The Role of Phytophthora cryptogea and Waterlogging in a Decline of Pinus radiata

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bumbieris
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Phytophthora Cryptogea ◽  
Presence And Absence

Experiments to determine the roles of Phytophthora cryptogea and waterlogging in a decline of Pinus radiata showed that the fungus affected young pines up to 1 year old when associated with water- logged soil. In drier soil, similar plants were affected by the fungus only when they had originally been transplanted to the test pots. However, waterlogging affected both transplanted and non-trans- planted young trees in both the presence and absence of the fungus. Thus waterlogging is an important factor in the decline of young Pinus radiata. A similar situation probably exists with regard to older trees growing on very wet sites.

scholarly journals No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Gomez-Gallego ◽  
Nari Williams ◽  
Sebastian Leuzinger ◽  
Peter Matthew Scott ◽  
Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Carbon Limitation ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Crown Defoliation ◽  
Foliar Pathogens ◽  
The Impact ◽  
C Assimilation ◽  
Genotype A

Abstract Background and Aims Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. Methods A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control–control, control–defoliated, defoliated–control and defoliated–defoliated. Results No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. Conclusions In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.

Role of weeds in the management of nitrogen in a young Pinus radiata plantation

New Forests ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Smethurst ◽  
E. K. S. Nambiar
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata

scholarly journals Conceptualizing consumption in the imagination

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Jenkins ◽  
Mike Molesworth
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Research ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Individual Consumption ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

In this article we extend theory relating to the imagination and markets by reviewing explicit and implicit work in marketing, consumer research and sociology, drawing on a broader literature that provides a more comprehensive characterization of imagining. We map consumption in the imagination in order to better define the concept and to differentiate forms of imagining according to a number of characteristics that are identified in the literature. These are as follows: (1) temporal location, (2) range of emotions, (3) degree of elaboration, (4) level of abstraction (5) purpose, and (6) prompts. We also consider the role of consumption in terms of its level of presence and absence in the imagination. We then present a trajectory of consumption in the imagination that seeks to account for the relationships and movements between forms of imagining and the marketplace, noting the importance of the imagination in terms of implications for macro-level market structures and individual consumption practice.

ADRENALINE (ADR) INTERACTIONS WITH THROMBIN AND COLLAGEN -EFFECTS ON PLATELET ARACHIDONATE RELEASE AND 5HT SECRETION AND ROLE OF ENDOGENOUSLY FORMED THROMBOXANE A2 (TxA2)

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Patel ◽  
S Krishnamurthi ◽  
V V Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Thromboxane A2 ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Arachidonate Release

We have examined the effect of combinations of ADR + thrombin (T) and ADR + collagen (C) on platelet arachidonate release and 5HT secretion, and assessed the role of endogenously formed TxA2 on these responses using indomethacin (I). Washed, human platelets prelabelled with [3H]-arachidonic acid (AA) or [14C]-5HT were used, ADR was added 10 sec before T or C and the reaction was terminated 3 min later. In the range 1-100μM, ADR induced no detectable aggregation or 5HT secretion but potentiated platelet aggregation when added with sub-threshold concentrations of T or C, which on their own induced no aggregation. At 2-4 fold higher concentrations of T and C (threshold for 5HT secretion), 5HT secretion and AA/TXB2 release were also potentiated by ADR (1-10μM) by 30-50%. Pre-treatment of platelets with I (10μM) abolished threshold T and C-induced 5HT secretion, as well as its potentiation by ADR. However, approximately 2-fold and 5-fold higher concentrations of T and C respectively were able to induce 'I-insensitive'secretion, which was further potentiated by ADR. In I-treated platelets, C-induced AA release and its potentiation by ADR were also abolished suggesting a role for endogenously formed TxA2 This was confirmed by addition of the TxA2 mimetic, U46619 (0.3μM), which potentiated C-induced AA release in the presence and absence of ADR, even though it induced no AA release on its own or, in combination with ADR alone in the absence of collagen. The latter suggests agonist specificity regarding the ability of TxA2 to synergistically stimulate AA release. Finally, unstirred platelets in PRP pre-incubated with ADR (10μM) for 120 min lost their responsiveness to ADR, when eventually stirred; however, these 'ADR-desensitised' platelets when washed and resuspended, were able to demonstrate synergistic effects on secretion when stimulated with ADR+T or ADR+C. This is analogous to the previously demonstrated ability of ADR to inhibit adenylate cyclase even in 'ADR-desensitised' platelets and re-inforces the separation regarding the mechanisms underlying the various effects of ADR on platelets.

Role of cyclic AMP in the action of dopaminergic D2 receptors of some endocrine glands in rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 751-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrahim Abu-Jayyab ◽  
Ezz-Eddin S. M. El-Denshary ◽  
Abdulrahman M. Ageel ◽  
Mohamed Rafik Dakkak
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
D2 Receptors ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Presence And Absence

Short-term and long-term effects of bromocriptine mesylate (10 mg/kg i.p.) on cyclic AMP contents of the liver and some endocrine glands have been investigated in the presence and absence of sulpiride (10 mg/kg i.p.). Results revealed that bromocriptine caused significant elevations in the cyclic AMP contents of the liver and reduction in its adrenocortical content. Bromocriptine effect on the adrenal cortex was antagonized by sulpiride, whereas its effect on the liver was not changed. Bromocriptine did not change the, cyclic AMP content in the thyroid gland or the ovary.

Activity of Plk Inhibitor BI2536 on Myeloma Cells

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 2764-2764
Author(s):  
Douglas W. McMillin ◽  
Joseph Negri ◽  
Jake Delmore ◽  
Melissa G. Ooi ◽  
Jana Jakubikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Cyclin B1 ◽  
Myeloma Cell ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Presence And Absence

Abstract Context: Novel therapeutic strategies targeting cell cycle regulation are attractive for multiple myeloma (MM) because of the increased proliferative index in advanced drug-resistant disease. Having previously studied the role of Cdk inhibition in MM, we have looked at the cell cycle-related polo kinases (PLKs), because their expression is associated with adverse prognosis in solid tumors. We report preclinical studies on the anti-MM activity of the PLK1/2/3 small molecule inhibitor BI2536. Methods/Results: We tested 39 human tumor cell lines by MTT colormetric assay, including MM (n=26), T-ALL (n=8), solid tumors (n=5), as well normal human tissues. BI2536 exhibited activity in the low nano-molar range with IC50 values <10 nM for the most sensitive cells lines, which included several MM lines. BI2536 exhibited minimal activity against normal PBMCs, unstimulated or PHA-stimulated, with IC50 values greater than the highest dose tested (i.e. 80 nM). Myeloma cell lines were further tested in the presence and absence of exogenous IL-6 (10ng/mL) and IGF-1 (50ng/mL) and exhibited the ability to overcome the cytokine-induced resistance observed with other anti-MM agents (e.g. Dex or Doxo). Interestingly, several stromal responsive myeloma cell lines, including MM.1S, MM.1R, H929 and INA-6 were more sensitive to BI2536 in the presence of HS-5 stromal cells compared to the stromal unresponsive cell line OPM2, which was equally sensitive in the presence and absence of stromal cells. In addition, myeloma cell lines co-cultured with osteoclasts (OC) exhibited comparable activity in the presence and absence of OCs. Cell cycle analysis showed that treatment with BI2536 causes rapid G2/M arrest and increased G0/G1 phase events in KMS18 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that Akt, MAPK, cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and cdk1 levels decrease in response to BI2536 treatment, while caspase-3 and PARP are cleaved within 8 hrs of drug treatment at 20 nM. Interestingly, Notch and phospho-histone H3 levels increased in response to treatment. Gene expression profiling analysis further validated the finding that BI2536 functions distinctly from other anti-MM agents, since there was not an effect on transcriptional signatures of proteasome, NF-kB or IRF4 activity following BI2536 treatment in KMS18 cells. In addition, higher doses of BI2536 preferentially killed side-population cells (SP cells) compared to the main population (MP), as shown by Hoechst staining. Importantly, immunohistochemisty revealed that MM.1S cells treated with BI2536 were unable to recruit alpha-tubulin to mitotic centrosomes and form bipolar spindles, which is compatible with the role of polo kinases in mitotic spindle formation. We also evaluated a series of combinations of this agent with conventional (e.g. dexamethasone, doxorubicin) and novel (e.g. bortezomib) anti-MM agents. No evidence of antagonism with any of these anti-MM agents was observed, indicating that combinations of BI2536 may be feasible in clinical settings with current anti-myeloma regimens. Conclusion: Proteins pivotal for cell cycle progression represent promising targets for treating highly proliferating tumors. Treatment of MM with a PLK inhibitor provides evidence that polo kinases are promising targets for MM therapy. Importantly, BI2536 activity was enhanced in the presence of stromal cells, providing evidence that this class of compounds will be active in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals PERAN ‘ILLAT DALAM IJTIHAD HUKUM ISLAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-116
Author(s):  
Agus Hermanto .
Keyword(s):  
The Law ◽  
Presence And Absence

“The Role Of Illat In Islam’s Judging Law”. ‘Illat is a trait that her allegedly contained legal purposes. al-Maqasid al-Shari’ah is to protect religion, soul, mind, wealth and honor. The purpose of the law is an abstract thing, can not be observed, it is necessary ‘illat as a benchmark presence and absence of beneficiaries Basically beneficiaries is built on four principles, namely; 1) Intellect solely be able to know about the benefit and dangers, 2) Benefit is an independent proposition regardless of the texts, 3) The sphere of charity  beneficiaries are mu’amalah and custom fields not worship and muqaddarah). 4) Benefit is the argument of the most powerful Islamic law.Keywords: ‘illat, istinbath, hukum Islam

2-Chloroadenosine prevents phorbol ester-induced depletion of protein kinase C in porcine coronary artery

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. H1465-H1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Marala ◽  
K. Ways ◽  
S. J. Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Phorbol Ester ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Porcine Coronary Artery ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Adenosine Analogue ◽  
Presence And Absence

In this study we investigated the role of the adenosine analogue 2-chloroadenosine (CAD) in the regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) in porcine coronary artery. Arterial rings were contracted with endothelin-1 (ET-1; 10(-10) to 10(-7) M) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu; 10(-7) M) after incubating them for 1 and 2 days with PDBu (200 nM) in the presence and absence of CAD (10(-4) M). Chronic exposure to PDBu alone attenuated ET-1-induced contractions, while inclusion of CAD during incubation protected against the PDBu-induced blunting of ET-1-induced contraction. Similarly, PDBu (10(-7) M)-induced contraction of the arterial rings was attenuated upon chronic incubation with PDBu, and once again, inclusion of CAD showed an improved response to PDBu-induced contraction when compared with PDBu alone. Incubation with PDBu (200 nM) for 20 min caused the PKC translocation from cytosol to membrane, whereas CAD totally blocked this translocation. Chronic (1 and 2 days) incubation with PDBu caused a substantial depletion of PKC activities in cytosol and membrane. The presence of CAD protected the PDBu-induced depletion of PKC in both cytosol and membrane. To replete PKC, after incubation with the drugs, the arteries were incubated in the absence of drugs for another 2 days. Arteries incubated with PDBu in the presence and absence of CAD recovered significantly in their response to ET-1 as well as PDBu. These results indicate that CAD protects against the PDBu-induced activation and depletion of PKC in porcine coronary artery.

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