The Bioconjugation of Redox Proteins to Novel Electrode Materials

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Goldstein ◽  
Pall Thordarson ◽  
Joshua R. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Mesoporous Materials ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Redox Proteins ◽  
Electrode Surfaces ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Carbon Nanofibre ◽  
Redox Centre

The immobilization of redox proteins on electrode surfaces has been crucial for understanding the fundamentals of electron transfer in biological systems and has led to the development of biosensors and other bioelectronic devices. Novel materials, such as carbon nanotubes, gold and other metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanofibre and mesoporous materials have been widely used in the construction of these bioelectrodes, and have been shown to greatly improve the efficiency of electron transfer between the electrode and the redox centre of the protein. The use of these materials has spawned a diversity of covalent and non-covalent techniques for protein immobilization that offer different advantages and disadvantages to the performance of the bioelectrode. This review covers the important properties of these novel electrode materials relevant to the bioconjugation of proteins, and discusses the various methods of attachment from recent examples in the literature.

scholarly journals Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors as Diagnostic Tools

Electrochem ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-28
Author(s):  
Rosaceleste Zumpano ◽  
Francesca Polli ◽  
Cristine D’Agostino ◽  
Riccarda Antiochia ◽  
Gabriele Favero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Signal Amplification ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Electrochemical Immunosensors ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
Scientific Fields

Electrochemical immunosensors are affinity-based biosensors characterized by several useful features such as specificity, miniaturizability, low cost and simplicity, making them very interesting for many applications in several scientific fields. One of the significant issues in the design of electrochemical immunosensors is to increase the system’s sensitivity. Different strategies have been developed, one of the most common is the use of nanostructured materials as electrode materials, nanocarriers, electroactive or electrocatalytic nanotracers because of their abilities in signal amplification and biocompatibility. In this review, we will consider some of the most used nanostructures employed in the development of electrochemical immunosensors (e.g., metallic nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes) and many other still uncommon nanomaterials. Furthermore, their diagnostic applications in the last decade will be discussed, referring to two relevant issues of present-day: the detection of tumor markers and viruses.

scholarly journals Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1458
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Yan ◽  
Jing Tang ◽  
David Tanner ◽  
Jens Ulstrup ◽  
Xinxin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Enzyme Adsorption ◽  
Redox Proteins ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Molecular Monolayers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Self Assembled

Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.

Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis by Green Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 4287-4294
Author(s):  
Anikate Sood ◽  
Shweta Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticle ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gold Silver

Nanotechnology is the most sought field in biomedical research. Metallic nanoparticles have wide applications in the medical field and have gained the attention of various researchers for advanced research for their application in pharmaceutical field. A variety of metallic nanoparticles like gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper and zinc have been developed so far. There are different methods to synthesize metallic nanoparticles like chemical, physical, and green synthesis methods. Chemical and physical approaches suffer from certain drawbacks whereas green synthesis is emerging as a nontoxic and eco-friendly approach in production of metallic nanoparticles. Green synthesis is further divided into different approaches like synthesis via bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. These approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we have described various metallic nanoparticles, different modes of green synthesis and brief description about different metabolites present in plant that act as reducing agents in green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. 

Synergistic effect of carbon nanotubes and graphitic carbon nitride on the enhanced supercapacitor performance of cobalt diselenide-based composites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjie Li ◽  
Xuan Zheng ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Youjun Yu ◽  
Jinlong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Carbon Nitride ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Supercapacitor Performance ◽  
Metal Selenides

Recently, transition metal selenides have been investigated extensively as promising electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors. Herein, the multi-component CoSe2/CNTs@g-C3N4 composites are prepared using a two-step hydrothermal method by incorporating one-dimensional...

scholarly journals Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4525
Author(s):  
Franziska Schachinger ◽  
Hucheng Chang ◽  
Stefan Scheiblbrandner ◽  
Roland Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Direct Electrochemistry ◽  
Product Analysis ◽  
Amperometric Biosensors ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Fusion Enzymes ◽  
Cost Efficient

The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements—enzymes and electrodes—is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.

Electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrodes through the artificial redox proteins and its application for biosensors

2000 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 144-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Shinohara ◽  
Taichi Kusaka ◽  
Eisaku Yokota ◽  
Reiko Monden ◽  
Masahiko Sisido
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Redox Enzymes ◽  
Redox Proteins
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