Ppd1, Vrn1, ALMT1 and Rht genes and their effects on grain yield in lower rainfall environments in southern Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
Karen Cane ◽  
Ben Trevaskis ◽  
Neil Vallance ◽  
R. F. Eastwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Rht Genes ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Tolerance Gene

Allele-specific markers for important genes can improve the efficiency of plant breeding. Their value can be enhanced if effects of the alleles for important traits can be estimated in identifiable types of environment. Provided potential bias can be minimised, large, unbalanced, datasets from previous plant-breeding and agronomic research can be used. Reliable, allele-specific markers are now available for the phenology genes Ppd-D1, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1, the aluminium-tolerance gene TaALMT1, and the plant-stature genes Rht-B1 and Rht-D1. We used a set of 208 experiments with growing-season rainfall of <347 mm from southern Australia to estimate the effects of seven frequent combinations of the phenology genes, an intolerant and a tolerant allele of TaALMT1, and two semi-dwarf combinations Rht-B1b + Rht-D1a (Rht-ba) and Rht-B1a + Rht-D1b (Rht-ab) on grain yield in lower rainfall, Mediterranean-type environments in southern Australia. There were 775 lines in our analyses and a relationship matrix was used to minimise bias. Differences among the phenology genes were small, but the spring allele Vrn-B1a might be desirable. The tolerant allele, TaALMT1-V, was advantageous in locations with alkaline soils, possibly because of toxic levels of aluminium ions in subsoils. The advantage of TaALMT1-V is likely to be highest when mean maximum temperatures in spring are high. Rht-ab (Rht2 semi-dwarf) was also advantageous in environments with high mean maximum temperatures in spring, suggesting that for these stress environments, the combination of Vrn-B1a plus TaALMT1-V plus Rht-ab should be desirable. Many successful cultivars carry this combination.

Molecular characterization and mapping of ALMT1, the aluminium-tolerance gene of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genome ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsh Raman ◽  
Kerong Zhang ◽  
Mehmet Cakir ◽  
Rudi Appels ◽  
David F Garvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Deletion Mapping ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Almt1 Gene ◽  
Tolerance Gene

The major aluminum (Al) tolerance gene in wheat ALMT1 confers. An Al-activated efflux of malate from root apices. We determined the genomic structure of the ALMT1 gene and found it consists of 6 exons interrupted by 5 introns. Sequencing a range of wheat genotypes identified 3 alleles for ALMT1, 1 of which was identical to the ALMT1 gene from an Aegilops tauschii accession. The ALMT1 gene was mapped to chromosome 4DL using 'Chinese Spring' deletion lines, and loss of ALMT1 coincided with the loss of both Al tolerance and Al-activated malate efflux. Aluminium tolerance in each of 5 different doubled-haploid populations was found to be conditioned by a single major gene. When ALMT1 was polymorphic between the parental lines, QTL and linkage analyses indicated that ALMT1 mapped to chromosome 4DL and cosegregated with Al tolerance. In 2 populations examined, Al tolerance also segregated with a greater capacity for Al-activated malate efflux. Aluminium tolerance was not associated with a particular coding allele for ALMT1, but was significantly correlated with the relative level of ALMT1 expression. These findings suggest that the Al tolerance in a diverse range of wheat genotypes is primarily conditioned by ALMT1.Key words: aluminum, tolerance, genetic marker, Triticum aestivum, QTL, deletion mapping.

Molecular breeding for improving yield in maize: recent advances and future perspectives.

2021 ◽  
pp. 380-404
Author(s):  
Mei-ping Zhang ◽  
Yun-Hua Liu ◽  
Hong-Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances

Abstract This chapter clarifies plant breeding and its underlying molecular basis, then reviews the molecular technologies that have been developed thus far for enhanced plant breeding, which are necessary to better understand the applications and perspectives of these molecular technologies for enhanced maize breeding. This chapter updates the recent advances of the molecular technologies for maize grain yield breeding in the past decade and compares these molecular technologies and underlines their perspectives for continued maize yield improvement.

scholarly journals Advancing High-Throughput Phenotyping of Wheat in Early Selection Cycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuncai Hu ◽  
Samuel Knapp ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Early Selection ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Spectral Sensing

Enhancing plant breeding to ensure global food security requires new technologies. For wheat phenotyping, only limited seeds and resources are available in early selection cycles. This forces breeders to use small plots with single or multiple row plots in order to include the maximum number of genotypes/lines for their assessment. High-throughput phenotyping through remote sensing may meet the requirements for the phenotyping of thousands of genotypes grown in small plots in early selection cycles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for assessing the grain yield of wheat genotypes in different row numbers per plot in the early selection cycles with ground-based spectral sensing. A field experiment consisting of 32 wheat genotypes with four plot designs (1, 2, 3, and 12 rows per plot) was conducted. Near infrared (NIR)-based spectral indices showed significant correlations (p < 0.01) with the grain yield at flowering to grain filling, regardless of row numbers, indicating the potential of spectral indices as indirect selection traits for the wheat grain yield. Compared with terrestrial sensing, aerial-based sensing from UAV showed consistently higher levels of association with the grain yield, indicating that an increased precision may be obtained and is expected to increase the efficiency of high-throughput phenotyping in large-scale plant breeding programs. Our results suggest that high-throughput sensing from UAV may become a convenient and efficient tool for breeders to promote a more efficient selection of improved genotypes in early selection cycles. Such new information may support the calibration of genomic information by providing additional information on other complex traits, which can be ascertained by spectral sensing.

The effect of boron tolerance, deep ripping with gypsum, and water supply on subsoil water extraction of cereals on an alkaline soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Nuttall ◽  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
D. J. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Multiple Constraints ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Subsoil Water ◽  
High Boron ◽  
Sodium Tolerance

Crop adaptation to edaphic constraints has focussed largely on increasing boron (B) tolerance in cereals, targeted to alkaline soils with high boron content. However, recent studies have implicated several other physicochemical constraints, such as salinity and sodicity, in reduced grain yields of cereals by restricting water extraction in the subsoil. Consequently, the value of B-tolerance may be limited on soils where multiple constraints exist. To test the contribution of B-tolerance where multiple constraints exist, near-isogenic lines of wheat and barley differing in B-tolerance were used, where growth and water extraction by crops in large intact cores, extracted from a Calcarosol profile, were measured. The effect of subsoil disturbance (deep ripping) and growing-season water supply was also investigated. Use of B-tolerant crops did not increase use of subsoil water or grain yield. Wheat and barley extracted soil water down to 0.6 m depth but not below 0.8 m. The soil B concentration of these 2 layers was equivalent (29 ν. 31 mg/kg), whereas salinity [(ECe) 7.2 ν. 8.1 dS/m] and sodicity [(ESP) 22 ν. 29%] both increased significantly with depth, implying that these 2 latter properties had a greater effect than B. Deep ripping with gypsum had no effect on grain yield. Wheat and barley grown under high water supply outyielded their counterparts grown under low water supply, although grain yield per unit of applied water for the crops under low water was 1.5 times that of the crops under high water regime. The results suggest that high salinity and sodicity, rather than B, were exerting the major effects on water extraction of wheat and barley from the deep subsoil, thus negating the effect of crop B-tolerance where multiple constraints exist. This highlights the need to breed cultivars with increased sodium tolerance, pyramided with current B-tolerance, for those crops targeted to many alkaline soils.

scholarly journals COMBINING ABILITY EFFECTS AND PER-SE PERFORMANCES OF MORPHO REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
M. A. Islam ◽  
M. A. K. Mian ◽  
M. G. Rasul ◽  
Q. A. Khaliq ◽  
M. K. Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Per Se

To study combining ability effects of developed CMS and restorer lines an experiment was carried out at the experimental farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during Aman 2011 and Boro 2011-12 following RCBD design through line × tester analysis in three replications. Five known CMS lines and sixteen developed Restorer lines were considered for through line × tester analysis. Among sixteen restorer lines, only four showed significant negative GCA effects for all these three traits for earliness. The estimated of gca effects of parents indicated that seven parents and sixteen crosses contributed highly significant negative effects for plant height which were responsible for dwarfing character. Fifteen crosses and eight parents showed significant negative sca estimates for days to first flowering and twenty crosses for maturity. Considering both SCA effects and per se performances for days to 1st flowering and maturity; the crosses of IR 58025A with RG-BU08-005R, RG-BU08-006R, RG-BU08-016R, RG-BU08-018R and RG-BU08-025R were found as the best specific combiner. Among 80 crosses fifty two crosses showed significant positive SCA effects along with above average perse performances for grain yield. Ten crosses of IR 58025A, seven crosses of GAN46A, fourteen crosses of IR 62829A, nine crosses of IR 68888A and ten crosses of BRRI 1A showed significant positive SCA effects along with mean values resulting significant positive SCA effects and above average perse performances with all five CMS lines for grain yield.

scholarly journals Parameter Genetik Jagung Populasi Bisma pada Pemupukan yang Berbeda. II. Ragam dan Korelasi Genetik Karakter Sekunder

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Sutoro Sutoro ◽  
Abdul Bari ◽  
Subandi Subandi ◽  
Sudirman Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Parameter ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Secondary Traits ◽  
High Level ◽  
Population And Environment

<p>Genetic Parameter of Secondary Traits of Corn in Bisma<br />Population under Different Fertilizer Application. II. Genetic<br />Variance and Correlation of Secondary Traits.<br />Sutoro, Abdul Bari, Subandi, and Sudirman Yahya. The<br />magnitute of secondary traits of corn could affect the corn<br />yield. Genetic parameter value of secondary traits are<br />important in plant breeding, especially in selection program.<br />Genetic parameter could be used for estimation of correlated<br />response by involving value of genetic correlation and<br />genetic variance. Value of genetic parameter is different<br />among population and environment. Genetic parameter of<br />secondary traits on Bisma population under 3 different level<br />of fertilizer application were studied in Bogor. Result of the<br />study showed that addtive genetic variance of ASI, chlorofil,<br />seed number, amount of green leaves and LAI at flowering<br />stage greater than dominant variance. Conversely, additive<br />genetic variance of green leaf number and LAI at maturing<br />stage, and leaf senescene are lower than dominant variance.<br />ASI has greatest heritability among secondary traits<br />under three level of fertilizer application. Positive genetic<br />correlation was found between grain yield under low fertileizer<br />application and ASI under high level fertilizer application<br />or between grain yield under high level of fertilizer application<br />and ASI under low level fertilizer application.</p>

scholarly journals blupADC: An R package and shiny toolkit for comprehensive genetic data analysis in animal and plant breeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanshun Mei ◽  
Chuanke Fu ◽  
Jieling Li ◽  
Shuhong Zhao ◽  
Tao Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
R Package ◽  
Genotype Imputation ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Plant Breeding Program

AbstractSummaryGenetic analysis is a systematic and complex procedure in animal and plant breeding. With fast development of high-throughput genotyping techniques and algorithms, animal and plant breeding has entered into a genomic era. However, there is a lack of software, which can be used to process comprehensive genetic analyses, in the routine animal and plant breeding program. To make the whole genetic analysis in animal and plant breeding straightforward, we developed a powerful, robust and fast R package that includes genomic data format conversion, genomic data quality control and genotype imputation, breed composition analysis, pedigree tracing, analysis and visualization, pedigree-based and genomic-based relationship matrix construction, and genomic evaluation. In addition, to simplify the application of this package, we also developed a shiny toolkit for users.Availability and implementationblupADC is developed primarily in R with core functions written in C++. The development version is maintained at https://github.com/TXiang-lab/blupADC.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available online

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat Trials

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
A. Ruža ◽  
Dz. Kreita ◽  
M. Krotovs ◽  
S. Maļecka ◽  
V. Stramkale
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant Breeding Station

The field experiments with ten diverse varieties of winter wheat were laid down according to uniform scheme during 2001 – 2002 at three locations having different soils and agroclimatic conditions: study and research farm “Pēterlauki” of the Latvia University of Agriculture on sod – calcareous medium loam soils, humus content 19 – 21 g kg-1 of soil; at the Stende Plant Breeding Station on sod – podzolio soils, humus content 18 - 19 g kg-1 of soil and at Latgale Science Centre in Viļāni on humus – podzolic gley soils, humus content 65 – 95 g kg-1 of soil. There was observed sharp variation in meteorological conditions during experimental years and quite variable weather conditions between the trial sites. The average results obtained in the experiments suggest that stable increase of winter wheat grain yield was reached increasing fertilizer N rates from N90 to N120 (split application) thus ensuring grain yield increase 1 to 20 kg per 1 kg N applied. The crude protein yield 2,8 – 3,47 kg per 1 kg N applied was obtained from trial plots at the study and research farm “Pēterlauki” and at the Stende Plant Breeding Station. The mineral N use efficiency was considerably lower in humus – rich soils in Viļāni. The increase of fertilizer N rate up to N180 (split application) resulted in gradual decrease of nitrogen use efficiency, and utilization coefficient was to a great extent depended on meteorological conditions during vegetation period.

scholarly journals Identification of an Elite Core Panel as a Key Breeding Resource to Accelerate the Rate of Genetic Improvement for Irrigated Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselyne U. Juma ◽  
Jérôme Bartholomé ◽  
Parthiban Thathapalli Prakash ◽  
Waseem Hussain ◽  
John Damien Platten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Breeding Values

Abstract Rice genetic improvement is a key component of achieving and maintaining food security in Asia and Africa in the face of growing populations and climate change. In this effort, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) continues to play a critical role in creating and disseminating rice varieties with higher productivity. Due to increasing demand for rice, especially in Africa, there is a strong need to accelerate the rate of genetic improvement for grain yield.In an effort to identify and characterize the elite breeding pool of IRRI’s irrigated rice breeding program, we analyzed 102 historical yield trials conducted in the Philippines during the period 2012-2016 and representing 15,286 breeding lines (including released varieties). A mixed model approach based on the pedigree relationship matrix was used to estimate breeding values for grain yield, which ranged from 2.12 to 6.27 t·ha-1. The rate of genetic gain for grain yield was estimated at 8.75 kg·ha-1·year-1 (0.23%) for crosses made in the period from 1964 to 2014. Reducing the data to only IRRI released varieties, the rate doubled to 17.36 kg·ha-1·year-1 (0.46%). Regressed against breeding cycle the rate of gain for grain yield was 185 kg·ha-1·cycle-1 (4.95%). We selected 72 top performing lines based on breeding values for grain yield to create an elite core panel (ECP) representing the genetic diversity in the breeding program with the highest heritable yield values from which new products can be derived. The ECP closely aligns with the indica 1B sub-group of Oryza sativa that includes most modern varieties for irrigated systems. Agronomic performance of the ECP under multiple environments in Asia and Africa confirmed its high yield potential.We found that the rate of genetic gain for grain yield found in this study was limited primarily by long cycle times and the direct introduction of non-improved material into the elite pool. Consequently, the current breeding scheme for irrigated rice at IRRI is based on rapid recurrent selection among highly elite lines. In this context, the ECP constitutes an important resource for IRRI and NAREs breeders to carefully characterize and manage that elite diversity.

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