Managing livestock enterprises in Australia's extensive rangelands for greenhouse gas and environment outcomes: a pastoral company perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bentley ◽  
R. S. Hegarty ◽  
A. R. Alford
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Output System ◽  
Emissions Intensity ◽  
Current Emission

Extensive grazing of beef cattle is the principal use of the northern Australia land area. While north Australian beef production has traditionally utilised a low-input, low-output system of land management, recent innovations have increased the efficiency with which beef is produced. Investment to raise efficiency of cattle production by improving herd genetics, property infrastructure, the seasonal feed-base and its utilisation, as well as promoting feedlot finishing can all be expected to reduce the number of unproductive animals and reduce age-at-slaughter. Consequently, these innovations can all be expected to contribute to a reduction in the emissions intensity of greenhouse gases (GHG; t GHG/t liveweight gain). The North Australian Pastoral Company (NAPCO) has adopted these technologies to enhance reproductive and growth efficiency of the herd and has coupled them with changes in other aspects of property operation, such as use of solar energy systems, establishment of introduced perennial pastures and minimum tillage, to achieve production and operational gains, which also reduce the emissions intensity of their pastoral properties. Investments to improve production efficiency have been consistent with both financial and, in principle, environmental objectives of NAPCO. While NAPCO supports the development and implementation of new mitigation strategies, the company requires greater knowledge on pastoral emission levels and clarity on the future position of agriculture in a carbon economy. This information would enable confirmation of current emission levels, modelling of mitigation options and evaluation of the efficacy of potential on-farm carbon sinks. This paper presents NAPCO’s perspective on GHG emissions in the context of its pastoral enterprise, including current and future research and mitigation objectives.

scholarly journals Future Changes in Tropical Cyclone and Easterly Wave Characteristics over Tropical North America

Oceans ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-447
Author(s):  
Christian Dominguez ◽  
James M. Done ◽  
Cindy L. Bruyère
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Track Density ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Tropical Cyclogenesis ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future

Tropical Cyclones (TCs) and Easterly Waves (EWs) are the most important phenomena in Tropical North America. Thus, examining their future changes is crucial for adaptation and mitigation strategies. The Community Earth System Model drove a three-member regional model multi-physics ensemble under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 emission scenario for creating four future scenarios (2020–2030, 2030–2040, 2050–2060, 2080–2090). These future climate runs were analyzed to determine changes in EW and TC features: rainfall, track density, contribution to seasonal rainfall, and tropical cyclogenesis. Our study reveals that a mean increase of at least 40% in the mean annual TC precipitation is projected over northern Mexico and southwestern USA. Slight positive changes in EW track density are projected southwards 10° N over the North Atlantic Ocean for the 2050–2060 and 2080–2090 periods. Over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, a mean increment in the EW activity is projected westwards across the future decades. Furthermore, a mean reduction by up to 60% of EW rainfall, mainly over the Caribbean region, Gulf of Mexico, and central-southern Mexico, is projected for the future decades. Tropical cyclogenesis over both basins slightly changes in future scenarios (not significant). We concluded that these variations could have significant impacts on regional precipitation.

scholarly journals Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Matthias Schilde ◽  
Dirk von Soosten ◽  
Liane Hüther ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

Methane (CH4) from ruminal feed degradation is a major pollutant from ruminant livestock, which calls for mitigation strategies. The purpose of the present 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was to investigate the dose–response relationships between four doses of the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and potential synergistic effects with low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate feed proportions (CFP) on CH4 reduction as both mitigation approaches differ in their mode of action (direct 3-NOP vs. indirect CFP effects). Diet substrates and 3-NOP were incubated in a rumen simulation technique to measure the concentration and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), fermentation gases as well as substrate disappearance. Negative side effects on fermentation regarding total VFA and gas production as well as nutrient degradability were observed for neither CFP nor 3-NOP. CH4 production decreased from 10% up to 97% in a dose-dependent manner with increasing 3-NOP inclusion rate (dose: p < 0.001) but irrespective of CFP (CFP × dose: p = 0.094). Hydrogen gas accumulated correspondingly with increased 3-NOP dose (dose: p < 0.001). In vitro pH (p = 0.019) and redox potential (p = 0.066) varied by CFP, whereas the latter fluctuated with 3-NOP dose (p = 0.01). Acetate and iso-butyrate (mol %) decreased with 3-NOP dose, whereas iso-valerate increased (dose: p < 0.001). Propionate and valerate varied inconsistently due to 3-NOP supplementation. The feed additive 3-NOP was proven to be a dose-dependent yet effective CH4 inhibitor under conditions in vitro. The observed lack of additivity of increased CFP on the CH4 inhibition potential of 3-NOP needs to be verified in future research testing further diet types both in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals Corruption in Construction Projects: Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4400
Author(s):  
Zhao Zhai ◽  
Ming Shan ◽  
Amos Darko ◽  
Albert P. C. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Global Research

Corruption has been identified as a major problem in construction projects. It can jeopardize the success of these projects. Consequently, corruption has garnered significant attention in the construction industry over the past two decades, and several studies on corruption in construction projects (CICP) have been conducted. Previous efforts to analyze and review this body of knowledge have been manual, qualitative and subjective, thus prone to bias and limited in the number of reviewed studies. There remains a lack of inclusive, quantitative, objective and computational analysis of global CICP research to inform future research, policy and practice. This study aims to address this lack by providing the first inclusive bibliometric study exploring the state-of-the-art of global CICP research. To this end, a quantitative and objective technique aided by CiteSpace was used to systematically and computationally analyze a large corpus of 542 studies retrieved from the Web of Science and published from 2000 to 2020. The findings revealed major and influential CICP research journals, persons, institutions, countries, references and areas of focus, as well as revealing how these interact with each other in research networks. This study contributes to the in-depth understanding of global research on CICP. By highlighting the principal research areas, gaps, emerging trends and directions, as well as patterns in CICP research, the findings could help researchers, practitioners and policy makers position their future CICP research and/or mitigation strategies.

Holocene climate recorded by magnetic properties of lake sediments in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-484
Author(s):  
Daniel P Maxbauer ◽  
Mark D Shapley ◽  
Christoph E Geiss ◽  
Emi Ito
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Magnetic Minerals ◽  
Holocene Climate ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
The North ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Northern Rockies

We present two hypotheses regarding the evolution of Holocene climate in the Northern Rocky Mountains that stem from a previously unpublished environmental magnetic record from Jones Lake, Montana. First, we link two distinct intervals of fining magnetic grain size (documented by an increasing ratio of anhysteretic to isothermal remanent magnetization) to the authigenic production of magnetic minerals in Jones Lake bottom waters. We propose that authigenesis in Jones Lake is limited by rates of groundwater recharge and ultimately regional hydroclimate. Second, at ~8.3 ka, magnetic grain size increases sharply, accompanied by a drop in concentration of magnetic minerals, suggesting a rapid termination of magnetic mineral authigenesis that is coeval with widespread effects of the 8.2 ka event in the North Atlantic. This association suggests a hydroclimatic response to the 8.2 ka event in the Northern Rockies that to our knowledge is not well documented. These preliminary hypotheses present compelling new ideas that we hope will both highlight the sensitivity of magnetic properties to record climate variability and attract more work by future research into aridity, hydrochemical response, and climate dynamics in the Northern Rockies.

Reflections on a Scholarly Career in Sport and Exercise Psychology: The Influence of Significant Others on the Psychosocial Well-Being of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Thelma S. Horn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Senior Scholar ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
American Society

This paper is based on a Senior Scholar presentation delivered at the 2020 annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity. The paper begins with a summary of the research work completed by the author and coinvestigators in regard to the influences that significant others (parents, peers, and coaches) exert on the psychosocial well-being of individuals in sport and physical activity. In each of these three areas, illustrative research studies are summarized in a predominantly chronological order with a commentary at the end of each section that identifies unanswered questions and suggests future research directions. In the second section, four particular lessons learned by the author over the course of a scholarly career are identified and explained.

To dictate or collaborate? A phenomenological exploration of physiotherapists’ leadership styles

BMJ Leader ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. leader-2020-000403
Author(s):  
Victoria Smith ◽  
Claire Maxwell ◽  
Lisa Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Leadership Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Team Leaders ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Health And Social Care

ObjectivesSelection of effective leadership styles within healthcare is linked to high quality, safe care for patients. Within the literature attention has been given to medical and nursing professions, failing to acknowledge the contribution made by physiotherapy leaders. This study aims to consider the leadership styles used by physiotherapists in a designated leadership role, specifically exploring the barriers they face and the strategies employed to overcome current leadership dilemmas.DesignA qualitative, phenomenological design was used. Consent was obtained from each participant for one semistructured interview which was audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Framework analysis was used to analyse the data.SettingA large National Health Service Foundation Trust within the North East of England.ParticipantsA purposive sample of ten physiotherapy team leaders.ResultsThe theoretical leadership framework that emerged demonstrated the daily tensions experienced by physiotherapy team leaders in regard to being a transactional or transformational leader. Within this, three superordinate themes exist: the individual, the team and the organisation and beyond. Each theme contained barriers and enablers which related to transactional and transformational leadership styles, respectively.ConclusionsThe framework identified gives insight into a group of clinical leaders not yet explored and provides a foundation for the development of leadership behaviours throughout physiotherapy. These clinicians should be supported by senior leaders to develop more transformational styles which have the potential to impact on staff well-being and patient care. Future research should compare these findings with studies involving larger sample sizes that span the health and social care system.

scholarly journals Cumulative Inequality at the End of Life?: Racial Disparities in Impairment in the Time Before Death

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1292-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles G Taylor ◽  
Stella N Min ◽  
Keshia M Reid
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
Latent Growth Curves ◽  
The North ◽  
Cumulative Inequality

Abstract Objectives Drawing from cumulative inequality (CI) theory, the current study examined racial disparities in impairment as individuals approached death to determine whether proposed mechanisms hypothesized to fuel or diminish racial disparities at late ages were at work at the end of individualized life spans. Method Black–white disparities were analyzed among decedents using latent growth curves based on the data from the North Carolina Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) (N = 1,926). Results Consistent with previous literature, racial inequalities in functional disparities diminish at late ages. However, significant black–white disparities emerge as older adults approach death, exponentially increasing within the 2 years immediately preceding death. Further, these disparities are not fully mediated by socioeconomic status. Discussion The results confirm that CI in health outcomes is observable in late life among individual life spans, suggesting the years surrounding death may be a particularly vulnerable period for health inequality. Future research should examine how advantaged statuses translate to increased access to health-related resources that aid in maintaining greater functional independence until the last stage of life.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions profiles of neighbourhoods in Durban, South Africa – an initial investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryl Jagarnath ◽  
Tirusha Thambiran
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The City

Because current emissions accounting approaches focus on an entire city, cities are often considered to be large emitters of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with no attention to the variation within them. This makes it more difficult to identify climate change mitigation strategies that can simultaneously reduce emissions and address place-specific development challenges. In response to this gap, a bottom-up emissions inventory study was undertaken to identify high emission zones and development goals for the Durban metropolitan area (eThekwini Municipality). The study is the first attempt at creating a spatially disaggregated emissions inventory for key sectors in Durban. The results indicate that particular groups and economic activities are responsible for more emissions, and socio-spatial development and emission inequalities are found both within the city and within the high emission zone. This is valuable information for the municipality in tailoring mitigation efforts to reduce emissions and address development gaps for low-carbon spatial planning whilst contributing to objectives for social justice.

Energy Flow and Secondary Production of the Amphipods Hyalella azteca and Crangonyx richmondensis occidentalis in Marion Lake, British Columbia

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack A. Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Ecological Efficiency ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Predator System

The Hyalella azteca population in Marion Lake, B.C., assimilated and produced about three times as much energy as did the Crangonyx richmondensis occidentalis population from May 1966 to May 1967, but during the summer the energy flow of H. azteca was four times, and production was five times, that of C. r. occidentalis.Hyalella azteca was abundant at a depth of 1.0 m (mean summer standing crop, 1952 animals/m2), but was rare (75 animals/m2) at depths greater than 2.5 m. Growth, molting, respiration, and hence energy flow rates decreased with depth, due (in part) to lower ambient temperatures in deeper water. On an annual basis, a mean standing crop of 1.1 kcal/m2 of H. azteca assimilated 18.1 kcal/m2, respired 13.5 kcal/m2, and used 4.6 kcal/m2 in production of growth, molts, and eggs. Approximately two-thirds of the annual energy flow was completed between June and October. On an annual basis, the ecological efficiency of an H. azteca-predator system was in the range 2.5–12.5%, the net production efficiency was 25%, and the net population growth efficiency was 16%.The mean summer density of C. r. occidentalis remained constant with depth (about 283 animals/m2). Annual energy flow and production were not appreciably affected by lower temperatures in deeper water. On an annual basis, a mean standing crop of 0.7 kcal/m2 assimilated 6.5 kcal/m2, respired 5.2 kcal/m2, and used 1.4 kcal/m2 in production. Crangonyx r. occidentalis energy flow was fairly constant throughout the year. The ecological efficiency of a C. r. occidentalis-predator system was in the range 2–10.5%, the net production efficiency was 21%, and the population growth efficiency was 17% on an annual basis.

Aircraft Propulsion System Accident Causal Analysis

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd D. Jack ◽  
Carl N. Ford ◽  
Shari-Beth Nadell ◽  
Vicki Crisp
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Causal Analysis ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Aircraft Propulsion System ◽  
Engine Type

A causal analysis of aviation accidents by engine type is presented. The analysis employs a top-down methodology that performs a detailed analysis of the causes and factors cited in accident reports to develop a “fingerprint” profile for each engine type. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of each fingerprint that produces a sequential breakdown. Analysis results of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accidents, both fatal and non-fatal, that occurred during the time period of 1990–1998 are presented. Each data set is comprised of all accidents that involved aircraft with the following engine types: turbofan, turbojet, turboprop, and turboshaft (includes turbine helicopters). During this time frame there were 1461 accidents involving turbine powered aircraft; 306 of these involved propulsion malfunctions and/ or failures. Analyses are performed to investigate the sequential relationships between propulsion system malfunctions or failures with other causes and factors for each engine type. Other malfunctions or events prominent within each data set are also analyzed. Significant trends are identified. The results from this study can be used to identify areas for future research into intervention, prevention, and mitigation strategies.

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