Relationship between yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soil salinity under field conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Daniells ◽  
J. F. Holland ◽  
R. R. Young ◽  
C. L. Alston ◽  
A. L. Bernardi
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Salinity Hazard

Three field experiments using grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), an important dryland summer crop on the Liverpool Plains in northern New South Wales, were conducted: (i) to determine the effect of dryland salinity on the yield of commercial crops at 2 sites; (ii) to see if ridging the soil would ameliorate the problem; and (iii) to compare 16 commercial varieties for tolerance to dryland salinity. Grain sorghum was shown to be more severely affected by dryland salinity than most literature would suggest. Over 3 seasons and 2 sites, sorghum yield was reduced by 50% at soil electrical conductivity (saturation extract, ECe) levels as low as 2.8 dS/m whereas advisory literature indicated a salinity threshold (no yield reduction) for sorghum of 6.8 dS/m, and 50% yield reduction at 9.9 dS/m. Current advisory literature is based on research where salinity was artificially imposed after plants were established in non-saline soil. The measurements described in this paper were on sorghum sown into saline soil. Soil and crop management strategies (ridging the soil or choosing a tolerant variety) showed limited potential for improving yields of grain sorghum on saline soil. At one site, the ECe varied widely across the paddock but little down the soil profile at any sampling point. Hence, analysing the surface soil would indicate the salinity hazard. However, at a second site, where ECe levels in the surface soil were low (<2 dS/m) everywhere, ECe at soil depths of 1 m varied widely (from 2 to 15 dS/m) across the paddock. Soil sampling to assess salinity hazard before crop planting should therefore include the entire root zone.

Influence of Soil Moisture on the Safening Effect of CGA-43089 in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ketchersid ◽  
K. Norton ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Moist Soil

Field and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface soil moisture on the phytotoxicity of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] to grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘Funk 623 GBR’], which was unprotected or protected with CGA-43089 {α-[(cyanomethoxy)imino] benzeneacetonitrile}. In field tests, neither alachlor nor metolachlor was phytotoxic to unprotected grain sorghum when the surface soil remained dry until the sorghum had emerged. CGA-43089 protected sorghum emerging from moist soil that had been treated with alachlor or metolachlor at rates of 2.24 or 3.36 kg/ha. Growth chamber tests showed that CGA-43089 was less effective in protecting sorghum from herbicide injury when Ships clay was continuously wet [110% field capacity (FC)] from time of planting to emergence (3 to 5 days) than when soil was wet for only 1 or 2 days prior to emergence. In contrast, if the surface soil remained dry until the coleoptile reached the soil surface, alachlor and metolachlor had little effect on sorghum even when no protectant was present. When sorghum was planted in Arenosa sand containing 5% organic matter, protected sorghum grew as well as the control even under continuous high moisture conditions. Metolachlor incorporated into the root zone at a rate of 20 ppm had no effect on either protected or unprotected sorghum. Alachlor and metolachlor were most phytotoxic when placed in the surface 1.25 cm of moist soil or when incorporated. The coleoptile was the most susceptible plant part. Thus, the key to grain sorghum response to these herbicides was in herbicide placement and availability to the coleoptile. Under conditions normally leading to phytotoxic effects from alachlor or metolachlor, grain sorghum growth was significantly better from seed protected with CGA-43089 than from unprotected seed.

Carryover of DPX-PE350 to Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Soybean (Glycine max) on Two Arkansas Soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
David H. Johnson ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
J. Andrew Kendig ◽  
Robert E. Frans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Incubation Study

Field experiments were conducted to determine carryover potential to grain sorghum and soybean of DPX-PE350 applied POST at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 kg ai ha−1to cotton the previous year. DPX-PE350 did not injure soybean or affect yield adversely. Grain sorghum was injured and maturity delayed on a Sharkey silty clay but not on a Calloway silt loam. Grain sorghum yield was reduced on both soils 16 and 22%, respectively, by residues from the 0.1 and 0.2 kg ha−1rates of DPX-PE350. In an incubation study, dissipation of DPX-PE350 was greater at 35 C than at 5 C., and did not differ between the two soils.

Antidotes Reduce Injury to Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) from Acetanilide Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Devlin ◽  
Loren J. Moshier ◽  
Oliver G. Russ ◽  
Philip W. Stahlman
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Benzyl Ester ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Treatments

CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], CGA-92194 {α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methyl)imino] benzeneacetonitrile}, and MON-4606 [5-thiazolecarboxylic acid, benzyl ester, 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)], applied as seed treatments at 1.25 g/kg seed, prevented yield losses in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] in the field due to metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], alachlor [2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] or acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-6′-ethyl-o-acetotoluidide] applied at 1.7, 2.2 and 1.7 kg/ha, respectively. CGA-92194, applied at 0.8 g/kg seed, prevented yield reduction from metolachlor applied at 4.5 kg/ha. MON-4606 was more effective in protecting grain sorghum when applied as a seed treatment than when applied in the furrow with a clay or sand granule as carrier.

Tree clearing and dryland salinity hazard in the Upper Burdekin Catchment of North Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Williams ◽  
E. N. Bui ◽  
E. A. Gardner ◽  
Mark Littleboy ◽  
M. E. Probert
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Salinity Hazard ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Salt Distribution

This paper provides experimental data on the effect of tree clearing, introduction of perennial Stylosanthes based pastures, and the use of native grasses on the water balance of a red earth soil in the Upper Burdekin Catchment near Charters Towers. The water balance simulation models SWIM and PERFECT are used to extend the results and estimate deep drainage for this and other soils in this tropical environment. The analysis illustrates that the soil/climate interaction in the wet/dry tropics has a similarity with the winter-dominant rainfall zone where vegetation change can substantially increase deep drainage beyond the root-zone. Salt distribution in the soil/landscapes of the Upper Burdekin suggests that there is a salinity hazard, should a significant shift in the water balance occur as a result of tree clearing. Therefore, in the Upper Burdekin Catchment of North Queensland, indiscriminate tree clearing is a hazardous form of land management and should only proceed after the risks of dryland salinity have been evaluated and shown to be negligible.

Soybean(Glycine max)and Grain Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)Tolerance to Residues of Tetrafluron and Fluometuron

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-538
Author(s):  
D. L. Reasons ◽  
L. S. Jeffery ◽  
T. C. McCutchen
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Rainfall Frequency ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Significant Yield

Fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] and tetrafluron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy) phenyl] urea} are two urea-type herbicides for weed control in cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL.). In some years, because of cotton stand failure, an alternate crop must be established. Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] are possible alternate crops if they can withstand the residues left from herbicides used for weed control in cotton. Soybeans and grain sorghum were planted 3, 6 and 9 weeks after fluometuron and tetrafluron applications to soil at Knoxville and Milan, Tennessee, in 1975 and 1976. Tetrafluron residues were more toxic to grain sorghum and soybeans than were fluometuron residues. Grain sorghum was less susceptible than soybeans to both herbicides. Grain sorghum was planted 3 weeks after fluometuron (1.7 kg/ha) and tetrafluron (1.7 kg/ha) applications without severe yield reduction. Soybeans were planted in non-treated soil between banded tetrafluron (1.7 kg/ha on a treated area basis), 3 weeks after herbicide application, without significant yield reduction; but when a seedbed was prepared, a 9-week waiting period was required. When soybeans were planted into soil receiving a broadcast application of tetrafluron (1.7 kg/ha), a 9-week waiting period was not sufficient to reduce the residues to a non-toxic level. Soybeans planted 6 and 9 weeks following a broadcast application of fluometuron may or may not sustain yield reduction depending on rainfall frequency and intensity and soil type.

Roller Applicator for Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Control in Row Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Schneider ◽  
Curt B. Koehler ◽  
James S. Schepers ◽  
Orvin C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Crop Injury

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted with a roller applicator at Lincoln, Nebraska, during 1979 and 1980. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% and carpet saturations of 50 and 75% controlled shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] when applied to the top 30 cm of the plant in greenhouse research. In the field, glyphosate concentrations of 5 to 20% with a carpet saturation of 50% controlled shattercane acceptably in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], but a concentration of 2.5% with 25% carpet saturation did not. Weed control was comparable whether speed of application was 3.2, 6.4, or 9.6 km/h. Shattercane control in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] was excellent at glyphosate concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% and at carpet saturations of 50 and 75%, and sorghum injury was minimal at 25 and 50% carpet saturations. The roller applicator was compared to a ropewick applicator for shattercane control in sorghum. Excellent weed control (90% or greater) with minimal crop injury was obtained with the roller applicator at glyphosate concentrations of 10 and 20% at application speeds of 3.2 and 6.4 km/h and with the ropewick applicator with glyphosate concentrations of 35 and 50% applied at 3.2, 6.4, and 9.6 km/h.

Placement Techniques for Preemergence Applications of Pendimethalin in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 678-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Brown ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
John E. Morrison ◽  
David C. Bridges
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Chamber Experiment ◽  
No Till ◽  
Dry Conditions

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate placement techniques for preemergence applications of pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.]. The first technique consisted of row shields mounted behind the planter units. Shields maintained an untreated strip over the crop drill and allowed successful crop establishment with pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ai/ha, despite a simulated, intense rainfall of 3.8 cm within 24 h after planting. A second technique, which consisted of a special nozzle arrangement, was evaluated in no-till grain sorghum. The nozzle arrangement allowed a broadcast herbicide application but maintained an untreated strip over the crop drill. No stand reductions occurred using this technique at pendimethalin rates of 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha. In a growth chamber experiment, preemergence applications of pendimethalin severely injured grain sorghum when the soil was wet at the time of emergence, but injury was reduced under hot, dry conditions.

Use of the Recirculating Sprayer to Control Tall Weed Escapes in Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Carlson ◽  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Selective Method ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Three Stages

Field experiments were conducted with the recirculating sprayer (RCS) at Lincoln, Nebraska from 1974 through 1978. Different spray pressures, spray nozzles, and spray volumes with the RCS showed no significant differences in shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] control or soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] injury when herbicides were applied at three stages of weed growth. When shattercane was treated in a grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] field, poor weed control and excessive crop injury occurred during treatment at the early growth stage as compared with treatments applied 2 weeks later. The final treatment date gave selective weed control in grain sorghum, but many of the shattercane heads had already developed viable seed. A weed-to-crop height differential of at least 45 cm resulted in maximum weed control with minimum crop injury. Common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.) control in soybeans varied considerably, but treatments giving over 80% control were glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 1.1 to 4.5 kg/ha applied through the RCS. Other herbicides were less effective. Volunteer corn (Zea maysL.) was controlled selectively at 75 to 100% in soybeans with glyphosate or paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) when applied through the RCS. Shattercane was controlled 95 to 100% in soybeans with glyphosate at 3.4 kg/ha. Unless spray drift and splash can be prevented when using the RCS, glyphosate and paraquat will not give selective control when applied to weeds growing in grain sorghum. Glyphosate applied through the RCS, however, can be a selective method of controlling weed escapes in soybeans because soybeans are not as sensitive to glyphosate as is sorghum.

Response of Acetolactate Synthase–Resistant Grain Sorghum to Nicosulfuron Plus Rimsulfuron

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shane Hennigh ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Mitchell R. Tuinstra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The lack of POST herbicides to control grasses in grain sorghum prompted researchers to develop acetolactate synthase (ALS)–resistant grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the differential response of ALS-resistant grain sorghum to POST application of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at three growth stages. ALS-resistant grain sorghum was treated with 0, 13 + 7, 26 + 13, 39 + 20, 52 + 26, 65 + 33, 78 + 39, and 91 + 46 g ai ha−1of nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron when plants were at the three- to five-leaf, seven- to nine-leaf, or 11- to 13-leaf stage. In general, as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased, visible injury increased at the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages. Injury was greatest 1 wk after treatment for the three- to five-leaf and seven- to nine-leaf stages across all ratings, and plants then began to recover. No injury was observed at any rating time for the 11- to 13-leaf stage. Plant height and sorghum grain yield were reduced as nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron rates increased when applied at the three- to five-leaf stage. However, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron applied at the seven- to nine-leaf and 11- to 13-leaf stages did not decrease sorghum yield. This research indicated that nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron application at the three- to five-leaf stage injured ALS-resistant grain sorghum; however, application at the seven- to nine-leaf or 11- to 13-leaf stages did not result in grain yield reduction.

Tolerance of Soybeans(Glycine max)and Grain Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor)to Fluometuron Residue

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Jackson ◽  
L. S. Jeffery ◽  
T. C. McCutchen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Area Basis

Field experiments were conducted for a 3-yr period to determine the feasibility of planting an alternate crop on fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] treated cotton land in event that an adequate cotton(Gossypium hirustumL.) stand fails to materialize. Fluometuron treatments were 1.7 kg/ha on a treated area basis as a banded application, and 1.7 and 3.4 kg/ha as a broadcast application. Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘AKS-614’, ‘Excel’ and ‘BR 64’] and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Dare’ and ‘Lee 68’] were planted 3, 6, and 9 weeks after fluometuron application. Grain sorghum and soybean tolerance to fluometuron residues varied between locations. Very little injury occurred on the Sequatchie loam in Knoxville, Tennessee, but considerable injury occurred on the Memphis silt loam at Milan, Tennessee. The differences were attributed to higher rainfall during the first 3-week period and to higher organic matter and higher sand content at Knoxville. Nevertheless, at Milan, grain sorghum was successfully grown 3 weeks after the 1.7 kg/ha banded application, 6 weeks after the 1.7 kg/ha broadcast application and 9 weeks after the 3.4 kg/ha application. Soybeans, also at Milan, were partially injured when planted between the fluometuron (1.7 kg/ha) treated bands 6 weeks after application and 9 weeks after application when planted on the 1.7 kg/ha broadcast-treated areas.

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