Break crops and rotations for wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Angus ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
J. R. Hunt ◽  
M. H. Ryan ◽  
L. Ohlander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Break

Wheat crops usually yield more when grown after another species than when grown after wheat. Quantifying the yield increase and explaining the factors that affect the increase will assist farmers to decide on crop sequences. This review quantifies the yield increase, based on >900 comparisons of wheat growing after a break crop with wheat after wheat. The mean increase in wheat yield varied with species of break crop, ranging from 0.5 t ha–1 after oats to 1.2 t ha–1 after grain legumes. Based on overlapping experiments, the observed ranking of break-crop species in terms of mean yield response of the following wheat crop was: oats < canola ≈ mustard ≈ flax < field peas ≈ faba beans ≈ chickpeas ≈ lentils ≈ lupins. The mean additional wheat yield after oats or oilseed break crops was independent of the yield level of the following wheat crop. The wheat yield response to legume break crops was not clearly independent of yield level and was relatively greater at high yields. The yield of wheat after two successive break crops was 0.1–0.3 t ha–1 greater than after a single break crop. The additional yield of a second wheat crop after a single break crop ranged from 20% of the effect on a first wheat crop after canola, to 60% after legumes. The mean yield effect on a third wheat crop was negligible, except in persistently dry conditions. The variability of the break-crop effect on the yield of a second wheat crop was larger than of a first wheat crop, particularly following canola. We discuss the responses in relation to mechanisms by which break crops affect soil and following crops. By quantifying the magnitude and persistence of break-crop effects, we aim to provide a basis for the decision to grow continuous cereal crops, strategic rotations or tactically selected break crops. In many wheat-growing areas, the large potential yield increases due to break crops are not fully exploited. Research into quantifying the net benefits of break crops, determining the situations where the benefits are greatest, and improving the benefits of break crops promises to improve the efficiency of wheat-based cropping systems.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Triazole-Based Fungicides on Wheat Yield and Test Weight as Influenced by Fusarium Head Blight Intensity

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Paul ◽  
M. P. McMullen ◽  
D. E. Hershman ◽  
L. V. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Multivariate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on 12 years of data from 14 U.S. states to determine the mean yield and test-weight responses of wheat to treatment with propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, and prothioconazole+tebuconazole. All fungicides led to a significant increase in mean yield and test weight relative to the check (D; P < 0.001). Metconazole resulted in the highest overall yield increase, with a D of 450 kg/ha, followed by prothioconazole+tebuconazole (444.5 kg/ha), prothioconazole (419.1 kg/ha), tebuconazole (272.6 kg/ha), and propiconazole (199.6 kg/ha). Metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, and prothioconazole also resulted in the highest increases in test weight, with D values of 17.4 to 19.4 kg/m3, respectively. On a relative scale, the best three fungicides resulted in an overall 13.8 to 15.0% increase in yield but only a 2.5 to 2.8% increase in test weight. Except for prothioconazole+tebuconazole, wheat type significantly affected the yield response to treatment; depending on the fungicide, D was 110.0 to 163.7 kg/ha higher in spring than in soft-red winter wheat. Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease index (field or plot-level severity) in the untreated check plots, a measure of the risk of disease development in a study, had a significant effect on the yield response to treatment, in that D increased with increasing FHB index. The probability was estimated that fungicide treatment in a randomly selected study will result in a positive yield increase (p+) and increases of at least 250 and 500 kg/ha (p250 and p500, respectively). For the three most effective fungicide treatments (metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, and prothioconazole) at the higher selected FHB index, p+ was very large (e.g., ≥0.99 for both wheat types) but p500 was considerably lower (e.g., 0.78 to 0.92 for spring and 0.54 to 0.68 for soft-red winter wheat); at the lower FHB index, p500 for the same three fungicides was 0.34 to 0.36 for spring and only 0.09 to 0.23 for soft-red winter wheat.

Productivity and break crop effects of winter-growing oilseeds

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Angus ◽  
AFvan Herwaarden ◽  
GN Howe ◽  
Herwaarden AF Van
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Previous Crop

Productivity, water use and nitrogen (N) use of the oilseeds canola, Indian mustard and linseed were compared with those of wheat and oats in a field experiment in the Riverina. In the following year wheat was grown on the same land and the same attributes were measured. In the first year, wheat productivity exceeded that of all other crops in terms of yield, dry matter production, uptake and the production value (expressed in the common units of the mass of glucose assimilated) of grain and straw. There was no association between productivity and water use, but the cereals had greater canopy cover and, presumably, a greater proportion of the water was transpired rather than evaporated from the soil. In the following year the wheat yield varied with the previous crop species in the order Indian mustard > canola > linseed > oats > wheat. The advantage of the oilseeds to the subsequent wheat crop was evident in terms of shoot density from the stem elongation stage. At the time of maturity, wheat following Indian mustard had extracted more soil water than wheat following canola or wheat following wheat. The early growth advantage to wheat following oilseeds was presumed to be associated with less soil-borne disease. The advantage to wheat following linseed did not persist after anthesis. The advantage to wheat following Indian mustard over wheat following canola appeared to be partly due to greater depletion of subsoil water during the later phases of growth.

Impact of legume 'break' crops on the yield and grain quality of wheat and relationship with soil mineral N and crop N content

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Evans ◽  
G. Scott ◽  
D. Lemerle ◽  
A. Kaiser ◽  
B. Orchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
New South ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
South Wales

The effect of annual 'break' crops on the yield and protein content of wheat was investigated over 3 seasons on a Red Kandasol on the south-western slopes of New South Wales. The 'break' crops included lupin and pea grown for grain, pea and vetch managed for silage, clovers managed for silage or hay, and vetch and clovers managed for green manuring. Wheat was sown for 2 years following the legume year, or canola and wheat followed the legumes. Averaged over 3 experiments the yields of first crop wheat following pea or vetch silage crops were comparable with those after grain pea. Yields following clover forage conservation crops or green manures exceeded those after grain pea by at least 0.41 t/ha; average yield increase after clover green manure was 0.93 t/ha. In one experiment, yields of second crop wheat were greater, by up to 0.37 t/ha, after forage conservation or green manure legume 'breaks' than after grain legumes. In 2 experiments, second crop wheat yields were greater after a first crop of canola than a first crop of wheat. Compared with continuous wheat yield, aggregate mean wheat yield increases were 3.5–4 t/ha following grain legumes, pea, and vetch silage crops, but 5.3–6.3 t/ha following clover forage conservation and green manure crops. However, the relative effects of legume treatments on wheat yield were significantly seasonally dependent. Yield and grain protein variation in wheat after legumes was significantly correlated with variation in mineral N at wheat establishment. However, in one experiment, yield was correlated only with variation in mineral N below the 20-cm soil depth, whereas protein was correlated only with variation in mineral N above the 20 cm soil depth. Yield increases in first crop wheat did not occur at the expense of grain protein.

Comparison of legume-based cropping systems at Warra, Queensland. 2. Mineral nitrogen accumulation and availability to the subsequent wheat crop

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Hossain ◽  
WM Strong ◽  
SA Waring ◽  
RC Dalal ◽  
EJ Weston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase

Mineral nitrogen release following legume-based cropping systems for restoring the fertility of a Vertisol and the yield response and N uptake of subsequent wheat crops was studied. Legume phases of pastures, including a 4 year grass+legume ley, and lucerne and medic leys (~1 year) were terminated in October 1988 or 1989 and rotated with wheat. Chickpea-wheat rotations matched those of lucerne and medic leys. Mineral N accumulations during a subsequent fallow period were determined by core sampling to 1.5 m in October, February and May. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat enabled comparisons of the fertility restorative effects of the various systems relative to continuous wheat cropping. Averaged for two fallow periods, increases in mineral N down to 1.2 m depth were 93, 91, 68, and 37 kg/ha following grass+legume, lucerne and medic leys, and chickpea, respectively, compared with the continuous wheat treatment. Wheat yields were generally lower in 1989 (1.85–2.88 t/ha) than in 1990 (2.08–3.59 t/ha) following all leys and crops due to seasonal conditions. There was a grain yield increase of 0.11 and 0.52 t/ha in 1989 and 1.23 and 1.26 t/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys, respectively and 0.85 t/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea there was a yield increase of 0.81 and 1.36 t/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Nitrogen uptake by wheat was increased by 40 and 49 kg/ha in 1989 and 48 and 58 kg/ha in 1990 following lucerne and medic leys respectively and 63 kg/ha in 1990 following a 4 year grass+legume ley. Following chickpea N uptake by wheat was increased by 27 and 32 kg/ha in 1989 and 1990 respectively. Grain protein concentration of wheat was substantially higher following all pasture leys (11.7–15.8%) than following wheat (8.0–9.4%) or chickpea (9.4–10.1%). Therefore, there was substantial evidence of the effectiveness of pasture leys in soil fertility restoration, as reflected in mineral N, yield response and N uptake by subsequent wheat crops.

Underseeded clover as a nitrogen source for spring wheat on a Gleysol

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Garand ◽  
R R Simard ◽  
A F MacKenzie ◽  
C. Hamel
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Catch Crop ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Nutritional Effect

Although there is a potential to substantially reduce N fertiliser inputs by cropping spring cereals with an interseeded legume, the agronomic value and the nitrate catch-crop effect associated with this practice are not documented under the conditions of eastern Canada. This 3-yr study estimated N credits and non-N nutritional effects for interseeded clover (Trifolium pratense L. 'Arlington') in spring wheat production (Triticum aestivum L. 'Algot') and assessed fall and spring nitrate (NO3−) in soil. The soil is a St. Urbain clay (Orthic Gleysol) located in the St. Lawrence lowlands. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was applied at 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 with or without red clover as a companion crop. Clover was incorporated as a green manure crop in mid-November. Clover significantly (P = 0.05) influenced wheat yield response to N fertilisation for 2 of the 3 yr. Clover did not reduce wheat grain yield through competition between the two plant species. Higher wheat yields with clover were attributed to N supplied by clover through mineralisation of residues incorporated in the soil the previous fall. Nitrogen fertiliser replacement value of clover was approximately 80 kg N ha-1 for 1994 and 1995. Clover occasionally increased NO3−-N measured in the soil profile in late fall and in spring. Interseeded red clover may provide most of the N needs of a companion spring wheat crop in fine-textured gleysolic soils, but is an inefficient N catch-crop. Key words: N credits, non-N nutritional effect, N catch-crop

scholarly journals Crop Water Supply and its Relation to Yield of Spring Wheat in the South of Russian Plain

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Shumova
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Russian Plain ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Annual Water

Crop Water Supply and its Relation to Yield of Spring Wheat in the South of Russian Plain The proposed method to estimate water supply of spring wheat crop is based on the ratio of the water amount extracted by plants under actual conditions of growth (transpiration) to cover needs for maximum (potential) yield (potential transpiration). Estimates of spatial, inter- and intra-annual water supply variability of the spring wheat crop in basic agricultural zones are given. Dependence of the spring wheat yield on water supply is presented.

Evaluating the contribution of take-all control to the break-crop effect in wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lawes ◽  
V. V. S. R. Gupta ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
D. K. Roget
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Take All

Break-crops such as legumes and oilseeds increase the yield of subsequent cereal crops by reducing the level of diseases and weeds that build in continuous cereal crops, and can also improve water and nitrogen supply. Although the term ‘break-crop’ originates from their role in breaking disease cycles of soil-borne diseases such as take-all (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), the contribution of take-all control to the overall break-crop effect has not been separated in most studies. We re-analysed a range of medium- and short-term crop-sequencing experiments comprising 18 year × site combinations in diverse environments in southern Australia. An analysis using linear mixed effects models was conducted to: (i) define the agro-environments that lead to increases in take-all incidence in continuous wheat crop sequences, (ii) quantify the effect of take-all on wheat yield, and (iii) ascertain the contribution of the reduction in take-all following break-crops to the size of the total break-crop effect on wheat crop yield. Break-crop effects on wheat yield averaged 0.7 t/ha and ranged from 0 to 2.1 t/ha. On 14 of 18 occasions, take-all contributed to reduced wheat yield in continuous wheat rotations, although the estimated effect exceeded 0.1 t/ha on just six of those occasions. As a result, reduced take-all by break-crops contributed to <20% of the total break-crop effect in all but one instance, where the suppression accounted for 80% of the break-crop effect. In summary, although the break-crops improved wheat yield by 0.7 t/ha, the contribution from take-all control in the 14 locations where it could be quantified was just 0.1 t/ha. Correlation analysis revealed that take-all incidence in wheat was most likely to proliferate in colder, wetter environments. Take-all can severely damage crop yield, and the reduction contributes to the break-crop effect, but the average impact on wheat yield is small and poorly correlated with the potential yield of the wheat crop. The analytical approach helped to quantify the effect of take-all damage on crop yield, to provide further insight into the agro-environment that contributes to high levels of take-all incidence, and to demonstrate that take-all, like many other processes, operates in an episodic manner that is rare but, on occasions, severe.

Relation of shape of canopy to interception of radiation and yield of wheat

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Dhillon ◽  
D. S. Kler
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
East West

SUMMARYField experiments were made at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 1974–5 to 1978–9 to study the possibility of improving wheat yield by more efficient use of radiant energy through modification of the shape of the canopy under varying levels of fertilizers, irrigation and seed rates. The results showed substantial yield increase by sowing half the seed and fertilizers in one direction and half in rows at right angles, giving a spacing of 22·5 × 22·5 cm, thereby intercepting more light, which showed a significant direct relationship with yield, but there were negative correlations with soil temperature. The increase in row spacing decreased the yield. With 33% extra fertilizer than the local recommendation, sowing the crop in two directions gave 0·96 t/ha (33·4%) higher yield, whereas none of the other sowing methods showed significant increase. Mixing varieties to form a prismatic canopy gave higher yield than the mean of the varieties sown alone. Irrigating the crop more than thrice did not prove beneficial. North-south row direction tended to improve yield compared with east-west rows. Seed rates varying from 50 to 200 kg/ha showed neither significant effect, nor interaction with canopy shape except in 1978–9 when 150 kg seed/ha showed yield improvement over 100 kg/ha.

scholarly journals Fertilizer Management For Wheat Crop In The Himalayan Piedmont Soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
ATM Sakhawat Hossain ◽  
F Rahman ◽  
GM Panaullah ◽  
MA Saleque
Keyword(s):  
Management Practice ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Fertilizer Management ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity ◽  
Partial Factor

An experiment was conducted at the farmers’ fields in the Himalayan Piedmont soil to evaluate the soil test based (STB) fertilizer dose on wheat crop practicing in the rice – wheat cropping sequence during the Rabi season 2002-2003. Three fertilizer treatments: (i) no fertilizer (control), (ii) local farmers’ fertilizer management practice (FP) and (iii) soil test based fertilizer dose (STB) were tested in 10 farmers’ fields. The soils of the test fields were acidic and light textured. Results showed that the control plot produced a mean yield of 1.54 t/ha, which increased to 3.96 t/ha with FP and 4.98 t/ha with STB fertilizer dose. The STB fertilizer dose also increased the nitrogen, P, K and S uptake by wheat. Wheat yield showed a strong linear relationship with N, P, K, and S uptake. Partial factor productivity (PFP) of fertilizer (sum of N, P, K and S) was 25.2 kg/kg in FP and that in STB was 24.6 kg/kg. Slightly lower PFP in STB than that of FP may be attributed to the higher dose of N and K in the former. However, the significant yield increase in STB compared with FP encouraged farmers to practice STB fertilizer application for wheat cultivation. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(2): 241-246, June 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i2.15887

Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Response to Imazamox Rate and Application Timing in Herbicide-Resistant Winter Wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Stougaard ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith ◽  
James A. Mickelson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
The One

Field experiments were conducted at Kalispell, MT, and Corvallis, OR, to determine the optimum rate and application timing of imazamox for downy brome control in winter wheat. Crop injury occurred as a reduction in plant height and was minimal at Kalispell, never exceeding 10%. Crop injury at Corvallis was more severe and was dependant on application timing. No injury was observed with spring applications, but fall applications resulted in as much as 33% injury at the highest rate of imazamox. Fall applications generally provided more consistent control of downy brome, as evidenced by the lower dosage required to reduce downy brome dry weight by 50% (lowerI50values). Nonetheless, spring applications generally provided control comparable with that of fall applications when imazamox was applied at the highest rate. The one exception was at Corvallis during 1997 to 1998, where spring applications failed to provide adequate control of downy brome even at the highest rate applied. Although imazamox generally provided excellent control of downy brome, wheat yield response to downy brome interference was negligible, declining by less than 10% in the absence of imazamox. The absence of a yield response to downy brome interference was attributed to the lack of competition for soil moisture from downy brome under the high-rainfall conditions of the experiment.

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