS, which was significantly (P<0.05) superior to the diet containing RS. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein values of the MRS-containing diet improved (P<0.05) more than that of URS, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than RS. In short, the results indicate that MD maggots could be produced on rice straw to elevate the protein content and nutritional value of feeds. Moreover, this technique improved the feed consumption and digestion coefficients more than the treated and untreated rice straw.

Nutritional value of Phalaris minor seeds and its comparison with conventional cereal grains for livestock feeding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Kaur ◽  
S. Thakur ◽  
Mahendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Phalaris Minor ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Livestock Feeding

The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional value of Phalaris minor seeds in comparison to conventional cereal grains. P. minor seeds had higher ether extract (6.3%), total ash (7.5%), acid insoluble ash (AIA, 4.5%), acid detergent fibre (ADF, 10.2%), cellulose (5.5%), acid detergent lignin (ADL, 2.0%), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP, 4.0%) and acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP, 2.7%) content in comparison to conventional cereal grains. The crude protein of P. minor seeds (12.3%) was similar to that of wheat (12.0%), but higher than other conventional cereal grains including maize (9.0%). The amino acid composition of P. minor seeds was more or less similar to conventional cereal grains. P. minor seeds had a superior mineral profile (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) than conventional cereal grains. In vitro evaluation revealed that net gas production was lowest (P less than 0.05) in P. minor seeds (216.37 L/kg DM/24 h). The methane production (L/kg DM/24 h)from P. minor seeds (43.03)was lower (P less than 0.05) than that from wheat (54.33) and barley (57.35). The organic matter digestibility of P. minor seeds (83.27%) was similar to that of barley (81.69%).It was concluded that P. minor seeds could be considered as potential source of nutrients for livestock.

Associative effects of poor-quality forages combined with food industry byproducts determined in vitro with an automated gas-production system

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Tagliapietra ◽  
Mirko Cattani ◽  
Matteo Guadagnin ◽  
Mohamed L. Haddi ◽  
Leonardo Sulas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

This experiment aimed to investigate the associative effects among two low-quality forages (crown daisy, milk thistle) and three agro-industrial byproducts (apple pomace, citrus pulp, tomato peel), by means of an automated gas production (GP) system. All feeds were incubated alone or as 50 : 50 mixtures of each forage with each byproduct. Samples (0.500 ± 0.0010 g) of single feeds or mixtures were incubated for 96 h, in three replicates in individual bottles (310 mL), with 75 mL of buffered rumen fluid. Bottles were vented by an open-close valve when the internal pressure reached 3.4 kPa. The metabolisable energy content of single feeds and mixtures was computed from GP at 24 h and feed chemical composition. Feed substrates were ranked for GP in the following way: byproducts, mixtures, and forages. The two forages did not differ for GP and metabolisable energy content, although differences were observed among byproducts and among mixtures. Both forages interacted positively with apple pomace from 6 h (P < 0.001) to 24 h (P = 0.029) of incubation and with citrus pulp at 12 h (P = 0.005) and 24 h (P = 0.012), whereas no associative effects were detected when forages were incubated with tomato peels. Results suggest that in vitro fermentability of low-quality forages could be efficiently improved by combining these two forages with apple pomace or citrus pulp. These findings are relevant, because the use of low-quality forages and byproducts in ruminant feeding is considered important for improving the environmental and economic sustainability of forage systems in arid and semi-arid areas.

scholarly journals Nutritive value for ruminants of two herbaceous South American native legumes: Adesmia bicolor and Adesmia macrostachya

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Vileta ◽  
M. Grosso ◽  
M. Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
South American ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Production Coefficient

Chemical composition, in vitro fermentation and in situ degradability of the native South American legumes Adesmia bicolor and A. macrostachya were studied at vegetative (VG), flowering (FW) and seeding (SD) stages, and compared with those of alfalfa at 10% flowering (AL) in two separate studies. In A. bicolor, crude protein (CP) content was highest for FW, and FW and SD showed higher values than did AL (P < 0.05). At all stages, A. bicolor showed a lower content of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre than did AL (P < 0.05). The maximum gas production (Coefficient b) was highest for FW, and no differences were recorded between SD and AL, the lowest value being for VG (P < 0.05). The effective dry matter degradability was higher for FW and VG than for SD and AL (P < 0.05), whereas effective CP degradability tended (P = 0.077) to be higher for FW than for the other stages of A. bicolor, but no differences between FW and AL were detected. A. macrostachya had lower CP content (P < 0.001), but its VG and FW stages also had lower proportions of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin (P < 0.01) than did AL. Chemical and fermentation parameters were affected by maturity of A. macrostachya. The effective dry matter degradability was higher for VG and FW than for SD and AL (P < 0.001), but no differences were apparent on the effective CP degradability. A. bicolor showed a high nutritive value, which was even higher than that of AL, and the maturity stage of this species did not markedly affect its nutritive value, whereas the nutritive value of A. macrostachya reduced as it matured.

scholarly journals Farklı Maltlık Arpa Çeşitlerinin Besin Değerlerinin In Vitro Gaz Üretim Tekniği Kullanılarak Tespiti

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behlül Sevim ◽  
Tugay Ayaşan ◽  
İsmail Ülger ◽  
Şerife Ergül ◽  
Sait Aykanat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
A Value ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Malt Barley

This study was conducted to determine the nutritive value of malt barley varieties using in vitro gas production technique and in vitro methane production. Atılır, Durusu and Fırat were used as three malt barley varieties. As a result of this study, between the varieties in terms of dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose (HEM) were found significantly important but differences between the varieties in terms of ADF were not found significant. The gas production rate of malt barley varieties ranged from 64.00 to 72.50 ml/200 mg DM. The metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) contents of malt barley varieties ranged from 11.75 to 12.86 MJ/kg DM and 7.16 to 7.98 MJ/kg DM respectively. The highest methane (CH4) content was obtained from the variety of Fırat with a value of 13.34 ml/200 mg DM, whereas the lowest value was obtained from the Atılır variety with a value of 12.16 ml/200 mg DM.

The gas production capacity of purified chemicals and feedstuffs when incubated in vitro with rumen microbes as a possible indicator of energy availability in the rumen

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 91-91
Author(s):  
A.J. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

The metabolisable protein system (AFRC, 1992) introduced the term Fermentable Metabolisable Energy (FME) as a measure of the amount of energy that was available in the rumen to support microbial activity. FME is currently derived from theoretical considerations rather than direct measurement; it is on based metabolisable energy (ME) but does not take into account rumen outflow rates and gives limited consideration to the chemical composition of feeds. Gas production from in vitro fermentation of feeds is an indicator of microbial activity which might be a suitable assessment of the rumen available energy content of feeds.

scholarly journals Effect of tannin from blackberry (Syzigium cumini) seed on in vitro rumen fermentation

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
SCK Barma ◽  
MR Amin ◽  
M Monirruzzaman ◽  
MB Sarker ◽  
AKMA Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

An experiment was conducted to quantify the chemical composition, different forms of tannins and their effects on in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy content in Syzigium cumini (Blackberry) seed with and without polyethelene glycol (PEG). The DM, OM, ash, CP, NDF and ADF contents of S. cumini seeds were 90.1, 87.6, 2.6, 4.6, 32.9 and 15.5%, respectively. The total phenol, total tannin, condensed tannin and hydrolysable tannin content were 5.89, 4.25, 0.42 and 0.05mg/g seed, respectively. In vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy content of S. cumini seed were 54 ml, 42.91% and 6.43 MJ/Kg DM, respectively. Addition of PEG to tannin containing seed was significantly (P<0.05) increased in vitro gas production, OMD and ME content. Higher levels of tannins in S. cumini seed could limit utilization through impaired digestibility and nutrient utilization but the addition of PEG increased all the fermentation parameters studied. It is predictable from the present findings that S. cumini seed could be utilized as natural source of feed additives to alter rumen fermentation parameters especially to protect protein and other nutrients from ruminal degradation, thereby make the nutrients available in the lower tract for higher milk and meat yield.Progress. Agric. 2014. 25: 31-37

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