Grain yield and protein responses in wheat using the N-Sensor for variable rate N application

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 818 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Mayfield ◽  
S. P. Trengove
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crop Biomass

Soil types, cereal crop growth and grain yields are typically variable across many paddocks in the cropping regions of South Australia. In this study the value of a variable rate nitrogen fertiliser application, using the Yara N-Sensor, was compared with the standard practice of a uniform application, at crop growth stage 31, on the grain yield and protein content of wheat. These comparisons were made using the same total amount of fertiliser in paired variable and uniform rate treatments in commercial crops at a total of 10 sites over two years in the medium to higher rainfall areas of the Mid North and Yorke Peninsula of South Australia. The mean increase in wheat grain yield for the variable rate treatment was only 40 kg/ha, or 0.8%, when compared with the uniform rate treatment averaged over these 10 sites and two years. Grain yield differences ranged from 160 kg/ha more to 60 kg/ha less for the variable rate treatment when compared with the uniform rate treatment. Wheat grain yields with the uniform treatments ranged from 2.53 t/ha to 5.68t/ha and with a mean grain yield of 4.24 t/ha. The mean wheat grain protein content with the variable rate treatment was 11.0%, compared with 10.5% with the uniform rate treatment, a relative increase of 5.1%. Where grain yield responses to the variable rate treatments were compared between different biomass areas within a paddock, the greatest grain yield increases to a variable rate of N compared with a uniform rate were in the areas with the lowest 20% of crop biomass whereas grain yield differences were negligible in areas with the highest 60% of crop biomass. These low biomass areas also had the greatest grain yield response to the applied post emergent nitrogen fertiliser when compared with areas with no post emergent nitrogen fertiliser. N-Sensor outputs (biomass and N-rate) were compared with measurements of plant biomass, N uptake (kg N/ha) and %N content at points of contrasting biomass and N-rate within paddocks. There was a high correlation between the N-Sensor biomass and N-rate values and actual plant biomass and N uptake but not with the %N content. Crop biomass maps made using sensors such as the N-Sensor could provide useful data layers, which in combination with other datasets such as grain yield maps or elevation maps, be used to produce zone maps for further analysis or for variable rate input treatments. The N-Sensor could also be used in some situations to map variations in weed biomass for possible site specific weed management.

Effect of N management approaches and planting densities on nitrogen accumulation by transplanted rice

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Janaki ◽  
T. M. Thiyagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
N Uptake Rate ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
N Management

Field experiments were conducted during 1998 and 1999 in June-September with rice variety ASD18 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India to find out theeffect of N management approaches and planting densities on N accumulation by transplanted rice in a split plot design.The main plot consisted of three plant populations (33, 66 and 100 hills m-2) and the sub-plot treatments of five N management approaches. The results revealed thatthe average N uptake in roots and aboveground biomass progressively increased with growth stages. The mean root and aboveground biomass Nuptake were 26.1 to 130.6 and 6.4 to 17.8 kg ha-1, respectively. The N uptake of grain and straw was higher in theSesbania rostratagreen manuring + 150 kg N treatment, but it was not effective in increasing the grain yield. The mean total N uptake was found to be significantly lower at 33 hills m-2(76.9 kg ha-1) and increased with an increase in planting density (100.9 and 117.2 kg ha-1at 66 and 100 hills m-2density). N application had a significant influence on N uptake and the time course of N uptake in all the SPAD-guided N approaches. A significant regression coefficient was observed between the crop N uptake and grain yield. The relationship between cumulative N uptake at the flowering stage and the grain yield was quadratic at all three densities. The N uptake rate (µN) was maximum during the active tillering to panicle initiation period and declined sharply after that. In general, µNincreased with an increase in planting density and the increase was significant up to the panicle initiation to flowering period.thereafter, the N uptake rate was similar at densities of 66 and 100 hills m-2.

Effect of weeds and nitrogen fertiliser on yield and grain protein concentration of wheat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
RW Madin
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser

Field trials at Beverley (19911, Salmon Gums (1991; 2 sites) and Merredin (1992; 2 sites), each with 5 rates of nitrogen (N) and 3 levels of weed control, were used to investigate the effect of weeds and N on wheat grain yield and protein concentration during 1991 and 1992. Weeds in the study were grasses (G) and broadleaf (BL). Weeds reduced both vegetative dry matter yield and grain yield of wheat at all sites except for dry matter at Merredin (BL). Nitrogen fertiliser increased wheat dry matter yield at all sites. Nitrogen increased wheat grain yield at Beverley and Merredin (BL), but decreased yield at both Salmon Gums sites in 1991. Nitrogen fertiliser increased grain protein concentration at all 5 sites-at all rates for 3 sites [Salmon Gums (G) and (BL) and Merredin (G)] and at rates of 69 kg N/ha or more at the other 2 sites [Beverley and Merredin (BL)]. However, the effect of weeds on grain protein varied across sites. At Merredin (G) protein concentration was higher where there was no weed control, possibly due to competition for soil moisture by the greater weed burden. At Salmon Gums (G), grain protein concentration was greater when weeds were controlled than in the presence of weeds, probably due to competition for N between crop and weeds. In the other 3 trials, there was no effect of weeds on grain protein. The effect of weeds on grain protein appears complex and depends on competition between crop and weeds for N and for water at the end of the season, and the interaction between the two.

scholarly journals CO2-Induced Changes in Wheat Grain Composition: Meta-Analysis and Response Functions

Agronomy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Broberg ◽  
Petra Högy ◽  
Håkan Pleijel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) stimulates wheat grain yield, but simultaneously reduces protein/nitrogen (N) concentration. Also, other essential nutrients are subject to change. This study is a synthesis of wheat experiments with eCO2, estimating the effects on N, minerals (B, Ca, Cd, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Zn), and starch. The analysis was performed by (i) deriving response functions to assess the gradual change in element concentration with increasing CO2 concentration, (ii) meta-analysis to test the average magnitude and significance of observed effects, and (iii) relating CO2 effects on minerals to effects on N and grain yield. Responses ranged from zero to strong negative effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration, with the largest reductions for the nutritionally important elements of N, Fe, S, Zn, and Mg. Together with the positive but small and non-significant effect on starch concentration, the large variation in effects suggests that CO2-induced responses cannot be explained only by a simple dilution model. To explain the observed pattern, uptake and transport mechanisms may have to be considered, along with the link of different elements to N uptake. Our study shows that eCO2 has a significant effect on wheat grain stoichiometry, with implications for human nutrition in a world of rising CO2.

Survey of farm management practices of the northern wheat belt of New South Wales

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Martin ◽  
MG McMillan ◽  
JB Cook
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fertiliser Use

A survey of management practices on wheat farms in northern New South Wales was carried out on 50 farms between 1983 and 1985 and was supplemented by a questionnaire mailed to 750 growers in 1985. Information was collected on crop rotation, tillage practice, fertiliser use and weed control practices. Data were collected from 1 paddock on each farm and included: wheat grain yield and quality, available soil water and nutrients at sowing, wild oat density, and incidence of soil-borne diseases. The 3-year average grain yield in survey paddocks was 2.2 t/ha. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting grain yield and protein in 1985. Of the variation in wheat grain yield, 74% was explained by variation in available soil water at sowing, available soil nitrate at sowing, sowing date and wild oat density. Grain protein content declined with increasing available soil water and phosphate at sowing and with earlier sowing, but increased with available nitrate at sowing. Agronomic practices aimed at maximising wheat grain yield, in the presence of a deficiency ofavailable soil nitrate, are likely to result in a reduction of grain protein content. Likewise, responses to application of nitrogenous fertiliser are likely to be inversely related to available soil water at sowing. The mean gross margin for 1984 and 1985, based on $100/t of wheat grain, was $128. The mean gross margin for the least profitable 20% of paddocks was $37, and $253 for the top 20%. New varieties of wheat and herbicides were readily adopted by farmers. On the other hand, adoption of nitrogenous fertiliser use was slow, considering the widespread and long-standing deficiencies of nitrogen in cropping soils of the region. Crop rotation and tillage practices have changed only marginally since the late 1940s. The results of this survey indicate that the usefulness of soil testing for predicting fertiliser requirements could be improved by taking into account levels of available soil water, weed competition and sowing date and by using multiple regression analysis.

scholarly journals Addition of mancozeb to the fungicide mixtures DMI + QoI and SDHI + QoI on the control of wheat leaf blights

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Erlei Melo Reis ◽  
Mateus Zanatta ◽  
Carlos Alberto Forcelini
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Fungicide Mixtures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leaf Blights

ABSTRACT Wheat leaf blights caused by Drechslera siccans, D. tritici-repentis, especially D. tritici-repentis, are difficult to be controlled by site-specific fungicide mixtures. Due to development of resistance, the use of double site-specific mixtures has shown control inferior to 50%. In an experiment conducted in the field with the wheat cultivar Jadeite 11, in 3 x 6 m plots and four replicates, the effect of a muli-site fungicide added to fungicide mixtures on the control of leaf blights was evaluated. The effect of the following mixtures was evaluated: picoxystrobin + cyproconazole, kresoxim-methyl + epoxiconazole, azoxystrobin + cyproconazole, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole and azoxystrobin + propiconazole, added of five mancozeb levels, 0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 and 3.0 kg/ha. The first application occurred after 30% leaf incidence, and the remaining two occurred at 15 and 18-day intervals. The fungicides were applied with a backpack sprayer pressurized by CO2, delivering 180 L/ha. Leaf blights severity was quantified, control was calculated, the percentage of chlorophyll in flag leaves was determined, and grain yield was assessed. The mean control of leaf blights by the mixtures without addition of the multi-site fungicide was 44%. The disease severity reduced as a function of the addition of mancozeb levels for all treatments. Control superior to 80% was obtained with the mixtures kresoxim methyl + epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, both added at least 2.0 kg/ha mancozeb. There was a positive reflex on the increase in wheat grain yield as a function of control, varying from 3005 kg/ha for the best treatment to 2026 kg/ha for control.

Edge effects on yield, yield components and other physiological characteristics in cereals and oilseed crops

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hadjichristodoulou
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Edge Effect ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
Significant Edge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
1000 Grain Weight ◽  
Comparative Trials

SUMMARYThe edge effect (calculated as the mean of the two outer rows as a percentage of the mean of the four central rows of 6-row plots) was measured in ten comparative trials conducted in Cyprus during 1987–90, with two cultivars each of rapeseed, safflower and sunflower, and one cultivar each of barley and durum wheat. Grain, straw and total biological yields obtained from the outer rows were usually higher than those obtained from the central rows by 1–384%. In one trial with sunflower, the grain yield of the outer rows was only 64% of that of the central rows, which could not be explained, considering all the other data. Differences in edge effects between species and trials were significant. Grain yield estimated from the central rows was on average 53% of that estimated from whole plots, and this varied with species and season. Therefore, in comparative trials, the outer rows should be removed before harvesting. There was no significant edge effect on the oil content of the oilseed crops. Edge effects on harvest index, volume weight, 1000-grain weight and nitrogen content were generally smaller than those on yield, and on average ranged from 100 to 113, thus the values computed from the outer rows were only 0–13% higher than from the central rows.

scholarly journals Use efficiency of variable rate of nitrogen prescribed by optical sensor in corn

Revista CERES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jardes Bragagnolo ◽  
Telmo Jorge Carneiro Amado ◽  
Rafael Pivotto Bortolotto
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Optical Sensor ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

ABSTRACT The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in corn is usually low, negatively affecting plant nutrition, the economic return, and the environment. In this context, a variable rate of nitrogen, prescribed by crop sensors, has been proposed as an alternative to the uniform rate of nitrogen traditionally used by farmers. This study tested the hypothesis that variable rate of nitrogen, prescribed by optical sensor, increases the nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield as compared to uniform rate of nitrogen. The following treatments were evaluated: 0; 70; 140; and 210 kg ha-1 under uniform rate of nitrogen, and 140 kg ha -1 under variable rate of nitrogen. The nitrogen source was urea applied on the soil surface using a distributor equipped with the crop sensor. In this study, the grain yield ranged from 10.2 to 15.5 Mg ha-1, with linear response to nitrogen rates. The variable rate of nitrogen increased by 11.8 and 32.6% the nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency, respectively, compared to the uniform rate of nitrogen. However, no significant increase in grain yield was observed, indicating that the major benefit of the variable rate of nitrogen was reducing the risk of environmental impact of fertilizer.

Crop production in a rotation trial at Tarlee, South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Tiller Density

A crop rotation trial was established in 1977 on a hard-setting red-brown earth at Tarlee, South Australia, to monitor the long-term effect of intensive and traditional rotations on soil properties and crop production. The rotations involve wheat alternating with cereals, grain legumes, pasture, and fallow. There are 3 stubble + tillage treatments: remove stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + cultivate, retain stubble + no tillage. Three rates of nitrogen (0,40, 80 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) are applied to the wheat. Grain yield varied with seasonal conditions, and water use efficiencies were up to 10 kg/ha. mm. In the more productive rotations, wheat grain yields expressed as a percentage of potential yield tended to increase over time. The best wheat yields were always in rotations that included a grain legume or legume pasture, with additional yield increases in all rotations coming from the use of N fertiliser. By comparison with rotation and N fertiliser effects, there was little effect of the stubble + tillage treatments on grain yield. Most of the yield variations were related to differences in tiller density or grains per ear, with grain weight remaining relatively constant over all seasons. There was a tendency for grain legume yields to decrease over the latter years of the trial, and this was attributed to the build-up of plant diseases through growing the same species on the same plot every second year. Overall, faba beans were the highest yielding grain legume, and the wheat-beans rotation, with 80 kg N/ha on the wheat, gave highest total grain production. Data for residue remaining after harvest indicate that in some years there is less than the desired minimum levels to give adequate protection against erosion, so any grazing of the residues must be carefully managed.

Effect of soil and foliar applications of zinc on cadmium concentration in wheat grain

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Oliver ◽  
N. S. Wilhelm ◽  
K. G. Tiller ◽  
J. D. McFarlane ◽  
G. D. Cozens
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soil Zn

Summary. The effectiveness of foliar applications of zinc sulfate to decrease cadmium (Cd) concentration in wheat grain was assessed at 3 field sites in South Australia—Tumby Bay, Cummins and Keppoch. Foliar zinc (Zn) treatments were found to significantly (P<0.001) decrease Cd concentrations in grain at only 1 site, Tumby Bay. At this site the highest foliar Zn treatment (0.67 kg Zn/ha), which consisted of 2 applications of 0.33 kg Zn/ha applied early and late, decreased the mean Cd concentration in grain from 0.025 mg/kg for the nil treatment to 0.017 mg/kg. Timing of application of foliar Zn had no significant effect on Cd concentration in wheat grain. The effect of soil applications of zinc sulfate on grain Cd concentration was assessed at Tumby Bay only. There was no significant difference in grain Cd concentration between the soil Zn treatments. The results from this study suggested that the current recommended rates of foliar applications of Zn to ameliorate Zn deficiency are not high enough to decrease Cd concentration in wheat grain. This is most likely due to the recommended foliar rate of 0.33 kg Zn/ha not providing excess Zn to the plant such that there is enough Zn to be translocated to the root, which is the site of Cd uptake by the plant. The results suggest that the benefits of foliar Zn to minimise Cd concentration in grain are variable or that the rates used to correct Zn deficiency under field conditions are too low to decrease Cd uptake. Further work is required to distinguish between the 2 possibilities.

scholarly journals Yield Response And Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Wheat Under Different Doses And Split Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ataur Rahman ◽  
MAZ Sarker ◽  
MF Amin ◽  
AHS Jahan ◽  
MM Akhter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Total N ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Different Doses

A field experiment was conducted at the central research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur for two consecutive years to verify the yield response of wheat variety Prodip to different doses and split applications of N fertilizer to determine appropriate N dose and application method for increasing NUE and grain yield of wheat. The treatments comprised of 12 combinations of three doses of nitrogen (80, 100, and 120 kg/ha) from urea, which were assigned in the main plots and four methods of N splitting viz., application of all N as basal; 2/3rd basal plus 1/3rd as top dress at crown root initiation (CR1) stage; 1/2 basal plus 1/2 as top dress at CR1 stage; and 1/3rd basal with 1/3rd as top dress at CR1 plus 1/3rd as top dress at 1st node stage which were tested in the sub plots. Higher yield was achieved from N rate of 120 kgiha applied as three equal splits of one-third as basal during final land preparation, one-third as top dressing during CR1 and the rest one-third top dressing at first node stage. The yield advantage of wheat due to N treatments was attributed to higher thousand grain weight and spikes/m2. Nitrogen content in wheat grain and straw was not affected significantly by different N treatment and their combinations, whereas plant N uptake was significantly influenced by N rate and N splitting and also due to the interaction of N rate and N splitting. Total N uptake was maximum under N rate of 120 kg/ha applied as three equal splits as 1/3rd basal with 1/3rd as top dress at CR1 plus 1/3rd as top dress at 1st node stage. Split applications of sub-optimal dose of N (80 kg/ha) resulted in negative gain in apparent NUE, but split applications, especially three split applications (1/3rd basal, 1/3rd at CR1, and 1/3rd at 1st node stage) of higher dose of N (100 and 120 kg/ha) resulted in positive gain in apparent NUE. Keywords: Wheat grain yield; nitrogen management; N uptake and NUE DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9249 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 231-240

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