Emergence, stand establishment and vigour of deep-sown Australian and CIMMYT wheats

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gooding ◽  
T. L. Botwright Acuña ◽  
P. N. Fox ◽  
L. J. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Seedling Characteristics ◽  
Rapid Emergence

The short coleoptile of the majority of released Australian wheat cultivars, is well-documented to increase time to emergence and reduce stand establishment. We examined the effect of seeding depth on coleoptile length and seedling characteristics of 36 CIMMYT wheats, bred for their ability to emerge from deep sowing, relative to 14 Australian cultivars in controlled and field environments. Coleoptile length of one of the CIMMYT lines, Berkut, exceeded that of Vigour 18 when grown in the dark in a controlled environment. In a second experiment in controlled conditions, this time with a regular day/night cycle, seedlings of 4 CIMMYT and 4 Australian cultivars emerged from 5 and 8 cm sowing depths, but only 50% of the Australian wheats emerged from 11 cm, compared with 100% for the CIMMYT wheats. In a third experiment, 6 cultivars were sown at depths of 5, 8 and 11 cm at 2 field sites with different soil types (a sandy loam duplex and a red clay) at Kukerin, Western Australia. Field site and sowing depth interacted for emergence time, stand establishment and coleoptile length, with higher values of each at the clay site. The first internode elongated at both field sites, but to a lesser extent on the clay soil, where the response was only observed with deep sowing. CIMMYT wheats Parus/Pastor and Berkut were notable for rapid emergence, a long sub-crown internode and coleoptile, and above-average leaf area in controlled and field environments, in comparison with Australian cultivars. These lines hold promise as genetic sources of improved stand establishment and early vigour in wheats for use in Australia and similar environments.

scholarly journals Biochar Improves Plant Growth and Reduces Nutrient Leaching in Red Clay Loam and Sandy Loam

2012 ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Pudasaini ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath ◽  
Kerry Walsh ◽  
Thakur Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Green Waste ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Water Holding

A factorial pot experiment was conducted using two types of soils (sandy loam and red clay loam) that are commonly used for commercial vegetable production in Bundaberg, region of Central Queensl and Australia. The soils were amended with 0, 25, 50 and 75 t/ha of green waste biochar and minimum doses of N, P and K (30 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha and 40 kg/ha respectively). After two weeks of plant establishment, the pots were leached with 1.5 litres of deionised water at week intervals, and cation concentrations of the leachate were determined. In 25 t/ha biochar treatment, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in K and Ca leaching by 40% and 26% respectively from sandy loam, and of Ca by 23% from the red clay loam. Soil water holding capacity and soil organic carbon were also increased in both biochar treated soils. After 12 weeks of growth, shoot weight was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in 25 t/ha biochar-treated sandy loam and red clay loam (32% and 31% respectively). These results clearly demonstrated that a higher yield of capsicum can be achieved from green waste biochar application in sandy loam and red clay loam at 25 t/ha biochar.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.86-90

SELECTION FOR IMPROVED SEEDLING VIGOR IN RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. BERDAHL ◽  
R. E. BARKER
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Psathyrostachys Juncea ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Selection For

Seedling emergence of 30 open-pollinated progeny lines of Russian wild ryegrass (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski. Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch.) ranging in seed weight from 2.1 to 4.5 mg/seed was evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse tests and compared to stand establishment capability in the field. Increases in emergence percentage and coleoptile length associated with increased seed weight diminished when seed weights of parents increased beyond 3.0 mg/seed. Emergence in two field environments was correlated with emergence from a 5-cm planting depth in the greenhouse (r = 0.70** and 0.71** for field tests 1 and 2, respectively) and with coleoptile length (r = 0.51** and 0.64**), but not with emergence under laboratory-induced drought stress of −1.1 MPa matric potential (r = −0.05 and 0.13). Experimental error was high for measurements of forage yields in the establishment year (CV = 38% and 36% for field tests 1 and 2, respectively), and resources required to obtain reliable yields would limit testing to a small number of entries. Preliminary screening of a Russian wild ryegrass population for improved seedling vigor could be accomplished by first eliminating plants with small seed size by visual assessment of seed samples. This could then be followed by selection for increased coleoptile length among progeny lines from those plants with medium or large seed.Key words: Russian wild ryegrass, seedling vigor, stand establishment, seed weight, coleoptile length

scholarly journals Emergence of improved varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by different soil types and planting depths in Chitwan, Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
MN Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Population Maintenance

Improved open pollinated maize (Zea mays L.) varieties exhibit different emergence reaction as a result of either inferior seed quality or affected by agronomic practices of maize planting. To address problem of low emergence percentage of maize varieties, an experiment was laid out in factorial design under two types of soil (red clay and sandy loam), three level of depth of sowing (7, 14 and 21 cm) for Rampur Composite, Manakamana-1 and Arun-2 maize varieties in Rampur, Chitwan for representing main season (May-August). The result of the experiment revealed that emergence count was highly significant for soil types and depth of sowing among the maize varieties tested. Manakamana-1 expressed lowest percentage (20 and 29%) followed by Arun-2 (22 and 33%) and Rampur Composite (24 and 39%) of emergence under red clay and sandy loam soils, respectively. Likewise, emergence count at 10 days after sowing was recorded highly significant for depth of showing indicating that irrespective of varieties higher the planting depth lower the emergence count.. There was a positive relation between depth of planting and length of mesocotyle resulting loss of seed vigor which furnished low emergence of the maize varieties. It is suggested that depth of sowing affect emergence percentage which consequently have effects on plant population maintenance. Hence, it was concluded that sowing below 7cm deep is not feasible for the tested varieties under red clay and sandy loam soils. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v1i0.7539 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 1: 2010 pp.23-27

Genetic analysis of coleoptile length and diameter in wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rebetzke ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
X. R. R. Sirault ◽  
A. D. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Dwarfing Gene ◽  
Diallel Mating Design ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Temperature Interaction

Lack of moisture near the soil surface commonly delays sowing, reducing grain yields of Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops. Deep sowing would allow growers to make use of soil moisture lying below the drying topsoil, but the short coleoptiles of semidwarf wheats reduce emergence when sowing at depths greater than 5 cm. Selection of longer, thicker coleoptiles would help in improving emergence in hard or crusted soils, or when deep sowing, yet little is known of genetic control of coleoptile size in wheat. A diallel mating design was generated from crosses between 12 Australian and overseas wheats, and assessed for coleoptile size at different temperatures (11, 15, 19, and 23°C). Repeatabilities for coleoptile diameter and length were moderate to high on an entry-mean basis (R2 = 0.48 and 0.77, respectively), reflecting large genotype and small genotype × temperature interaction variances. Genotypic variation among parents translated into large and significant (P < 0.01) differences among F1 progeny (94–142 mm and 1.56–1.84 mm for length and diameter, respectively). General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA), and reciprocal effects were significant (P < 0.01) for length and diameter. Baker’s GCA/SCA ratio was high (0.62–0.77) for coleoptile length but intermediate for diameter (0.38–0.64), indicating strong additive genetic control for length. Further, GCA effects and parental means were strongly correlated (r = 0.81–0.91, P < 0.01) indicating parent length to be a useful predictor of progeny performance. Coleoptile lengths for progeny derived from Rht8, Rht9, and Rht12 dwarfing gene donors were generally shorter (c. –7 to –13%) but were still an average 47% longer than coleoptiles of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b controls. The genetic correlation for coleoptile length and diameter was small (rg = –0.25 ± 0.15n.s.) suggesting that the two traits are genetically independent. Development of wheats with longer, thicker coleoptiles should be readily achieved in selection among partially inbred families from crosses targetting improved establishment.

Calcined rock phosphate as fertilizer for pasture and cereal production in Western Australia

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (36) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
WJ Cox
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Christmas Island ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Western Australian

Calcined rock phosphate is prepared by low temperature (500�F) calcination of 'C' grade Christmas Island rock phosphate that is unsuitable for superphosphate production. It was compared with superphosphate and with mixtures of superphosphate and calcined rock phosphate for pasture and cereal production at two sites in the 12-18 in. annual rainfall zone of the Western Australian wheat belt. At equivalent levels of applied phosphorus, superphosphate was a better fertilizer than calcined rock phosphate over the two years of the trials. There was evidence that the phosphorus in superphosphate was less available when mixtures of superphosphate and calcined rock phosphate were applied, than when superphosphate was applied alone. A pasture response to sulphur occurred at Chapman Research Station on a red-brown sandy loam. There was no response to sulphur by cereals.

scholarly journals Genotypic increases in coleoptile length improves stand establishment, vigour and grain yield of deep-sown wheat

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Rebetzke ◽  
R.A. Richards ◽  
N.A. Fettell ◽  
M. Long ◽  
A.G. Condon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Stand Establishment

scholarly journals Archaeological Investigation of an Oil Well Pad Disturbance at the Tom Moore Site (41PN149), Panola County, Texas

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti Haskins ◽  
Mark Walters ◽  
S. Elieen Goldborer
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
East Texas ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Cultural Resources Management ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Sabine River

The Tom Moore site (41PN149) is situated on the east slope of a circular-shaped landform at the highest point of a steeply-sloping upland in the Irons Bayou valley in Panola County, Texas. Irons Bayou, 1.2 km to the west of the site, flows east to its confluence with the Sabine River. A small tributary of Irons Bayou is 600 m to the south. Soils here are a brown sandy loam overlying a very hard red clay B-horizon. Like most of East Texas, the land has been farmed previously, as indicated by old plow furrows, and it has reforested naturally in pine and mixed hardwoods in the last 30 years. The site's upland setting is similar to other Middle Caddoan sites in the Sabine River basin in East Texas. An oil field employee, J. W. Golden of Kilgore, Texas, located the Tom Moore site. He noticed a cache of seven large celts that had been disturbed by construction equipment preparing a well site. The oil well construction consisted of two wells and three associated storage tanks. Approximately 2 acres had been disturbed during the leveling process, and part of the hill was used to form the level well pad. A cultural resources management survey had not been required by the Railroad Commission of Texas prior to construction. Mr. Golden described the celts as occurring in a group with the blade ends up. The heavy equipment had grazed them and caused some damage. He collected the celts and informed the authors. We visited the site, made a surface collection, noted a midden area at one end of the disturbance, and collected soil samples for flotation (these materials were submitted to S. Eileen Goldborer of Paleoethnobotanical Services, Austin, Texas) as well as OCR dates. No testing was conducted by the authors to determine the extent of the site. A small, circular mound is located in the wooded area adjacent to the well pad.

Effect of sowing depth, seed dressings, a press wheel, cultivars and trifluralin on the establishment of barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Radford ◽  
GB Wildermuth
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
The Press ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Main Effects

A factorial field experiment was carried out to determine the effects on barley establishment of 3 depths of sowing (45, 65 and 85 mm), 2 fungicide seed dressings (carboxin and triadimefon), a press wheel compared with a chain harrow, 2 cultivars (Prior and Grimmett), and the pre-emergence herbicide trifluralin incorporated prior to sowing. A laboratory experiment was also conducted to determine the effect of the 2 seed dressings on the coleoptile length of Prior and Grimmett at 20�C. The press wheel increased seedling establishment from 74 to 88% at a sowing depth of 45 mm, but from 55 to 89% at 85 mm. Carboxin seed dressing increased coleoptile length by 10-17 mm and triadimefon reduced it by 13-1 8 mm. Carboxin also gave better establishment than triadimefon when seed was sown deep. The cultivar Grimmett had shorter coleoptiles than Prior but slightly faster seedling emergence. The shortstatured cultivars now being bred for lodging resistance may also have short coleoptiles and hence poor establishment from deep sowings. The use of a press wheel improved establishment from a depth of 85 mm on a black earth soil. Incorporation of the herbicide trifluralin in the black earth soil 1 week before sowing did not affect establishment. A general lack of significant interactions meant that the main effects were usually additive, establishment increasing from 38% in the worst treatment (85 mm, triadimefon, chain harrow, Grimmett, no trifluralin) to 98% in the best (65 mm, carboxin, press wheel, Grimmett, trifluralin).

Quantitative trait loci on chromosome 4B for coleoptile length and early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Rebetzke ◽  
R. Appels ◽  
A. D. Morrison ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
G. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Dwarfing Genes ◽  
Genotypic Variance ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Dwarfing Gene ◽  
Early Vigour ◽  
Trait Loci

The Norin-10 dwarfing genes, Rht-B1b (Rht1) and Rht-D1b (Rht2), are commonly used to reduce plant height and increase grain yield in wheat breeding programs. These dwarfing genes lower sensitivity of vegetative tissue to endogenous gibberellin to reduce cell and subsequent stem elongation. This reduction in cell elongation capacity reportedly results in a concomitant reduction in coleoptile length and early vigour (leaf area) thereby affecting seedling establishment and growth. A detailed genetic map from a cross between tall Halberd (Rht-B1a) and semidwarf Cranbrook (Rht-B1b) wheat cultivars was used to assess genetic factors affecting seedling growth. Parental and 150 doubled haploid progeny lines were characterised for seedling and height-related traits in controlled and field environments. Genotypic variation was large and predominantly under additive genetic control with evidence for transgressive segregation for some traits. Narrow-sense heritabilities were moderate to high (h2 = 0.31–0.91) indicating a strong genetic basis for differences between progeny. Molecular marker analyses identified a number of significant (P < 0.05) quantitative trait loci (QTL) for each trait. A major QTL, mapping directly to the Rht-B1 locus on chromosome arm 4BS, accounted for up to 49% of the genotypic variance in peduncle length and plant height, and 27–45% of the genotypic variance in coleoptile length across different temperatures. Another QTL, located close to the RFLP marker XksuC2 on the long arm of chromosome 4B, accounted for 15–27% of the genotypic variance in coleoptile length. The influence of the XksuC2-linked QTL on coleoptile length was greatest at 19˚C and decreased with cooler temperatures. The same QTL affected reductions in leaf size, and both coleoptile tiller size and presence to affect overall seedling vigour. There was also some evidence for epistatic interactions influencing coleoptile tiller growth. Reductions in plant size at the Rht-B1b and XksuC2 loci were associated with presence of the Cranbrook 4B allele. The negative genetic effect of the Rht-B1b dwarfing gene on early growth of wheat confirms phenotypic evidence of a pleiotropic effect of Rht-B1b on establishment and early vigour. Genetic increases in coleoptile length and early leaf area development are likely to be limited in wheat populations containing the Rht-B1b dwarfing gene.

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