Pigment Production From Tyrosine by Australian Isolates of Phytophthora Species

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Phytophthora Drechsleri ◽  
Taxonomic Criterion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se

Pigment production from tyrosine by 138 isolates of 12 Australasian species of Phytophthora was followed photodensitometrically. Optimal production occurred on a casein hydrolysate-tyrosine medium at pH 6.0, when sugars were absent. The mean pigment production of northern ecotype isolates of Phytophthora drechsleri ( = P. cryptogea) was significantly greater than that of southern ecotype isolates, and the mean pigment production of A1 compatibility type isolates of P. parasitica was approximately double that of A2 type isolates. Little or no pigment was produced by any of the isolates of P. cinnamomi examined. While pigment production, per se, appears to be a poor taxonomic criterion, it is suggested that the degree of pigment production by unknown isolates might in some cases prove helpful as a confirmatory characteristic following species identification by morphological criteria, and as a preliminary screening technique particularly applicable to the recognition of P. cinnamomi among Phytophthora isolates obtained from native vegetation in Australia.

COMBINING ABILITY FOR INHERITANCE OF ECONOMIC TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
B. Kumar ◽  
N. K. Patra
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Parental Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. The estimate of combining ability gives an indication of the genetic behaviour of the parental material. It is therefore, desirable to select the parents for hybridization on the basis of their per se performance and combining ability effects. The F1, F2 and their reciprocals of an eight parent diallel cross in opium poppy were studied for combining ability of seven economic traits. The mean sum of squares due to GCA, SCA and reciprocals were significant for all the traits. The magnitude of GCA variances were invariably higher than those of SCA and thus indicating the preponderance of non-additive genetic variances, which was further affirmed by the measure of average degree of dominance i.e. ?(?2s/? 2g).  Among the parents VN35I for plant height, Sanchita and VG26 for capsules per plant, VN23, VN35I and Vivek for capsule index, VG26 and Sanchita for seed and straw yield per plant, and VN35I and VG20 for morphine content were found good general combiners. Earliness being a desired trait, parent VG20 having significant negative GCA estimates coupled with per se performance can be considered as good general combiner for early flowering. Inclusion of good general combiners in a multiple crossing program or an inter-mating population involving all possible crosses among them subjected to bi-parental mating may be expected to offer maximum promise in breeding for economic traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i2.17000

scholarly journals The context of the size and distance of Atlantic Forest fragments in a small city in Southern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e46936
Author(s):  
Matheus Bueno Patrício ◽  
José Hilário Delconte Ferreira ◽  
Edivando Vitor do Couto
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Small City ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
The Mean

The Atlantic Forest is highly anthropized, this reduce the areas of native vegetation and impacts the biodiversity of the biome. The objective of this study is to analyze forest remnants with native vegetation characteristics using a free GIS. This analysis takes place using landscape metrics and was based on the supervised vectorization of land use in the municipality of California, PR. The area of the vectored polygons was obtained and a classified, and then the calculation was made with the nearest neighbor index, mean distance observed, Patton diversity index and the perimeter/area ratio of forest fragments. The results show that most of the fragments have an area smaller than 1 ha, the fragments with more significant area (<50 ha) represent more than 16% of the native vegetation area. The small fragments are important to maintain the connectivity, since the withdrawal of these increases the mean distance observed and nearest neighbor index. Most of the fragments are elongated and amorphous in accordance with the perimeter/area ratio and the Patton diversity index respectively, this may demonstrate the fragments may be subject to edge effects. Even with these characteristics, these fragments may be part of what is planned in public policy for preservation in the Atlantic Forest in the state of Paraná. Therefore, even small fragments with little core area are important for maintaining biodiversity, especially in a highly anthropogenic landscape

The effect of body size and body condition on the ovulation rate of ewes

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ducker ◽  
J. S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Subjective Measure ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Linear Body

SUMMARYBody size was estimated for 255 Greyface ewes using five linear body dimensions. On the basis of this calculated measure combined with a subjective measure of body size 50 small and 50 large ewes were selected for use in the experiment. Precise ovulation data were obtained by endoscopy and this technique allowed the ewes to be mated subsequently.Body size did not affect the mean ovulation rate of the ewes although, at the same level of body condition, the large ewes were 25% heavier than the small ewes. The ovulation rates and the numbers of lambs born were influenced by changes in live weight and body condition. For these reasons live weight per se was not a good indicator of ovulation rate as ewe live weight was a combination of both body size and body condition. At the same live weight small ewes in improving body condition had a significantly higher ovulation rate than large ewes in reducing body condition.The onset of the breeding season of the ewes was not affected by their body size. The mean date of onset of oestrous activity for both large and small ewes was 17 October 1972 at a latitude 55° 52′ N.

Effect of cultural conditions on the synthesis of violacein in mesophilic and psychrophilic strains of Chromobacterium

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Kimmel ◽  
Siegfried Maier
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Pigment Production ◽  
Complex Media ◽  
Purple Pigment ◽  
Facultatively Anaerobic ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Simple Medium

A stimulatory function of tryptophan was indicated in the synthesis of the purple pigment, violacein, in nine strains of Chromobacterium. In complex media, tryptophan increased the production of pigment, but the addition of glucose to a complex tryptophan medium supported considerably more pigmentation/cell mass. In a simple medium such as Koser citrate broth, tryptophan was essential for pigment production; however, pigment was produced in casein hydrolysate, indicating that other amino acids could replace the tryptophan requirement. Both mesophilic and psychrophilic strains were facultatively anaerobic in growth but required oxygen for pigmentation.

scholarly journals Morphological abnormalities in the lymphocytes of patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Kenney ◽  
L Cairns ◽  
E Remold-O'Donnell ◽  
J Peterson ◽  
FS Rosen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Morphological Abnormalities ◽  
Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cord Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Lymphocytes from 18 patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Most peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals are covered with slender microvillus projections, but a large proportion of lymphocytes from WAS patients were found to be relatively devoid of microvilli. A lymphocyte morphology scoring system was developed to quantify the density of microvilli: Grade 4 classified those lymphocytes with greater than 75% of the surface covered with microvilli with progressive decrements to grade 1, which were those without microvilli. The mean lymphocyte morphology score of eight normal individuals was 3.62 +/- .22. The mean lymphocyte score of WAS patients was substantially lower (2.89 +/- .27, P less than .001). In addition, WAS lymphocytes often were qualitatively abnormal, with short, blunted microvilli. These morphological criteria were used to diagnose WAS from the cord blood lymphocytes of one “at-risk” patient. Thus, WAS is the first primary immunodeficiency in which morphological abnormalities have been identified that can aid in diagnosis.

Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens: 3. The energy cost of eating and posture

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe influence of standing, spontaneous activity and eating on heat production was determined.The extra heat production of standing is negatively correlated with the length of standing period. In a short standing period of 30 min the associated activity, pecking against the respirometer wall and fluffing the feathers, was high and the heat production was increased by 25% compared with that during sitting. After standing for 1½ h spontaneous activity was very low and the difference in heat production between the standing and sitting bird was reduced by 9%.During eating the heat production increased by an average of 37% (range 11–68%); this was due mainly to the act of eating per se and not to the work of digestion.The mean energy cost of eating was calculated to be 143 J/kg0·75/min spent eating.

scholarly journals Calcium Efflux from Internally Dialyzed Squid Giant Axons

1973 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinaldo Dipolo
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Calcium Efflux ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Giant Axons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Internal Sources

Calcium efflux has been studied in squid giant axons under conditions in which the internal composition was controlled by means of a dialysis perfusion technique. The mean calcium efflux from axons dialyzed with 0.3 µM calcium and 5 mM ATP was 0.26 pmol/cm2·s at 22°C. The curve relating the Ca efflux with the internal Ca concentration had a slope of about one for [Ca]i lower than 0.3µM and a slope smaller than one for higher concentrations. Under the above conditions replacement of [Na]o and [Ca]o by Tris and Mg causes an 80% fall in the calcium efflux. When the axons were dialyzed with a medium free of ATP and containing 2 mM cyanide plus 5µg/ml oligomycin, analysis of the perfusion effluent gave values of 1–4 µM ATP. Under this low ATP condition, replacement of external sodium and calcium causes the same drop in the calcium efflux. The same effect was observed at higher [Ca]i, (80 µM). These results suggest that the Na-Ca exchange component of the calcium efflux is apparently not dependent on the amounts of ATP in the axoplasm. Axons previously depleted of ATP show a significant transient drop in the calcium efflux when ATP is added to the dialysis medium. This effect probably represents the sequestering of calcium by the mitochondrial system. The consumption of calcium by the mitochondria of the axoplasm in dialyzed axons was determined to be of the order of 6.0 x 10-7 mol Ca++/mg of protein with an initial rate of 2.6 x 10-8 mol Ca++/min·mg of protein. Axons dialyzed with 2 mM cyanide after 8–10-min delays show a rise in the calcium efflux in the presence of "normal" amounts of exogenous ATP. This effect seems to indicate that cyanide, per se, can release calcium ions from internal sources.

Mating Behaviour of Australian Isolates of Phytophthora Species. I. Inter- and Intraspecific Mating

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Report ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Phytophthora Drechsleri ◽  
New Britain

This paper presents the first detailed report on the mating behaviour of isolates of Phytophthora drechsleri, P. cinnamomi, P. parasitica, P. palmivora, P. cryptogea and P. cambivora from Australia, Papua New Guinea and New Britain. In all, 97 isolates of Australasian origin and four isolates of American origin were examined. Matings between species produced fewer oogonia and more aborted oogonia than occurred in intraspecific matings. Isolates differed in their abilities to form oogonia in interspecific matings. Unlike the other species examined, P. drechsleri isolates were unable to form oogonia and oospores in many of the intraspecific matings attempted. In general, the mating patterns of P. Cryptogea isolates were similar to those of P. drechsleri, which supports the conclusion that these taxa are conspecific. Isolates of P. parasitica mated freely in intraspecific pairings but showed some restrictions in interspecific matings, with aborted oogonia frequently being produced. The behaviour of single- zoospore derivatives from seven P.parasitica isolates that exhibited irregular sexual behaviour during culture showed that three of the field isolates were heterocaryotic, carrying both homothallic and A1 type nuclei. Both homogenic and heterogenic incompatibility mechanisms may be operative as barriers to free sexual reproduction. The present study indicates that determinations of mating competence are of little taxonomic value.

Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 2362-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gore ◽  
R. T. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Male Subjects

Data are reported on the net recovery O2 consumption (VO2) for nine male subjects (mean age 21.9 yr, VO2max 63.0 ml.kg-1.min-1, body fat 10.6%) used in a 3 (independent variables: intensities of 30, 50, and 70% VO2max) x 3 (independent variables: durations of 20, 50, and 80 min) repeated measures design (P less than or equal to 0.05). The 8-h mean excess postexercise O2 consumptions (EPOCs) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 1.01, 1.43, and 1.04 liters at 30% VO2max (6.8 km/h); 3.14, 5.19, and 6.10 liters at 50% VO2max (9.5 km/h); and 5.68, 10.04, and 14.59 liters at 70% VO2max (13.4 km/h). The mean net total O2 costs (NTOC = net exercise VO2 + EPOC) for the 20-, 50-, and 80-min bouts, respectively, were 20.48, 53.20, and 84.23 liters at 30% VO2max; 38.95, 100.46, and 160.59 liters at 50% VO2max; and 58.30, 147.48, and 237.17 liters at 70% VO2max. The nine EPOCs ranged only from 1.0 to 8.9% of the NTOC (mean 4.8%) of the exercise. These data, therefore, indicate that in well-trained subjects the 8-h EPOC per se comprises a very small percentage of the NTOC of exercise.

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