Relationships in the Stringybarks, Eucalyptus L'hérit. Informal Subgenus Monocalyptus Series Capitellatae and Olsenianae: Phylogenetic Hypotheses, Biogeography and Classification

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
PY Ladiges ◽  
CJ Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Cladistic Biogeography ◽  
Wagner Trees ◽  
Disc Level

The stringybark eucalypts form a monophyletic group characterised in Monocalyptus by hispid juvenile leaves. They have been analysed using a phenetic method, additive similarity trees and a cladistic parsimony method (Wagner trees). The shortest Wagner trees indicated that Eucalyptus muelleriana is the sister species to all other stringybarks. E. olsenii and a taxon from the Carnarvon Range (Queensland) are the next most plesiomorphic taxa in the phyletic sequence. The remaining taxa form a trichotomy: E. tindaliae, species with fruits > 8 mm in diameter and with the disc ascending, and species with fruits < 8 mm and with the disc level. Subclades are largely characterised by seedling morphology. A revised informal classification is presented, the group being treated as a superseries. A method of cladistic biogeography is explained and applied. The stringybarks are endemic to eastern mainland Australia plus Kangaroo Island, but not Tasmania, and the consensus area-cladogram suggests a sequence of seven historical events subdividing an ancestral area into eight smaller ones. Queensland appears to be the most plesiomorphic area.

The Hydroporini (Coleoptera : Dytiscidae : Hydroporinae) of New Guinea: Systematics, distribution and origin of the fauna

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Balke
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Seasonal Climate ◽  
Open Forests ◽  
First Time

Only one species of Hydroporini, Megaporus piceatus (RCgimbart, 1892), has been known from New Guinea. M. piceatus is very similar to the Australian M. ruficeps (Sharp, 1882) and study of additional material is neccessary to determine its status. Chostonectes maai, sp. nov., is described from Papua New Guinea. Its sister-species is the Australian C. gigas (Boheman, 1858). The classification of the genera Megaporus Brinck, 1943, and Chostonectes Sharp, 1882, is discussed, and autapomorphies for both groups are suggested. The following species of Hydroporini are reported from New Guinea for the first time: Megaporus sp., Antiporus sp., and Sternoprisccts hansardi (Clark, 1862). A total of five Hydroporini species is now known from New Guinea. All are Australian, or of Australian origin. The New Guinean Hydroporini are not a monophyletic group. The factors delimiting the distribution of Hydroporini in New Guinea are climate and perhaps also vegetation. Australian Hydroporini are adapted to a seasonal climate and most of them also to open forests/woodland.

Rytidosperma vickeryae — a new danthonioid grass from Kosciuszko (New South Wales, Australia): Morphology, phylogeny and biogeography

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Peter Linder
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Optimisation Methods ◽  
A New Species

Rytidosperma vickeryae, a new species of danthonioid grass, is described, and detailed information on the morphology, anatomy, cytology and embryology of the species is provided. The phylogenetic relationships among the Australasian species of Rytidosperma s.s. are analysed, by parsimony-based methods. The new species is shown to be the sister species of R. thomsonii from New Zealand. The phytogeographical implications of this are analysed, by area-optimisation methods as well as methods which search for area relationships. This suggests that the Australasian species of Rytidosperma radiated from an ancestral area in Tasmania, followed by dispersal to New Zealand, and repeated dispersal northwards to Kosciuszko and New Guinea. R. vickeryae appears to have originated as the result of a dispersal event from New Zealand to Kosciuszko.

Revision of the orthoclad genus Propsilocerus Kieffer (= Tokunagayusurika Sasa) (Diptera: Chironomidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole A. Sæther ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Larval Instars

AbstractGeneric diagnoses to all stages of the genus Propsilocerus Kieffer, 1923 (= Tokunagayusurika Sasa, 1978, syn. n.) are given. Parsimony analyses of the primitive orthoclads show that either the more plesiomorphic genera of Orthocladiinae form a monophyletic group or Propsilocerus may be more closely related to less plesiomorphic groups. Chasmatonotus Loew forms its likely sister group. The genus is monophyletic in all cladograms. A synapomorphic diagram for Propsilocerus shows P. sinicus sp. n. forming the sister species of the other four species. Keys are given to all stages. Propsilocerus sinicus is described from male and female imagines and as pupa; P. akamusi (Tokunaga) is redescribed in all stages and in all larval instars; P. taihuensis (Wen, Zhou & Rong) comb. n. as male and female; P. paradoxus (Lundström) as male, female and pupa; and P. lacustris Kieffer is described in all stages.

Cladistic biogeography of afromontane spiders

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Griswold
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
General Area ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Cladistic Biogeography ◽  
Answering Questions

The application of cladistic data is seen as crucial to answering questions regarding the definition, mode of origin and age of historical biogeographic patterns. From the cladograms and distributional data for four groups of afromontane spiders [Microstigmata (Microstigmatidae), the Moggridgea quercina group (Migidae), and the subfamilies Vidoleini and Phyxelidini (Amaurobiidae)] a set of nine disjunct areas of endemism is defined for African and Malagasy forests. Taxonlarea cladograms are combined through a parsimony method to produce a general area cladogram. General conclusions are: (1) Madagascar is related to eastern Africa and/or eastern South Africa rather than being the sister area to all of Africa; (2) eastern South Africa shows affinities with tropical Africa rather than with the nearby Cape region; (3) the Cape region of South Africa is highly distinctive; and (4) the area cladogram is hard to reconcile with historical scenarios involving primarily dispersal or Pleistocene vicariance events, and a Mesozoic origin for parts of the biogeographic pattern for afromontane spiders is possible.

The Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae) species of the Uruguay and Parana River drainages

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1724 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLDŘICH ŘÍČAN ◽  
SVEN O. KULLANDER
Keyword(s):  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Paraná River ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Cyt B ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Parana River ◽  
Group A ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
River Drainages

Australoheros Ř íčan and Kullander, 2006 includes four described species—Australoheros facetus (Jenyns, 1842), Australoheros tembe (Casciotta, Gómez & Toresani, 1995), Australoheros scitulus (Říčan & Kullander, 2003) and Australoheros kaaygua Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez, 2006. Four additional species are newly described in this paper based on results presented in Ř íčan and Kullander (2006): Australoheros forquilha sp. nov., from the tributaries of the Upper Río Uruguay in Brazil; Australoheros charrua sp. nov. and Australoheros minuano sp. nov., from the tributaries of the Middle Río Uruguay in Brazil and Uruguay, and Australoheros guarani sp. nov. from the Río Paraná tributaries in Paraguay. Sympatric species are not found closely related and all sister species have allopatric distributions. Four species groups are recognized based on phylogenetic hypotheses generated from morphological and cyt b characters; the forquilha group—A. forquilha, A. tembe; the scitulus group—A. scitulus, A. charrua; the kaaygua group—A. kaaygua, A. minuano; and the facetus group—A. facetus, A. guarani.

Cladistic Relationships and Biogeographic Patterns in the Peppermint Group of Eucalyptus (Informal Subseries Amygdalininae, Subgenus Monocalyptus) and the Description of a New Species, E. willisii

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
PY Ladiges ◽  
CJ Humphries ◽  
MIH Brooker
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Branch And Bound ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Branch And Bound Method ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Compatibility Analysis ◽  
Character Compatibility ◽  
A New Species

A preliminary study of eastern Monocalyptus suggested that the peppermint eucalypts, informal subseries Amygdalininae, form a monophyletic group whose sister taxon is series Pilulares. Subseries Amygdalininae was then analysed using four cladistic methods: transformed cladistic method, Wagner trees, a branch and bound method (all three being parsimony methods) and character compatibility analysis. The branch and bound method produced the shortest trees, four in all. They suggested that, within the Amygdalininae, Eucalyptus pulchella is the sister species to E. amygdalina, which in turn is the sister species to all other taxa. The remaining species from Tasmania form a monophyletic group characterized by, for example, protruding oil glands on seedling and juvenile-leaf margins. The Victorian taxa form a monophyletic group characterized by high oil gland densities and lack of anthocyanin pigment on the lamina of juvenile leaves at node 7. Tasmanian and mainland forms attributed to E. nitida were treated as separate terminal taxa and it was shown that they are not sister taxa. Tasmanian populations are typical E. nitida Hook. f. and a new species, E. willisii, is here erected for the mainland populations. A revised classification of subseries Amygdalininae and a formal description of E. willisii sp. nov. are appended. A vicariance-biogeographic analysis is also included.

Silurian calymenid trilobite Alcymene n. gen., with new species from the Ludlow of Gotland, Sweden

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Ramsköld ◽  
Jonathan M. Adrain ◽  
Gregory D. Edgecombe ◽  
Derek J. Siveter
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Structural Modification ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
British Isles

Alcymene n. gen. comprises a monophyletic group of calymenids known from the Ludlow Series of Sweden and the British Isles. The sister species Alcymene alveus and A. lindstroemi n. gen. and spp. (Hemse Beds, Gotland, Sweden) are most closely related to the type species A. neointermedia (Richter and Richter), which occurs in overlying and underlying strata at nearby localities. Structural modification of A. alveus and A. lindstroemi, especially the development of a greatly broadened and troughed librigenal border, can be interpreted as “snowshoe” adaptations for increased stability on an offshore mud substrate.

Eumycetozoans and molecular systematics

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 738-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Spiegel ◽  
S. B. Lee ◽  
S. A. Rusk
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Slime Molds ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Molecular Trees

Eumycetozoans, the myxomycetes, protostelids, and dictyostelids, were first hypothesized to be a monophyletic group by L.S. Olive, who suggested that the primitive members of the group were similar to some of the extant protostelids. A review of morphological evidence supporting some aspects of this hypothesis is presented along with explicit explanations of the shortcomings of morphological data as tests of other aspects. For the hypothesis to be supported, modified, or rejected, data from other areas such as the sequences of the nuclear ribosomal small subunit genes (SSrDNA) will have to be used. Presently, sequences for this gene are known only from Physarum polycephalum and Dictyostelium discoideum. These two slime molds are treated as separate, deep clades in the grand eukaryote phylogenies derived from the sequences of SSrDNA. That is, each species represents an independent lineage that diverged early in the history of the eukaryotes. Insufficient taxon sampling may account for the molecular trees which suggest that the dictyostelids and myxomycetes are not members of a monophyletic group. We have begun to examine the SSrDNA sequence in the protostelid Protostelium mycophaga. Preliminary phylogenetic reconstructions using 11 eukaryotic outgroups suggest that the protostelids, myxomycetes, and dictyostelids are members of a single monophyletic group which may be most closely related to the Chromista. It is interesting that these results coincide with earlier phylogenetic hypotheses based on the morphological characters of these slime molds. Key words: dictyostelids, myxomycetes, protostelids, ribosomal DNA, slime molds.

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

Appropriation des Savoirs et Mémoire Collective

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Sophie Richardot
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Memoire Collective ◽  
Obedience To Authority

The aim of this study is to understand to what extent soliciting collective memory facilitates the appropriation of knowledge. After being informed about Milgram’s experiment on obedience to authority, students were asked to mention historical or contemporary events that came to mind while thinking about submission to authority. Main results of the factorial analysis show that the students who do not believe in the reproducibility of the experimental results oppose dramatic past events to a peaceful present, whereas those who do believe in the reproducibility of the results also mention dramatic contemporary events, thus linking past and present. Moreover, the students who do not accept the results for today personify historical events, whereas those who fully accept them generalize their impact. Therefore, according to their attitude toward this objet of knowledge, the students refer to two kinds of memory: a “closed memory,” which tends to relegate Milgram’s results to ancient history; and an “open memory,” which, on the contrary, transforms past events into a concept that helps them understand the present. Soliciting collective memory may contribute to the appropriation of knowledge provided the memory activated is an “open” one, linking past to present and going beyond the singularity of the event.

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