Novel bacterial seed treatment protects wheat seedlings from insect damage

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Mansfield ◽  
Richard J. Chynoweth ◽  
Mark R. H. Hurst ◽  
Alasdair Noble ◽  
Sue M. Zydenbos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Root Feeding ◽  
Similar Yield

Insecticidal seed treatments are used commonly worldwide to protect seedlings against root feeding insects. Organophosphate insecticides that have been used for seed treatments are being phased out and replaced with neonicotinoid insecticides. Concerns about the environmental impact of neonicotinoids have prompted a search for alternatives. Microbial insecticides are a biological alternative for seed treatments to target root feeding insects. Six field trials with organophosphate granules (diazinon, chlorpyrifos), neonicotinoid seed treatment (clothianidin) and microbial (Serratia entomophila) seed treatment targeting grass grub, a New Zealand scarab pest, were conducted in wheat crops at several sites over 4 years (2012–2015). Sites were selected each year that had potentially damaging populations of grass grub present during the trials. Untreated seeds led to significant losses of plants and wheat yield due to lower seedling establishment and ongoing plant losses from grass grub damage. Insecticide and microbial treatments increased plant survival in all trials compared with untreated seeds. Better plant survival was associated with higher yields from the insecticide treatments in four out of six trials. Neonicotinoid seed treatment alone gave similar yield increases to combined neonicotinoid seed treatment and organophosphate granules. Microbial seed treatment with S. entomophila gave similar yield increases to insecticide treatments in two out of six trials. Seed treatment with S. entomophila is an alternative for grass grub control; however, development of a commercial product requires effective scale-up of production, further research to improve efficacy, and viability of the live bacteria needs to be maintained on coated seed.

scholarly journals Field assessment of neonicotinoids against three aphid species and their natural enemies on wheat crop in Ismailia, egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farag Mahmoud ◽  
Mohamed Osman ◽  
Kariman Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Aphids are the most important pests on wheat in Egypt and worldwide. Field trials were conducted to assess the efficacy of the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid (Nufidor 60% FS; at the doses of 2.1, 1.05 and 0.525 g a.i./kg of seeds) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser 70% WS; at the rates of 14.4, 7.2 and 3.6 g a.i./kg of seeds) as seed treatments, and thiamethoxam (Actara 25% WG; at the rates of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 g a.i./l) as foliar application, against three wheat aphids: bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Their effects on the aphids? natural enemies: lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, ladybird beetles, Coccinella spp., and syrphid flies Syrphus spp. were assessed as well. The trials were conducted on the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia Governorate, during 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons. Our results showed significant differences between the tested insecticides at all concentrations and clearly indicated that the recommended doses of all insecticides were more efficient against aphids on wheat plants than half- and quarter-doses. Also, the data revealed significant differences between the two seed treatments at all doses before and after foliar application, as compared to the control at all time intervals of inspection regarding the mean number of aphids on wheat plants, from the 3rd until 13th week after sowing, except in the 8th week after seed treatment before foliar application. The results clearly indicated that the weekly reduction of infestation and the general efficacy was higher at the recommended doses of Nufidor, Cruiser and Actara than the half and quarter doses in both seasons. Also, reduction in infestation decreased over the following weeks until the 8th week, when Actara insecticide was sprayed. Data revealed that there were no significant differences between treatments and control in the mean number of Chrysoperla carnea and Syrphus spp., while a significant difference in the mean number of coccinellids was observed on wheat plants treated with imidacloprid seed treatment before foliar application 6 and 7 weeks after sowing, and also after foliar application with thiamethoxam 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 weeks after sowing. Regarding thiamethoxam seed treatment, significant differences were revealed in the ladybird population on wheat plants 3, 4, 7 and 8 weeks before foliar application, and only in the 10th week after spraying with thiamethoxam.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Seed Treatments in Controlling Blackleg of Canola

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164
Author(s):  
Sudha GC Upadhaya ◽  
Venkataramana Chapara ◽  
Mukhlesur Rahman ◽  
Luis E. del Río Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Blackleg Disease ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Spring Canola ◽  
Plant Stand

The efficacy of five fungicide seed treatments as a management tool against blackleg on spring canola was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions in North Dakota. Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, inflicts the greatest yield losses when infecting seedlings before they reach the six-leaf growth stage. In greenhouse studies, 10-day-old seedlings were inoculated with L. maculans spore suspensions and evaluated 12 days later and at maturity or inoculated 12, 20, or 28 days after planting and evaluated at maturity. In field trials conducted in 2017 and 2018, severity was assessed at maturity. In the greenhouse, all fungicide seed treatments reduced (P = 0.05) disease severity at the seedling stage, but only the protection provided by Obvius (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + metalaxyl) and Helix Vibrance (mefenoxam + fludioxonil + sedaxane + difenoconazole + thiamethoxam) reduced (P < 0.05) severity at the adult stage; however, none of them provide effective protection when plants were inoculated 20 days after planting or later. In field trials, none of the treatments significantly (P > 0.05) improved plant stand and yield or reduced disease incidence and severity. Although fungicide seed treatment is a valuable tool, it should not be used as the only method to manage blackleg disease.

scholarly journals Insecticide Seed Treatments Reduced Crop Injury from Flumioxazin, Chlorsulfuron, Saflufenacil, Pyroxasulfone, and Flumioxazin + Pyroxasulfone + Chlorimuron in Soybean

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Steppig ◽  
J. K. Norsworthy ◽  
R. C. Scott ◽  
G. M. Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Injury Reduction ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Weed Resistance

With increased instances of weed resistance to applications of postemergence herbicides, the use of soil-applied herbicides that offer residual activity is becoming popular. Unfortunately, under some conditions, the use of residual herbicides can result in unintentional injury to crops. However, there are a number of ways to reduce these risks, including the use of in-crop herbicide safeners. Based on previous research conducted on rice, the potential may exist for crop injury from certain soil-applied herbicides to be reduced (safened) in seeds treated with insecticides. Field trials were conducted in Marianna, Arkansas, in 2015 and 2016, and near Colt, Arkansas, in 2016, to explore this possibility in soybean. Soybean seeds were treated with the insecticide thiamethoxam and subsequently the herbicides metribuzin, saflufenacil, pyroxasulfone, sulfentrazone, chlorimuron, flumioxazin, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + chlorimuron, mesotrione, and chlorsulfuron were applied immediately after planting. Of the nine herbicides evaluated, the insecticide reduced crop injury for flumioxazin, chlorsulfuron, saflufenacil, pyroxasulfone, and flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + chlorimuron. The highest degree of injury reduction was seen 1 week after emergence (WAE) at Marianna, where injury from flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + chlorimuron was reduced from 15% to 5%. Based on the results from this study, the insecticide seed treatment thiamethoxam may have the potential to safen soybean to applications of some soil-applied herbicides.

Effect of seed treatments on emergence, yield, and root rot severity of soybean under Rhizoctonia solani inoculated field conditions in Ontario

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Xue ◽  
E. Cober ◽  
M. J. Morrison ◽  
H. D. Voldeng ◽  
B. L. Ma
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Bacillus Pumilus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Better Than

Field trials were conducted with soybean at two sites each year from 2001 to 2003 in Ottawa, ON, to determine the effect of seed treatments with various combinations of seven formulated fungicides and the bioagent Yield Shield (Bacillus pumilus GB34) under Rhizoctonia solani inoculated conditions. Controls were untreated seed planted into both non-inoculated (natural) soil and soil inoculated with R. solani. Compared with the non-inoculated control, inoculation significantly increased root rot severity and reduced emergence by 27%, and yield by 31%. Under the inoculated conditions, none of the seed treatments significantly increased emergence or yield in all of the six trials when compared with the control. Allegiance (metalaxyl) plus Vitaflo-280 (carbathiin plus thiram) and Vitaflo-280 alone were the most effective seed treatments, increasing emergence in by 20 and 19% and yield by 21 and 26%, which were significantly better than the control in four and five trials for emergence and three and four trials for yield, respectively. Allegiance plus HEC5725 (HEC5725), Apron Maxx RTA (fludioxonil plus metalaxyl), and Maxim 480FS (fludioxonil) increased both emergence and yield in two trials and TFL RTU (metalaxyl plus triflox ystrobin) plus Yield Shield in one trial. There was no difference between seed treatment with Allegiance and the untreated control for all parameters, confirming that metalaxyl is ineffective to R. solani. It is concluded that carbathiin, thiram, HEC5725, fludioxonil an trifloxystrobin are effective active ingredients protecting soybean from soil-borne R. solani and increasing plant emergence and yield. Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, seed treatment, soybean, Glycine max, fungicide, bioagent

Organic materials applied as seed treatments or foliar sprays fail to increase grain yield of wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Miers ◽  
MW Perry
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Application Rates

Organic materials derived from fish, seaweed or bacterial cultures, and being sold as 'natural' aids to crop production, were tested for their effects on wheat yield in Western Australia. Six products based on seaweed (Seasol powder and liquid, Kelpak 66), fish (Eco, 10.8.8, Crop Booster) or bacterial culture (Cytozyme Seed Plus), and Complesal, an inorganic nutrient spray, were tested as seed treatments or foliar sprays. Thirty-two replicated field trials (plot size 100 m2) were conducted over 3 years using recommended rates of fertiliser and 'commercial' weed and pest control practices. No statistically significant increases in grain yield were detected from the use of any product in any trial. Average treatment grain yields in 18 trials in 1982 ranged from 99.4 to 10 1.2% of the control and in 12 trials in 1983 from 96.2 to 99.3% of the control. The results give no indication that, at the application rates used, organic materials applied as seed dressings or foliar sprays can increase the grain yield of cereal crops in commercial cultivation.

scholarly journals Rates of Seed Treatment Insecticides and Control of Stewart's Wilt in Sweet Corn

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Pataky ◽  
P. M. Michener ◽  
N. D. Freeman ◽  
J. M. Whalen ◽  
J. A. Hawk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Stewart's Wilt ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Neonicotinoid insecticides applied as seed treatments reduce the incidence of Stewart's wilt. The objectives of this study were to examine the efficacy of different rates of seed treatment insecticides to control Stewart's wilt on susceptible sweet corn hybrids and to compare the economic value of Stewart's wilt control in sweet corn grown for processing and fresh market. Clothianidin (Poncho), imidacloprid (Gaucho), and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) applied to seed at rates ranging from 0.125 to 1.25 mg a.i. per kernel were evaluated in 11 field trials in Illinois and Delaware from 2000 to 2003. Incidence of Stewart's wilt was significantly lower when seed was treated with insecticides than when plants were grown from nontreated seed in all but one trial. The level of control usually was between 50 and 90%. Small but statistically significant differences in incidence of systemically infected plants occurred among rates of insecticides in all trials except those in 2001. Usually, incidence of systemic Stewart's wilt was lower when higher rates of insecticides were applied; however, increasing the rate of insecticides from 0.125 mg a.i. to 1.25 mg a.i. per kernel had a relatively small effect on the level of Stewart's wilt control compared with the difference between treated and nontreated sweet corn seed. Based on a regression analysis, the lowest rates of the insecticides provided 64 to 72% control. The level of control increased about 1.85% with each additional 0.1 mg a.i. of insecticide per kernel from 0.125 mg a.i. to 1.25 mg a.i. Clothianidin provided an 8 or 9% higher level of control than thiamethoxam or imidacloprid at the same rate. Recommendations for application of seed treatment insecticides to processing and fresh market sweet corn differed somewhat due to substantial differences in the value of the crops. Based on estimated costs of $6 to $12 per 0.4 ha for the seed treatments, the economic break even point (i.e., cost of control = value from control) occurred in the range of 3 to 6% Stewart's wilt incidence for processing sweet corn valued at $325 per 0.4 ha and at about 1% Stewart's wilt incidence for fresh market sweet corn valued at $1,625 per 0.4 ha. Relatively small differences in levels of control conferred by commercially available rates of clothianidin (0.25 mg a.i. per kernel) and thiamethoxam (0.125 mg a.i. per kernel) were of little consequence in processing sweet corn but had considerable economic value in fresh market sweet corn.

Wheat root protection from cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) by fluopyram seed treatment

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haolin Li ◽  
Guang Liu ◽  
Daxia Zhang ◽  
Xu Lin ◽  
Guangying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Bioactivity Assay ◽  
Root Protection

Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae), an important plant-parasitic nematode causing yield losses on wheat, has been found in many provinces in China. It is urgent to develop an effective method to protect wheat from H. avenae damage. With a novel mode of action, fluopyram has been registered for controlling root-knot nematodes on cucumber and tomato in China. However, the bioactivity of fluopyram against H. avenae and whether seed treatment is effective in controlling H. avenae on wheat remains unknown. In this study, a bioactivity assay revealed that fluopyram increased the mortality of H. avenae second stage juveniles (J2), with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.92 mg L-1 and 2.92 mg L-1, respectively. Hatching tests showed that H. avenae egg hatching percent decreased 35.2-69.2% with fluopyram at the rate of 1.6-6.4 mg L-1, and the egg hatching period was delayed by 3-9 days compared with the control. In pot and field trials, fluopyram seed treatment significantly reduced H. avenae population density and increased wheat yield by 3.0-13.7%. Therefore, fluopyram seed treatment is an effective approach for the management of H. avenae on wheat in China.

scholarly journals Control of Stewart's Wilt in Sweet Corn with Seed Treatment Insecticides

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1104-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Pataky ◽  
P. M. Michener ◽  
N. D. Freeman ◽  
R. A. Weinzierl ◽  
R. H. Teyker
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Erwinia Stewartii ◽  
Stewart's Wilt

Corn flea beetles, Chaetocnema pulicaria, vector Erwinia stewartii (synamorph Pantoea stewartii), which causes Stewart's bacterial wilt of corn (Zea mays). A seed treatment insecticide, imidacloprid, killed flea beetles and reduced the number of feeding wounds and Stewart's wilt symptoms per leaf in greenhouse studies. The objective of our research was to evaluate the ability of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam seed treatments to control Stewart's wilt on sweet corn hybrids under field conditions with naturally occurring populations of the corn flea beetle. Six field trials were planted at four locations in 1998. Eleven field trials were planted at nine locations in 1999. The treatment design was a factorial of sweet corn hybrids and seed treatments. Stewart's wilt incidence ranged from 0 to 54% in the 1998 trials. Incidence of Stewart's wilt in nontreated plots of the susceptible hybrid Jubilee ranged from 2% at the 8-leaf stage to 77% 1 week after mid-silk in the 1999 trials. Seed treatment insecticides reduced the incidence of Stewart's wilt by ≈50 to 85% relative to nontreated controls. The level of control was ≈75 to 85% in seven trials planted before 1 June 1999, when incidence of Stewart's wilt on nontreated Jubilee ranged from 4 to 71%. The level of control was ≈50 to 70% in the three trials planted after 1 July 1999, when incidence of Stewart's wilt on nontreated Jubilee ranged from 44 to 73%. Although comparisons varied, the level of control gained from seed treatment insecticides was similar to the next higher level of host resistance. Seed treatment insecticides appear to control Stewart's wilt during very early growth of corn plants, when foliar applications of insecticides are ineffective and the effectiveness of host resistance varies depending on the proximity of flea beetle feeding sites to the plant's growing point.

scholarly journals Imidacloprid seed treatments for the control of springtails in seedling brassicas

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Addison ◽  
P.W. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Early Seedling

Two pot trials and two field trials were conducted to evaluate imidacloprid seed treatments for springtail control in forage brassica seedlings Imidacloprid at rates from 175 to 210 g ai/kg seed reduced garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) numbers by 6888 relative to the untreated controls Springtail damage was reduced and seedling establishment enhanced Imidacloprid proved as or more effective than furathiocarb or thiodicarb seed treatments and phorate granules Imidacloprid seed treatment had no adverse effect on either brassica germination or early seedling growth

Efficacy of Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 and fungicide seed treatments for controlling the root rot complex of field pea

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Xue
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Pea Root Rot ◽  
Better Than

The efficacy of seed treatments with bioagent ACM941 (a strain of Clonostachys rosea), its formulated products GB116 and ACM941-Pro, and common fungicides for the control of pea root rot complex were examined in six field trials in western Canada from 1996 to 2000. The effects on seedling emergence, root rot severity, and yield varied among years. In trials 1 and 2 (1996–1997), none of the treatments significantly reduced root rot severity or increased yield. ACM941 + Thiram 75WP was the most effective treatment, increasing emergence by 17.4% and was significantly better than that of the untreated controls. In trials 3 and 4 (1997–1998), Apron FL alone and ACM941 + Apron FL were significantly better than the untreated control, increasing emergence by 6.2 and 7.7%, and yield by 10.8 and 11.5%, respectively. In trials 5 and 6 (1999–2000), AC M 941 and GB116 were equally the most effective treatments, increasing emergence by 11.5 and 12.2%, and yield by 8.2 and 6.3%, respectively. These effects were significantly greater than that of the untreated control, but not significantly different from those of Apron FL or Vitaflo-280. ACM941-Pro was developed and tested in 2000 only, and it increased emergence by 17.1% and reduced root rot severity by 29.6%. Key words: Bioagent, Clonostachys rosea, field pea, Pisum sativum, pea root rot complex (PRRC), seed treatment, fungicide

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