Electrochemical Sensors Based on Architectural Diversity of the ?-Conjugated Structure: Recent Advancements from Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Dai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Recent Developments

Conjugated conducting polymers and carbon nanotubes, both of which possess a conjugated structure of alternating carbon–carbon single and double bonds for the delocalization of π-electrons, are two important classes of electrochemical sensing materials. The combination of carbon nanotubes with conducting polymers or other functional materials (e.g., DNA chains, proteins, metal nanoparticles, carbon fibres) was found to create synergetic effects, that provide the basis for the development of numerous novel sensors with a high sensitivity, good selectivity, excellent environmental stability, and low power consumption. This article reviews recent developments in this exciting new area of electrochemical sensing by presenting the rational strategy of the author’s group in the design and characterization of these new electrochemical sensors based on architectural diversity of the π-conjugated structure.

scholarly journals Application of Carbon Nanomaterials Decorated Electrochemical Sensor for Analysis of Environmental Pollutants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Abhay Nanda Srivastva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
Metal Electrode ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Working Electrode

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), especially carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been attracting tremendous attention in environmental analysis for rapid and cost effective detection of various analytes by electrochemical sensing. CNMs can increase the electrode effective area, enhance the electron transfer rate between the electrode and analytes, and/or act as catalysts to increase the efficiency of electrochemical reaction, detection, adsorption and removal are of great significance. Various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, carbon dots exhibited high adsorption and detection capacity. Carbon and its derivatives possess excellent electro catalytic properties for the modified sensors, electrochemical methods usually based on anodic stripping voltammetry at some modified carbon electrodes. Metal electrode detection sensitivity is enhanced through surface modification of working electrode (GCE). Heavy metals have the defined redox potential. A remarkable deal of efficiency with the electrochemical sensors can be succeeded by layering the surface of the working electrode with film of active electro-catalytic species. Usually, electro catalysts used for fabrication of sensors are surfactants, nano-materials, polymers, carbon-based materials, organic ligands and biomaterials.

Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Xerogel Based Composites for Electrochemical Sensing and Photocatalytic Degradation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2323-2333
Author(s):  
Carmen I. Fort ◽  
Mihai M. Rusu ◽  
Lucian C. Pop ◽  
Liviu C. Cotet ◽  
Adriana Vulpoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Nanocomposite Material ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Carbon Xerogel ◽  
Voltammetric Detection

In order to obtain a multifunctional nanocomposite material-for electrochemical sensors and photocatalytic applications, structures based on Bi, Fe and TiO2 were grown inside carbon xerogel supports (BiFeCX and BiFeCX-TiO2). First, a wet polymer containing Bi and Fe salts was obtained by following a modified resorcinol-formaldehyde based sol–gel route, followed by drying in ambient conditions, and pyrolysis under inert atmosphere. Then, through TiCl4 hydrolysis, TiO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the BiFeCX xerogel leading to BiFeCX-TiO2. The morphological and structural characterization of the investigated nanocomposites consisted in X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and N2 adsorption measurements, revealing porous carbon structures with embedded nanoparticles and the particularities driven by the pyrolysis and TiCl4 treatment. The new modified electrodes based on BiFeCX or BiFeCX-TiO2 nanocomposite materials, kept in a chitosan matrix (Chi) and deposited on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface (GC/Chi-BiFeCX or GC/Chi-BiFeCX-TiO2), were obtained and investigated for Pb(II) voltammetric detection and H2O2 amperometric detection. Moreover, the BiFeCX-TiO2 nanocomposite was tested for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. The great potential of BiFeCX nanocomposite material for developing electrochemical sensors, or BiFeCX-TiO2 for sensors application and photocatalytic application was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Application of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection of Flavonoids

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2020
Author(s):  
Jinchun Hu ◽  
Zhenguo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Graphene Quantum Dots ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Fast Detection ◽  
Anti Cancer

Flavonoids have a variety of physiological activities such as anti-free radicals, regulating hormone levels, antibacterial factors, and anti-cancer factors, which are widely present in edible and medicinal plants. Real-time detection of flavonoids is a key step in the quality control of diverse matrices closely related to social, economic, and health issues. Traditional detection methods are time-consuming and require expensive equipment and complicated working conditions. Therefore, electrochemical sensors with high sensitivity and fast detection speed have aroused extensive research interest. Carbon nanomaterials are preferred material in improving the performance of electrochemical sensing. In this paper, we review the progress of electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon and graphene quantum dots, mesoporous carbon, and carbon black for detecting flavonoids in food and drug homologous substances in the last four years. In addition, we look forward to the prospects and challenges of this research field.

Effect of Inorganic Doping on the Thermoelectric Behavior of Polyaniline Nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 200-207
Author(s):  
Mariamu K. Ali ◽  
Ahmed Abd Moneim
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Subsequent Reduction ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Reduced Graphene

Polyaniline (PANI) has been considered for thermoelectric (T.E) applications due to its facile preparation methods, easy doping-dedoping processes and its environmental stability. Like other conducting polymers (CPs), it has low thermal conductivity (usually below 1 Wm-1K-1) which is favorable for T.E applications, however studies have shown that it still suffers from low power factors as a result of low electrical conductivity. For this reason, PANI has been compounded with other materials such as polymers, inorganic nanoparticles and carbon nanoparticles to enhance its electrical conductivity, power factors (PF) and ultimately zT value.This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of n-type polyaniline nanocomposites doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO was prepared through oxidation of graphite and subsequent reduction and incorporated into polyaniline through in situ polymerization and the resulting nanocomposites were characterized. Addition of rGO resulted in enhancement of the electrical conductivity of polyaniline from 10-3 S/cm to 10-1 S/cm which is two orders of magnitude higher. This contributed to the enhanced PF, an indication that thermoelectric behavior of conducting polymers can be boosted through compounding with inorganic materials.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Detection of Neurotransmitters

Chemosensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Si ◽  
Edward Song
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers in the synaptic transmission process. They are essential for human health and any imbalance in their activities can cause serious mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, monitoring the concentrations of various neurotransmitters is of great importance in studying and diagnosing such mental illnesses. Recently, many researchers have explored the use of unique materials for developing biosensors for both in vivo and ex vivo neurotransmitter detection. A combination of nanomaterials, polymers, and biomolecules were incorporated to implement such sensor devices. For in vivo detection, electrochemical sensing has been commonly applied, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry being the most promising technique to date, due to the advantages such as easy miniaturization, simple device architecture, and high sensitivity. However, the main challenges for in vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors are limited target selectivity, large background signal and noise, and device fouling and degradation over time. Therefore, achieving simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitters in real time with long-term stability remains the focus of research. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the recently developed sensing techniques with the focus on neurotransmitters as the target analyte, and to discuss the outlook of simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitter species. This paper is organized as follows: firstly, the common materials used for developing neurotransmitter sensors are discussed. Secondly, several sensor surface modification approaches to enhance sensing performance are reviewed. Finally, we discuss recent developments in the simultaneous detection capability of multiple neurotransmitters.

scholarly journals Electrochemical sensing of guanine, adenine and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine at glassy carbon modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes covalently functionalized with lysine

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (16) ◽  
pp. 13469-13477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Gutiérrez ◽  
Fabiana A. Gutierrez ◽  
Marcos Eguílaz ◽  
José M. González-Domínguez ◽  
Javier Hernández-Ferrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Analytical Application ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Single Walled Carbon ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Synthesis and characterization of l-lysine covalently functionalized SWCNT and analytical application for the highly sensitive quantification of guanine, adenine and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine.

scholarly journals Mesoporous Silicon / Polypyrrole Based Structures for Paranitrophenol Sensing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
fatma zohra tighilt ◽  
Samia BELHOUSSE ◽  
Anis Rahal ◽  
kHALED Hamdani ◽  
Naima Belhaneche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Hybrid Structures ◽  
Large Concentration ◽  
Mesoporous Silicon ◽  
Concentration Interval ◽  
Toxic Pollutant

Abstract Elaboration of new structures based on semi-conductors and conducting polymers can procure a new alternative to the development of various electrochemical sensors with good sensibility.The key idea of this paper is to develop a facile technique for the detection of the para-nitrophenol which is considered as an important toxic pollutant. In this context, different structures based on mesoporous silicon modified with Polypyrrole (PPy) were elaborated.The hybrid structures have been characterized by several techniques such as FTIR, SEM and Contact angle measurements.In addition, the behavior of these new structures for para-nitrophenol detection by cyclic voltammetry was studied. The results show a high sensitivity of the sensor in a large concentration interval.

scholarly journals A Review on Impedimetric and Voltammetric Analysis Based on Polypyrrole Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2728
Author(s):  
Nurul Akmaliah Dzulkurnain ◽  
Marliyana Mokhtar ◽  
Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid ◽  
Victor Feizal Knight ◽  
Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Electrochemical Sensor ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Voltammetric Analysis ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Sensing Material

Conducting polymers have been widely used in electrochemical sensors as receptors of the sensing signal’s analytes and transducers. Polypyrrole (PPy) conducting polymers are highlighted due to their good electrical conductive properties, ease in preparation, and flexibility of surface characteristics. The objective of this review paper is to discuss the theoretical background of the two main types of electrochemical detection: impedimetric and voltammetric analysis. It also reviews the application and results obtained from these two electrochemical detections when utilizing PPy as a based sensing material in electrochemical sensor. Finally, related aspects in electrochemical sensor construction using PPy will also be discussed. It is anticipated that this review will provide researchers, especially those without an electrochemical analysis background, with an easy-to-understand summary of the concepts and technologies used in electrochemical sensor research, particularly those interested in utilizing PPy as a based sensing material.

Real-Time Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid, Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid by Heme Directly Modified Carbon Electrode

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Xiao-Zhen Feng ◽  
Xiaorui Su ◽  
Annaleizle Ferranco ◽  
Zhencheng Chen ◽  
Guo-Cheng Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Electrolytic Deposition ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Peak Potential ◽  
Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Several simple electrochemical sensors were designed for three analytes, uric acid (UA), dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) detection via electrolytic deposition of three functional materials heme, Fc(Cys)2 and Fc-ECG onto glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) without other medium. Characterization of the modified GCEs was conducted using SEM, TEM and DPV methods. Results showed that the heme/GCE demonstrated notable electro-catalytic capabilities, towards DA, AA, and UA oxidation in a solution of phosphate buffer. The current signals of DPV technique for three analytes shown up three defined oxidated peaks, the peak potential differences was 192 mV for AA and DA, and 142 mV for DA and UA. Under optimal conditions, it can be obtained linear responses for AA, DA and UA in the following concentration ranges: 10 to 50, 5 to 20, and 2.5 to 20 μmol·L–1, and the limits of detection was calculated as 0.76, 0.50 and 0.63 μmol·L–1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the heme directly modified GCE was a well-suited electrochemical sensor for determining UA, DA and AA in actual samples.

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