Cladistic biogeography of afromontane spiders

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Griswold
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
General Area ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Cladistic Biogeography ◽  
Answering Questions

The application of cladistic data is seen as crucial to answering questions regarding the definition, mode of origin and age of historical biogeographic patterns. From the cladograms and distributional data for four groups of afromontane spiders [Microstigmata (Microstigmatidae), the Moggridgea quercina group (Migidae), and the subfamilies Vidoleini and Phyxelidini (Amaurobiidae)] a set of nine disjunct areas of endemism is defined for African and Malagasy forests. Taxonlarea cladograms are combined through a parsimony method to produce a general area cladogram. General conclusions are: (1) Madagascar is related to eastern Africa and/or eastern South Africa rather than being the sister area to all of Africa; (2) eastern South Africa shows affinities with tropical Africa rather than with the nearby Cape region; (3) the Cape region of South Africa is highly distinctive; and (4) the area cladogram is hard to reconcile with historical scenarios involving primarily dispersal or Pleistocene vicariance events, and a Mesozoic origin for parts of the biogeographic pattern for afromontane spiders is possible.

BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF MONTANE MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Liebherr
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
General Area ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Sierra Madre Occidental ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Sierra Madre Del Sur

AbstractCarabid taxa inhabiting the montane forests of México and Central America are analyzed using cladistic biogeographic methods. Taxa exhibiting the Nearctic, Meso-American Montane, and Paleo-American distributional patterns are included in the analysis. Widespread taxa are assumed to indicate that the areas of endemism they inhabit are closely related, and the general pattern of area relationships is determined using parsimony analysis. Of the nine areas of endemism recognized in the analysis, the Sierra Madre Oriental is considered the most distinct. The northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Arizona Mountains, and Sonoran Desert comprise one monophyletic set of areas, as do the more southerly areas of the Sierra Transvolcanica, Sierra Madre del Sur, Chiapan–Guatemalan highlands, and Talamancan Cordillera. The southern Sierra Madre Occidental area of endemism is equivocally related to both areas to the north and areas to the south. Biogeographic information derived from widespread species is as congruent with the general area cladogram as information derived from groups with precinctive species, indicating that the same biogeographic barriers often limit distributions of both widespread species and more inclusive clades comprising precinctive species. Taxa exhibiting the Meso-American Montane Pattern are more congruent with the general area cladogram than those representing the Nearctic Pattern, even though they exhibit less fidelity to highland habitats.

On the distribution of gymnosperm genera, their areas of endemism and cladistic biogeography

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Contreras-Medina ◽  
Isolda Luna Vega
Keyword(s):  
New Caledonia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western China ◽  
Distributional Analysis ◽  
General Area ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cladistic Biogeography ◽  
Biogeographic Analysis

A distributional analysis of 81 gymnosperm genera was undertaken. On the basis of the congruence in the distribution of these genera, nine areas of endemism were recognised. Many of these areas also represent areas of endemism for other plant and animal taxa. South-western China and New Caledonia are particularly interesting from the viewpoint of gymnosperm diversity and endemism. The suggested areas of endemism agree in part with some floristic regions previously proposed. The congruence between the areas of endemism suggested and postulated Pleistocene refuges and panbiogeographic nodes is discussed. A cladistic biogeographic analysis was carried out and a general area cladogram obtained by strict consensus shows two major components, one Gondwanic and the other almost Laurasian. This cladogram was compared with previous studies and the similarities and differences among relationship areas are discussed.

scholarly journals Biogeography of Italy revisited: genetic lineages confirm major phylogeographic patterns and a pre-Pleistocene origin of its biota

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schmitt ◽  
Uwe Fritz ◽  
Massimo Delfino ◽  
Werner Ulrich ◽  
Jan Christian Habel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Po Plain ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Micro Plates

AbstractWarm-adapted species survived the cold stages of the past glacial-interglacial cycles in southern European peninsulas and recolonized major parts of Central and Northern Europe in the wake of postglacial warming. However, many of the genetic lineages which differentiated within these refugia predate even the Pleistocene. One of these refugia is the Italian Peninsula with its surrounding islands. In this meta-analysis, we compiled phylogeographic patterns of multiple species across this region. We transformed existing geographic information on 78 animal and plant species (with a total of 471 genetic lineages) within 17 predefined areas into presence/absence matrices. We elaborated three matrices: (i) only old lineages exclusively distinguished by deep splits, (ii) only young lineages distinguished by shallow (i.e. recent) splits, and (iii) presence/absence of the respective species. To infer biogeographic relationships between the predefined areas, we performed bootstrapped neighbour joining cluster analyses on these three matrices. In addition, we reviewed the geological history of Italy to identify causes of the observed biogeographic patterns. We found Sardinia and Corsica to be biogeographically closely linked with each other, and that they diverge strongly from all other regions. Sicily also diverges strongly from all other regions, while the intra-island differentiation was comparatively low. On the Italian mainland, Calabria exhibited the most pronounced biogeographic differentiation, often with several lineages present, resulting from old vicariance events within the region. Furthermore, southern Apulia and the Po Plain with adjoining areas of northern peninsular Italy displayed considerable distinctiveness. Admixture prevailed in the areas between these three regions. The ancient isolation of Sicily, as well as Sardinia plus Corsica, resulted in endemic lineages with only moderate recent exchange with adjacent mainland regions. Pronounced diversification occurs within the Italian Peninsula. The complex tectonic activities, such as shifting (micro)plates, submergence of major parts of peninsular Italy with the genesis of numerous Pliocene islands, in combination with the climatic cycles during the Pleistocene have most likely generated the current biogeographic pattern of species. Immigrations from the Balkan Peninsula into northern Italy partly accounted for the distinctiveness of this region.

Four new species of Arthothelium (Arthoniales, Ascomycetes) from Africa and Socotra

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 331 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
DRIES VAN DEN BROECK ◽  
ANDERS TEHLER ◽  
TAHINA RAZAFINDRAHAJA ◽  
DAMIEN ERTZ
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Terminal Cell ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Brownish Black

Four species of Arthothelium from Africa and Socotra are described as new to science: Arthothelium atrorubrum from Madagascar, characterized by irregularly rounded blackish ascomata with a deeply red hypothecium and submuriform ascospores; Arthothelium aurantiacopruinosum from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, characterized by black, irregularly rounded to stellate, orange pruinose ascomata and muriform ascospores with two larger terminal cells; Arthothelium frischianum from Madagascar, characterized by brownish-black minute irregular ascomata with remnants of thallus and muriform ascospores with one larger terminal cell; Arthothelium miesii from Socotra (Yemen), characterized by a thick thallus, immersed, stellate to cerebriform, brownish, greyish pruinose ascomata and submuriform ascospores. A key to all reported species of Arthothelium from tropical Africa (South Africa excluded) and Socotra is provided.

Biogeography after Burbidge

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Y. Ladiges
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
New Method ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
General Area ◽  
Australian Flora ◽  
Cladistic Biogeography

The contributions of Nancy Burbidge and Leon Croizat to an understanding of Australian phytogeography are summarised and compared. The focus of systematics on relationship and nodes of cladograms is outlined as the basis of modern cladistic biogeography. It is argued that development of explicit analytical methods for the discovery of general area cladograms has been hindered by lack of recognition of geographic paralogy—evidenced by duplication or overlap in geographic distribution of taxa related at a node in a cladogram. A new method, subtree analysis, which recognises and eliminates paralagous nodes, and often inconsistencies, is illustrated with examples from the Australian flora. General patterns are congruent with conclusions of Burbidge and Croizat. Paper Presented as the 1996 Nancy Burbridge Memorial Lecture.

scholarly journals Global biogeographic patterns in bipolar moss species

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Biersma ◽  
J. A. Jackson ◽  
J. Hyvönen ◽  
S. Koskinen ◽  
K. Linse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Antarctic Region ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
The Antarctic

A bipolar disjunction is an extreme, yet common, biogeographic pattern in non-vascular plants, yet its underlying mechanisms (vicariance or long-distance dispersal), origin and timing remain poorly understood. Here, combining a large-scale population dataset and multiple dating analyses, we examine the biogeography of four bipolar Polytrichales mosses, common to the Holarctic (temperate and polar Northern Hemisphere regions) and the Antarctic region (Antarctic, sub-Antarctic, southern South America) and other Southern Hemisphere (SH) regions. Our data reveal contrasting patterns, for three species were of Holarctic origin, with subsequent dispersal to the SH, while one, currently a particularly common species in the Holarctic ( Polytrichum juniperinum ), diversified in the Antarctic region and from here colonized both the Holarctic and other SH regions. Our findings suggest long-distance dispersal as the driver of bipolar disjunctions. We find such inter-hemispheric dispersals are rare, occurring on multi-million-year timescales. High-altitude tropical populations did not act as trans-equatorial ‘stepping-stones’, but rather were derived from later dispersal events. All arrivals to the Antarctic region occurred well before the Last Glacial Maximum and previous glaciations, suggesting that, despite the harsh climate during these past glacial maxima, plants have had a much longer presence in this southern region than previously thought.

Notes on the systematics and nomenclature of Tritonia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae)

Bothalia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
P. Goldblatt ◽  
J. C. Manning
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Western Half

Study of some early types of species now known to belong to the genus  Tritonia Ker Gaw l.. a member of Iridaceae. sub­family Crocoideae, comprising some 28 species of southern and south tropical Africa, has shown the need for some nomen- clatural adjustments. Ixia undulata Burm.f. (1768) is an earlier name for T. crispa (L.f.) Ker Gawl. based on Gladiolus crispus L.f. (1782) and the combination  T. undulata (Burm.f.) Baker must be used for the species, which is native to the western half of Western Cape, South Africa. The variety  T. crispa var. parx iflora is also reduced to synonymy. The type specimen of Ixia gladiolaris Lam. (1789), currently considered a synonym of Tritonia securigera (Aiton) Ker Gawl.. has flowers that lack the characteristic tooth-like ridges on the lower tepals of the latter, and corresponds closely to the eastern southern African  T.  lineata (Salisb.) Ker Gawl., based on Gladiolus lineatus Salisb. (1796). The new combination  T. gladiolaris (Lam.) Goldblatt J.C. Manning is made and  T. lineata is reduced to synonymy.  Montbretia lacerata and  Tritonia lacerata. erroneously regarded as synonyms of T. crispa, are combinations based on Gladiolus laceratus Burm.f., a species that remains unidenti­fied because no type is known and the description is too vague to permit its identification. Lastly, field studies have shown that the cnsped-leaved T. watermeveri is connected by a series of morphological intermediates to typical  T. securigera. which has straight leaves and identical flowers. The new combination  T. securigera subsp. watermeveri (L.Bolus) J.C.Manning Goldblatt is proposed for this taxon.

scholarly journals Barleria gandhii, a new name for Barleria pauciflora (Acanthaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
RAMALINGAM KOTTAIMUTHU
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
New Name ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

Barleria Linnaeus (1753: 636) is a pantropical genus comprising about 250–300 species (Balkwill & Balkwill 1998, Darbyshire et al. 2012), with its greatest centre of species diversity in tropical Africa, followed by South Africa and Asia (Balkwill & Balkwill 1998, Darbyshire 2010). It can be easily distinguished from other genera of Acanthaceae by a combination of three characters: a 4-partite calyx with 2 large outer (anterior and posterior) segments and 2 smaller inner (lateral) ones, spheroidal, pollen grains with coarsely reticulate exine and the predominance of double cystoliths (calcium oxalate crystals) in the epidermal cells (Balkwill & Balkwill 1997, Champluvier 2011, Darbyshire 2010).

scholarly journals Evaluating South Africa’s utilisation of sustained export potential in sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Mhonyera ◽  
Ermie Steenkamp ◽  
Marianne Matthee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Regional trade could be a powerful engine of economic growth and sustainable job creation. However, South Africa’s exports to sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are typically smaller and more short-lived than its exports to its traditional markets. This is despite South African policymakers considering trade with SSA to be a priority. Aim: The aim of the article is to evaluate South Africa’s utilisation of sustained export potential in SSA with a view to providing practical insights that will inform future policymaking and planning. Setting: Despite the priority attention given to SSA in the country’s trade policy, South Africa is yet to make meaningful inroads into SSA’s largest and fastest-growing economies. Method: The research method applied comprised three steps. The first step involved the identification, over a five-year period from 2010 to 2014, of consistently large and/or growing import demand in SSA for all products at the Harmonised System (HS) six-digit level, as well as the identification of products South Africa consistently exported competitively (sustainable exports). The second step entailed matching SSA markets with consistently large and/or growing import demand to South Africa’s sustainable exports. The third step involved evaluating South Africa’s utilisation of sustained export potential in SSA. Results: The results reveal that South Africa is utilising just over half (54%) of its sustained export potential in SSA. Conclusion: South Africa is, therefore, underutilising or not utilising close to 50% of its sustained export potential in SSA. Most of the export potential that South Africa is utilising is in Eastern Africa while most of the export potential that the country is underutilising and not utilising at all is in Central and Western Africa.

The Constitutional Development of South Africa

1918 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 218-235
Author(s):  
Lieut-Colonel L. S. Amery
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sandy Desert ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Constitutional Development ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Little Italy ◽  
Eastern Edge ◽  
The Universe

The history of South Africa is the story of the disintegration and eventual reconstruction of a country essentially one in all the main features that make for political unity. It is, as Carlyle said of the United Kingdom, and with even more truth, ' one on the ground plan of the Universe,' a compact block of temperate territory jutting out from tropical Africa into the Southern Ocean. There is a coast fringe, nowhere of any size except in the East, where it belongs to Portugal and falls outside the scope of our story, and immediately round the Cape where it forms a little Italy, a region of orchards and vineyards, the seclusion of which from the life of the veld beyond may have accounted for many mistakes in the days when South Africa was governed from Cape Town. For the rest South Africa is a vast terraced plateau, greener and better watered towards its eastern edge, shading off towards sandy desert on the West, but singularly uniform in all its characteristics, and broken up by no serious natural barriers.

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