An early transient water deficit reduces flower number and pod production but increases seed size in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-W. Fang ◽  
N. C. Turner ◽  
F.-M. Li ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Seed Growth

Terminal drought is known to decrease flower production, increase flower and pod abortion, and decrease yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), but the effects of early-season drought have not been evaluated. The influence of an early transient water deficit on flower and pod production and abortion, and seed yield and its components was evaluated in two chickpea cultivars, Rupali, a desi type, and Almaz, a kabuli type. Thirty-six-day-old plants were subjected to: (i) a transient water deficit by withholding water for 35 days, and then rewatered (WS), and (ii) kept well watered (WW) throughout. In the WS treatment the soil water content, leaf relative water content and leaf photosynthetic rate decreased after water was withheld and, following rewatering, recovered to the WW level. Despite the WS treatment being imposed at different phenological stages in the two cultivars, WS reduced flower number per plant by ~50% in Rupali and Almaz, respectively, compared with the WW plants. In WW plants, ~15% of flowers aborted in both cultivars, and 42 and 67% of the pods aborted in Rupali and Almaz, respectively, whereas in WS plants, 18 and 23% of flowers aborted and 27 and 67% of pods aborted in Rupali and Almaz, respectively. While seed growth in WS plants of Rupali and Almaz occurred primarily after the plants were rewatered, the duration of seed growth decreased by 17 and 36 days, the maximum rate of seed filling increased by 3 times and 5 times, and seed size increased by 26 and 16%, respectively, compared with the WW plants. Seed yield per plant in WS plants decreased by 31% in Rupali and 38% in Almaz compared with the WW controls. The early transient water deficit decreased flower production, but improved flower and pod development; increased the rate of seed growth and increased final seed size; and had a smaller effect on seed yield compared with chickpea subjected to terminal drought.

Seed growth of desi and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a short-season Mediterranean-type environment

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Davies ◽  
N. C. Turner ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
L. Leport ◽  
J. A. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Seed Fill

The influence of terminal drought on the seed growth of 3 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes was examined in a field experiment at Merredin, Western Australia. Tyson, a small-seeded desi cultivar, ICCV88201, a desi breeding line (sister line to the recently released Sona cultivar) with medium-sized seed, and Kaniva, a kabuli cultivar with large seed, were grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. In the rainfed plots, leaf water potential had decreased from above –1.2 MPa to about –2.5 MPa and net photosynthesis from 21 to 29 µmol CO2/m2. s to below 10 µmol CO2/m2.s, by the time seed filling commenced. Rainfed plants had significantly fewer pods than irrigated plants, regardless of genotype. In rainfed plants average seed weight was reduced by 19, 23 and 34% and yield by 74, 52 and 72% in Tyson, ICCV88201, and Kaniva respectively. Individual pods were tagged at pod set on previously-selected representative plants and were weighed separately from the rest of the plant over 6 subsequent harvests so that the rate and duration of seed fill could be measured. Genotypic differences in the maximum rate of seed fill were found to exist in chickpea. In both irrigated and rainfed conditions, Kaniva had the highest maximum rate of seed fill followed by ICCV88201 and Tyson. Both the rate and duration of seed growth were reduced in the rainfed plants, regardless of genotype. Reductions in the dry weight of the pod shell suggest that the remobilisation of dry matter from the pod may contribute 9–15% of the seed weight in rainfed chickpea.

Response of kabuli chickpea to seed size and planting depth

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Gan ◽  
P. R. Miller ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Small Seed

The use of small seed can reduce the production costs of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) 15 to 25% by reducing the amount of seed needed per unit area, but little is known about the effects of seed size on stand establishment, plant growth, and seed yield in semiarid environments. We conducted a field study in southwest Saskatchewan from 1998 to 2000 and determined the chickpea responses to seed size under different planting depths. Crops grown from small (7.1–9.0 mm) diameter seed required the same number of days to emerge (16.7 d) and mature (106 d) as those from large (9.1–11.0 mm) diameter seed. There were no differences in plant establishment, shoot dry weight, pod production, or seed yield between the two seed sizes when planted at a 50-mm depth. However, the small-seeded crop produced 7% lower plant stand, 4% lower seed yield, and 3% less seed 1799-mm diameter compared to the large-seeded crop when planted at a 100-mm depth (P < 0.05). Large-seed ed chickpea plants were 20 mm (4%) taller, and the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface was 11 to 13 mm (5%) higher than those from the small seed, suggesting an improvement of harvestability. In general, planting depth did not affect seedling emergence, shoot dry weight, or seed yield, but when small seed was used, chickpea sown at the 50-mm depth increased seed yield by 6% compared to that at the 100-mm depth. Kabuli chickpea produced an average of >20 pods plant-1, with 77% of them containing one seed per pod, 10% with two seeds per pod, and the remainder containing no seed; this ratio of pod fertility was independent of seed size or planting depth. Our results indicate that the use of small seed and shallow planting can reduce the production costs of chickpea by $31 to $52 ha-1 without a seed yield penalty. This level of saving in production far exceeds the otherwise increased value of $4 to $6 ha-1 with the use of large seed which produces a higher (3%) proportion of ≥ 9-mm diameter seed. Key words: Seedling emergence, seed mass, pod production, Cicer arietinum L.

Selection for seed size and its impact on grain yield and quality in kabuli chickpea

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Gan ◽  
P. Jayakumar ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
C. L. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Seed cost is a major input expense for the production of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) due to its large seed size. Use of small seeds could reduce production costs because a lower volume of seeds would be needed per unit area. This study determined the effects of seed size, and selective use of small seeds, year after year, on the field performance of kabuli chickpea in Swift Current, Saskatchewan from 2000 to 2003. Separated large (9.1–11.0 mm diameter) and small (8.1–9.0 mm) seeds of certified CDC Xena were compared with the original, unseparated seeds during the 4-yr study period. Also, small seeds separated from small-seeded previous crops and large seeds separated from large-seeded previous crops were compared with the respective generations of unseparated seeds. Year significantly affected plant biomass, seed yield, and the proportion of ≥ 9-mm-diameter seeds (9DSeeds) in the harvested seed lot, and crops grown from large and small seeds separated from the original seed lot (i.e., 1st year of separation) did not differ in a given year. The 2nd year of selection for small seeds affected seed yield and 9DSeeds, although the effect was minimal. With 3 consecutive years of selection, small seeds lowered seed yield by 23% and decreased 9DSeeds by 10% compared with the unseparated seeds. Selective use of large seeds improved biomass, but did not increase seed yield or 9DSeeds compared with the unseparated seeds. Small seeds of a certified kabuli cultivar can be selectively used for up to 2 consecutive years before incurring a yield penalty, but the use of small seeds will decrease the percentage of large seeds in the harvested seed lot. Key words: Seed weight, selection pressure, Cicer arietinum L.

A water deficit during pod development in lentils reduces flower and pod numbers but not seed size

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shrestha ◽  
N.C. Turner ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
J. Speijers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Seed Fill

An experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a glasshouse to determine the sensitivity of reproductive development of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) genotypes of different origins to water deficit. The 3 genotypes were Cassab (West Asia), Simal (South Asia), and ILL 7979 a crossbred between a West Asian genotype and a South Asian genotype. Two watering treatments, a well-watered control and a water-deficit treatment, were imposed from the beginning of podding. Leaf water relations, total dry matter production, leaf area, and number of flowers, pods, and seeds were measured from podding to maturity. In the well-watered plants the leaf water potential (ψleaf) before sunrise ranged from −0.6 to −0.8 MPa. When subjected to water deficit, ψleaf fell to about −3.0 MPa. Genotypes did not show variation in vegetative growth or seed yield under either well-watered or water-deficit conditions, but they differed significantly in the number of flowers, fruiting nodes, pods, and seeds, and harvest index (HI). Seed size in Cassab was 61% larger than ILL 7979 and 105% larger than Simal. The small-seeded genotypes produced the highest number of fruiting nodes and hence a greater number of flowers, pods, and seeds. Seed size was positively correlated with seed growth rate (r = 0.77**) and seed fill duration (r = 0.45*). The water deficit reduced plant height by about 20%, leaf area by 48–81%, and total dry matter by about 60% compared with well-watered plants. The water deficit reduced flower number by 35–46% and increased seed abortion (empty pods) by 17–46%. The water deficit had no effect on the maximum seed growth rate, seed fill duration, or final seed size in any of the 3 genotypes. Therefore, the 70% reduction in seed yield induced by the water deficit was primarily due to a reduction in pod and seed numbers (by 59–70%) rather than individual seed growth rate and seed size.

Foliar nitrogen applications increase the seed yield and protein content in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subject to terminal drought

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo A. Palta ◽  
Ajit S. Nandwal ◽  
Sunita Kumari ◽  
Neil C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Seed Protein Content ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Terminal Drought

The effect of foliar application of isotopically labelled nitrogen (15N-urea) at 4 stages during flowering and podding on the uptake and utilisation of nitrogen by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under conditions of terminal drought was investigated in a glasshouse study. Five treatments were used to investigate the effect of timing of foliar application of urea, equivalent to 30 kg N/ha, on the uptake and utilisation of nitrogen for biomass, yield, seed protein content, and seed size: foliar application at (i) first flower, (ii) 50% flowering, (iii) 50% pod set, and (iv) the end of podding, and (v) an unsprayed control treatment. Terminal drought was induced from pod set onward, resulting in a rapid development of plant water deficits (–0.14 MPa/day) and a decrease in leaf photosynthesis irrespective of the timing of foliar urea application. Foliar applications of urea at first flower and at 50% flowering, before terminal drought was induced, increased yield and seed protein content. The increase in yield resulted from an increase in the number of pods with more than one seed rather than from increased pod number per plant or increased seed size, indicating greater seed survival under terminal drought. Also, the increase in the seed protein content resulted from increased nitrogen availability for seed filling. Foliar application of urea during flowering, before terminal drought was induced, resulted in 20% more biomass at maturity, suggesting that growth prior to the development of water shortage increased the carbon resources for sustained seed filling under conditions of terminal drought. Foliar applications of urea at 50% pod set and at the end of podding did not affect the yield or seed protein content, primarily because the uptake of nitrogen was limited by the leaf senescence that occurred with the development of terminal drought. The results indicate the potential to increase yields of chickpea by application of foliar nitrogen near flowering in environments in which terminal droughts reduce yield.

The Effect of Dry Pegging Zone Soil on Pod Formation of Florunner Peanut1

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Sexton ◽  
J. M. Bennett ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Pod Development

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fruit growth is sensitive to surface soil (0-5 cm) conditions due to its subterranean fruiting habit. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil water content in the pegging zone (0-5 cm) on peanut pod growth rate and development. A pegging-pan-root-tube apparatus was used to separately control soil water content in the pegging and root zone for greenhouse trials. A field study also was conducted using portable rainout shelters to create a soil water deficit. Pod phenology, pod and seed growth rates, and final pod and seed dry weights were determined. In greenhouse studies, dry pegging zone soil delayed pod and seed development. In the field, soil water deficits in the pegging and root zone decreased pod and seed growth rates by approximately 30% and decreased weight per seed from 563 to 428 mg. Pegs initiating growth during drought stress demonstrated an ability to suspend development during the period of soil water deficit and to re-initiate pod development after the drought stress was relieved.

scholarly journals SEED PRIMING WITH ZINC MODULATE GROWTH, PIGMENTS AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) UNDER WATER DEFICIT CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A MAHMOOD ◽  
H KANWAL ◽  
A KAUSAR ◽  
A ILYAS ◽  
N AKHTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L
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